micro irrigation , drip irrigation ,what is fertigation , what is drip irrigation

1. MICRO IRRIGATION
EDITED BY :- ARVIND YADAV
ID:-721 (BATCH :- 2017)
COLLAGE OF HORTICULTURE
BANDA UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
BANDA
ARVINDY2510@BUAT721

2. 16

3. FILTERS
FERTILIZING SYSTEM
AUTOMATION
MAINS
SUB MAINS
LATERALS
EMITTERS
17
DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

4. Advantage of drip irrigation over conventional flood irrigation
Drip method Flood method
Water saving High, between 40 and 100 %
Less. High rates of evaporation, surface
run off and percolation
Transportation loss Negligible High seepages and leakages
Irrigation efficiency 80 – 90 % 30 - 50 %
Input cost
Less spent on labour, fertilizers,
pesticides and tilling
Comparatively higher
Weed problem Almost nil High
Suitable water Even saline water can be used Only normal water can be used
Diseases and pests Relatively less High
Efficiency of fertilizer
use
Very high since supply is
regulated
Heavy losses due to leaching
Water logging Nil About 8.5 million ha in India
Water control Can be regulated easily Not much control
Cost benefit ratio
(additional amount in
rupees for every
rupee invested)
Excluding water savings: 1.3 -
13.3, Including water savings:
2.8 - 30.0
Between 1.8 and 3.9
Capital cost/ha
Rs. 15,000 to 40, 000
depending ––
on crop spacing
Yield increase
20 - 100 % higher than flood
method
Less compared to drip
Source: Prof Narayanamoorthy (1996) Gokhale Institute, Pune
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6. Table 1:- Effect of irrigation methods on TSS, PH, acidity , lycopene,
plant height and dry matter of tomato plant
Sr.
No.
Treatmen
t
TSS
(ºBrix)
Acidity
(%)
Lycopene
content
(mg/100g)
Plant
Height
(cm)
Dry matter
of plant
(kg/ha)
1. Drip 4.6 0.6 0.32 78.60 2527.0
2. Surface 4.3 0.7 0.24 70.57 2187.2
S.Em
0.04 0.01 0.01 1.79 52.23
CD at 5%
0.12 0.03 0.02 5.43 158.42
M.P.K.V., Rahuri Kadam and Sahane (2002)
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7. FERTIGATION
EFFECT
34

8. 35

9. Fertigation is one of the recent techniques
of applying nutrients through micro irrigation
systems. This permits application of various
nutrients and fertilizer formulation directly at
the site of high concentration of active root and
thus improves nutrient use efficiency.
Advantages of fertigation:
♣ Improved efficiency of fertilizer use.
♣ Increased nutrient availability.
♣ Saving in quantity of fertilizer applied to on extent of 20-
40%.
♣ Flexibility in timing of application in relation to crop
growth.
♣ Savings in labour and energy in the application of
fertilizers with no damage to root system.
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10. Method of Applying Fertilizer through Drip System
 Fertilizer Tank
Tank is connected parallel to the irrigation pipe and by
creating a pressure differential between the tubes entering and
leaving the tank, part of irrigation water flows through the tank
and dilutes the nutrient solution.
 Fertilizer pump
The fertilizer solution is introduced into the irrigation
system by means of a pump.
 Venturi Type Meters
Which sucks the fertilizer solution from open as well as
from closed containers and inject the same into the system.
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11. Fertigation tank Fertilizer injector
Fig.12
39

12. Sources of losses Seepage Evaporation Total
Main canals and
branches
13.6 3.4 17.0
Distributaries 6.4 1.6 8.0
Field water courses 16.0 4.0 20.0
Field application
losses
13.2 3.3 16.5
Total 49.2 12.3 61.5
Comparative efficiency of irrigation water utilization:
Surface : 30-40 %
Sprinkler : 60-70%
Drip irrigation : 80-90%
% water losses in unlined water canal
Water losses in irrigation network
Source: Central water commission
8

13. Fig. 2 :- Crop wise coverage of Drip
Irrigation in India.
24 %
3 %
23 %
7 %
2 %
41 %
Flowers
Field crops
Vegetables
Vines
others
Tree crop
Agriculture today
October 2005
14

14. No fertilizer nutrient loss due to localized application.
High water distribution efficiency.
Leveling of the field not necessary.
Only root zone is saturated.
Moisture always at field capacity in the root zone.
Soil factor plays less important role in frequency of irrigation.
No soil erosion.
Highly uniform distribution of water i.e. control by each nozzle.
Low labour cost.
Variation in supply can be regulated by regulating the valves and
drippers.
Fertigation can be adopted with drip irrigation.
11
ADVANTAGES OF DRIP IRRIGATION

15. Crop
Yield (q/ha)
Irrigation
(cm)
WUE
(q/ha/cm)
Surface Drip Surface Drip Surface Drip
Banana 575 875 176 97 3.27 9
Grape 264 325 53 28 5 11.6
Papaya 130 230 228 73 0.60 3.20
Pomegranate 34 67 21 16 1.62 4.20
Water saving and yield enhancement
due to micro-irrigation

16. Effect of Drip and micro-sprinkler system along with
different water allowances for Kinnow on cummulative Tree
height, Fruits /Tree, Fruit weight, yield/tree and Yield/ha
Treatment/
ETc
Tree
Height
(cm)
Fruits/
Tree
Av. Fruit
weight (g)
Fruit yield
/ Tree (Kg)
Yield/
ha (q)
Drip
40 %
223.4 368.8 131.5 44.7 228.9
70 %
240.6 374.7 192.3 71.9 368.1
100 %
243.4 386.2 183.3 70.7 362.0
Sprinkler
40 %
223.3 319.0 142.7 43.4 111.1
70 %
243.1 327.3 183.2 59.8 153.1
100 %
245.8 293.2 179.5 53.9 138.0
C.D.@5%
3.49 43.2 15.3 2.57

17. Effect of different water allowances and different crop
geomatry of Kinnow on cummulative Tree height,
Fruits /Tree, Fruit weight, yield/tree and Yield/ha
Treatment /
ETc
Tree
Height
(cm)
Fruits/
Tree
Av. Fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit
yield /
Tree
(Kg)
Yield/
ha (q)
6x3 M
40 % 220.5 261.7 171.7 44.9 229.9
70 % 241.3 342.5 192.7 69.4 355.3
100 % 247.0 362.5 206.0 70.3 359.9
6x6 M
40 % 226.2 426.1 102.5 43.1 110.3
70 % 242.4 359.5 169.5 61.4 157.2
100 % 242.3 316.8 170.7 55.2 141.3
C.D.@
5%
9.26 10.7 10.5 3.41

18. Effect of Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation on High
density planting of Kinnow on Tree height, Fruits
/Tree, Fruit weight, yield/tree and Yield/ha
Treatment
Tree
Height
(cm)
Fruits/
Tree
Av.
Fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit
yield
/tree
(Kg)
Yield/
ha (q)
Drip
6x3 M 228.0 343.2 195.6 63.8 326.6
6x6 M 243.6 409. 9 153.8 61.1 156.4
Sprinkler
6x3 M 244.5 301.2 184.3 59.3 303.6
6x6 M 243.6 325.1 141.3 45.4 116.2
C.D.@5%
7.58 26.9 8.36 2.79

20. Drip Irrigation System with fruting in
Kinnow fruit plants

24. Classification of essential nutrients
Basic Nutrients: C, H. O
Macro Nutrients
A. Primary Nutrients:
Nitrogen: NH4
+, NO3
-
Phosphorus: H2PO4
-, HPO4
-2
Potassium: K+
B. Secondary Nutrients:
Calcium: Ca+2
Magnesium; Mg+2
Sulphur: SO4
-2
Micro Nutrients:
Iron : Fe -2
Zinc : Zn+2
Copper :Cu+2
Boron: H2BO3
-, HBO3
-2, B4O7
-2
Molybdenum: MoO4
-2
Manganese: Mn +2
Chloride: Cl -

25. Availability
Composition
Price
Fertilizers

26. Application method
Broadcasting
Side dressing
Fertigation (drip, pivot, sprinklers)
Hydroponics
…

27. FERTILIZERS SUITABLE
FOR FERTIGATION
AND THEIR USE

28. N FERTILIZERS USED IN FERTIGATION
Fertilizers Grade Formula
pH
(1 g/L at 20oC)
Urea 46 – 0 – 0 CO(NH2)2 5.8
Potassium nitrate 13 – 0 – 46 KNO3 7.0
Ammonium sulfate 21 – 0 – 0 (NH4)2SO4 5.5
Ammonium nitrate 34 – 0 – 0 NH4NO3 5.7
Mono ammonium
phosphate
12 – 61 – 0 NH4H2PO4 4.9
Calcium nitrate 15 – 0 – 0 Ca(NO3)2 5.8

29. P FERTILIZERS USED IN FERTIGATION
Fertilizers Grade Formula
pH
(1 g/L at
20oC)
Phosphoric acid 0 – 85 – 0 H3PO4 2.6
Monopotassium
phosphate
0 – 52 – 34 KH2PO4 5.5
Mono ammonium
phosphate
12 – 61 – 0 NH4H2PO4 4.9

30. K FERTILIZERS USED IN FERTIGATION
Fertilizers Grade Formula pH
(1 g/L at 20oC)
Other
nutrients
Potassium chloride  0 – 0 – 60 KCl 7.0 46 % Cl
Potassium nitrate 13 – 0 – 46 KNO3 7.0 13 % N
Potassium sulfate 0 – 0 – 50 K2SO4 3.7 18 % S
Monopotassium
phosphate
0 – 52 – 34 KH2PO4 5.5 52 % P2O5

32. Fertilizer Compatibility

33. Some fertilizers interact to form insoluble compounds and deposits.
Incompatible fertilizers must be separated and dissolved in different tanks.
Ca(NO3)2 + (NH4)2SO4 CaSO4
Calcium Nitrate Ammonium Sulfate Precipitate of Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum)
Fertilizer compatibility

34. When the solubility of a fertilizer is exceeded, a precipitate is formed. The
precipitates might clog parts of the irrigation system, such as filters and
emitters.
Solubility

35. Brinjal plant growth transplanted in open field vs low poly tunnel along
with drip irrigation

36. Effect of drip irrigation on fruits yield of Tomato
Treatments 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Pooled
0.6 Etc (LT) 530.06 826.05 51.36 469.16
0.8 Etc (LT) 613.64 970.25 69.51 551.13
1.0 Etc (LT) 630.00 991.60 78.02 566.54
1.2 Etc (LT) 650.93 939.88 75.00 555.27
1.0 Etc (WLT) 744.51 268.73 132.41 381.88
Control 525.49 202.47 120.12 282.70
SEd 29.90 34.50 5.97 26.50
CD 65.16 75.17 13.00 57.73
The maximum fruit yield of tomato (566.54 q/ha) was recorded
with drip irrigation at 1.0 Etc (LT) which was at par with the yield
received with 0.8 Etc (LT) and 1.2 Etc (LT). Thus drip irrigation
at 0.8 Etc (LT) was found optimum irrigation schedule for
Tomato. It gave 94.96 % higher fruit yield and saved 43.88 %
irrigation water over conventional surface irrigation and 44.32 %
higher fruit yield and saved 43.88 % irrigation water over drip
irrigation at 1.0 Etc (Without Low Tunnel).