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Arpan Deyasi
Dept of ECE, RCCIIT, Kolkata, India
Course: MCE203A
Satellite Link Design:
Part-III
4/26/2020 1Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 2
Satellite Link Parameters
Influential parameters for satellite communication link design are:
Choice of operating frequency
Propagation considerations
Noise considerations
Interference-related problems
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 3
Choice of Operating Frequency
Use of lower frequency bands
Economical
Interference-related problems
Lower bandwidth –
Reduced transmission capability
Use of higher frequency bands
Higher bandwidth
Severe rain-induced
Attenuation if f>10 GHz
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 4
Propagation Considerations
Effect of atmosphere on propagation is decided by
1. Operating frequency
2. Polarization
Atmospheric effects are in the form of
1. Attenuation caused by atmospheric scattering
2. Scintillation
3. Depolarization caused by
rain in troposphere and Faraday Rotation in ionosphere
Severe if f>10 GHz Severe if f<10 GHz
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 5
Different Factors related with Propagation
[i] Free-space loss
[ii] Gaseous absorption
[iii] Rain attenuation
[iv] Signal fading due to refraction
[v] Ionosphere-related effects
[vi] Fading due to multipath signals
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 6
Different Factors related with Propagation
Free-space loss
Loss of signal strength due to distance from transmitter
2
2
4 4
20logFS
dB
R R
L
π π
λ λ
 
= =  
 
( ) ( )32.4 20log 20log dB
R f= + +  
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 7
Different Factors related with Propagation
Gaseous absorption
primarily due to molecular
oxygen and uncondensed
water vapor
insignificant if 1<f<15 GHz
atmospheric N2 --insignificant
CO2 – significant
if f≈300 GHz
free electron absorption
significant if f<500 MHz
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 8
Different Factors related with Propagation
Rain attenuation
caused by absorption
and scattering of em
energy by rain drops
[i] rain drop size
[ii] drop size distribution
[iii] operating wavelength
[iv] refractive index
Depends on
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 9
Different Factors related with Propagation
Rain attenuation
Specific attenuation is given by
b
aRα = ‘a’ & ‘b’ depend on frequency and polarization
If rain rate is constant over effective path length ‘L’ , then total attenuation
b
A aR L=
Since rain rate changes on satellite path with position and time
( ) ( )
( )
0
,
L t
b
dB
A t aR y t dy= ∫
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 10
Different Factors related with Propagation
Rain attenuation
Rain attenuation and depolarization occurs due to
[i] Individual rain drops absorb energy from radio waves
[ii] some part of energy is scattered out from propagation path
These interactions depend on rain rate,
their distribution of shapes and sizes
Drop size distributions are given by
( ) 0 exp
m
D
N D N
D
 
= − 
 
Dm: median drop diameter
N(D): number of drops per cubic
volume with diameters
between ‘D’ and ‘D+dD’
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 11
Different Factors related with Propagation
Rain attenuation
By increasing Earth station antenna noise temperature, rain
degrades performance of a satellite communication system
280 1 exp
4.34
A
A
T
  
= − −  
  
effective temperature of rain
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 12
Different Factors related with Propagation
Signal fading due to refraction
bending of em wave leads to
virtual position of the satellite
slightly different from the true
position
bending occurs due to
[i] temperature variation
[ii] cloud
[iii] fog
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 13
Different Factors related with Propagation
Ionosphere-related effects
1. Faraday Effect -- plane of polarization of progressing em wave
gets rotated due to the interaction with
Earth’s magnetic field
depends on [i] state of ionosphere
[ii] solar activity
[iii] direction of incident wave
[iv] time of the day
2. Scintillation -- rapid fluctuation of signal amplitude, phase,
polarization, incidence angle
occurs due to small-scale refractive index variation
caused by local ion concentration
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 14
Different Factors related with Propagation
Faraday rotation in ionosphere
For a path length ‘Zm’ in ionosphere, rotation angle ‘Φ’ is given by
( )
4
02
23.6 10
cosZNB dz
f
θ
 ×
Φ =  
 
∫
θ: angle between geometric field and direction of propagation
N: electron density
B0: geomagnetic flux density
f: operating frequency
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 15
Different Factors related with Propagation
Faraday rotation in ionosphere
Polarization loss is given by
( )1020log cosLP= ∆Φ  
Cross-polarization discrimination is
( )1020log cotXPD= ∆Φ  
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 16
Different Factors related with Propagation
Fading due to multipath signals
Multipath signals
are caused by
[i] scintillation
[ii] reflection and
scattering from
obstacles
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 17
Noise Considerations
1. Man-made noise arises from electrical equipments
insignificant if f>1 GHz
2. Natural sources
of noise
. solar radiation
. sky noise
. background radiation due to Earth
galactic noise emanating form stars
insignificant if f>1 GHz
. atmospheric noise by lightning flashes
insignificant at high frequencies
. absorption and re-emission of O2 and
water vapor
can be avoided by
antenna design
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 18
Interference-related Problems
Major sources of
interference
interference between satellite links
and terrestrial microwave links
sharing same frequency band
interference between two satellites
sharing same frequency band
interference between two Earth stations
accessing different satellites operating in
same frequency band
cross-polarization in frequency
re-use system
adjacent channel interference
intermodulation
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 19
Different Problems related to Interference
[i] Intermodulation distortion
[ii] Interference between satellite and terrestrial link
sharing the same frequency band
[iii] Interference between two satellites sharing the
same frequency band
[iv] Interference arising out of cross-polarization in
frequency reuse system
[v] Adjacent channel interference
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 20
Different Problems related to Interference
Intermodulation distortion
Occurs due to
generation and interference of intermodulation products
within the satellite transponder
arises due to amplitude and phase nonlinearities
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 21
Different Problems related to Interference
Interference between satellite and terrestrial
link sharing the same frequency band
[i] carrier power
[ii] carrier power spectral density
[iii] frequency offset between two carriers
[iv] bandwidth of satellite signal transmitted/received by
Earth station
This type of
interference
depends on
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 22
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 23
Different Problems related to Interference
Interference between two satellites
sharing the same frequency band
Occurs due to presence of side lobes
in the radiation pattern of Earth station antenna
[i] Keep angular separations between adjacent satellites
as large as permissible
[ii] Use highly directed antenna
To avoid
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 24
Different Problems related to Interference
Interference arising out of cross-
polarization in frequency reuse system
Occurs in frequency reuse satellite systems
Due to coupling of energy between one polarization state
to another orthogonally polarized state
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 25
Different Problems related to Interference
Adjacent channel interference
Occurs when
transponder bandwidth is simultaneously shared
by multiple carrier frequencies
having closely spaced center frequencies
within the
transponder bandwidth
A part of carrier power
in the adjacent channel of the desired one
gets captured by the receiver
due to overlapping amplitude characteristics of the channel filters
4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 26
E-band technology. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.e-
band.com/index.php?id=86
A. K. Maini, V. Agarawal, “Satellite Communications”, Wiley, 1st Ed.,
2019
References
T. Pratt, C. Bostian, J. Allnutt, “Satellite Communications”, John
Wiley & Sons, 2nd Ed., 2003

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Satellite link design part iii

  • 1. Arpan Deyasi Dept of ECE, RCCIIT, Kolkata, India Course: MCE203A Satellite Link Design: Part-III 4/26/2020 1Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A
  • 2. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 2 Satellite Link Parameters Influential parameters for satellite communication link design are: Choice of operating frequency Propagation considerations Noise considerations Interference-related problems
  • 3. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 3 Choice of Operating Frequency Use of lower frequency bands Economical Interference-related problems Lower bandwidth – Reduced transmission capability Use of higher frequency bands Higher bandwidth Severe rain-induced Attenuation if f>10 GHz
  • 4. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 4 Propagation Considerations Effect of atmosphere on propagation is decided by 1. Operating frequency 2. Polarization Atmospheric effects are in the form of 1. Attenuation caused by atmospheric scattering 2. Scintillation 3. Depolarization caused by rain in troposphere and Faraday Rotation in ionosphere Severe if f>10 GHz Severe if f<10 GHz
  • 5. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 5 Different Factors related with Propagation [i] Free-space loss [ii] Gaseous absorption [iii] Rain attenuation [iv] Signal fading due to refraction [v] Ionosphere-related effects [vi] Fading due to multipath signals
  • 6. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 6 Different Factors related with Propagation Free-space loss Loss of signal strength due to distance from transmitter 2 2 4 4 20logFS dB R R L π π λ λ   = =     ( ) ( )32.4 20log 20log dB R f= + +  
  • 7. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 7 Different Factors related with Propagation Gaseous absorption primarily due to molecular oxygen and uncondensed water vapor insignificant if 1<f<15 GHz atmospheric N2 --insignificant CO2 – significant if f≈300 GHz free electron absorption significant if f<500 MHz
  • 8. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 8 Different Factors related with Propagation Rain attenuation caused by absorption and scattering of em energy by rain drops [i] rain drop size [ii] drop size distribution [iii] operating wavelength [iv] refractive index Depends on
  • 9. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 9 Different Factors related with Propagation Rain attenuation Specific attenuation is given by b aRα = ‘a’ & ‘b’ depend on frequency and polarization If rain rate is constant over effective path length ‘L’ , then total attenuation b A aR L= Since rain rate changes on satellite path with position and time ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , L t b dB A t aR y t dy= ∫
  • 10. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 10 Different Factors related with Propagation Rain attenuation Rain attenuation and depolarization occurs due to [i] Individual rain drops absorb energy from radio waves [ii] some part of energy is scattered out from propagation path These interactions depend on rain rate, their distribution of shapes and sizes Drop size distributions are given by ( ) 0 exp m D N D N D   = −    Dm: median drop diameter N(D): number of drops per cubic volume with diameters between ‘D’ and ‘D+dD’
  • 11. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 11 Different Factors related with Propagation Rain attenuation By increasing Earth station antenna noise temperature, rain degrades performance of a satellite communication system 280 1 exp 4.34 A A T    = − −      effective temperature of rain
  • 12. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 12 Different Factors related with Propagation Signal fading due to refraction bending of em wave leads to virtual position of the satellite slightly different from the true position bending occurs due to [i] temperature variation [ii] cloud [iii] fog
  • 13. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 13 Different Factors related with Propagation Ionosphere-related effects 1. Faraday Effect -- plane of polarization of progressing em wave gets rotated due to the interaction with Earth’s magnetic field depends on [i] state of ionosphere [ii] solar activity [iii] direction of incident wave [iv] time of the day 2. Scintillation -- rapid fluctuation of signal amplitude, phase, polarization, incidence angle occurs due to small-scale refractive index variation caused by local ion concentration
  • 14. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 14 Different Factors related with Propagation Faraday rotation in ionosphere For a path length ‘Zm’ in ionosphere, rotation angle ‘Φ’ is given by ( ) 4 02 23.6 10 cosZNB dz f θ  × Φ =     ∫ θ: angle between geometric field and direction of propagation N: electron density B0: geomagnetic flux density f: operating frequency
  • 15. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 15 Different Factors related with Propagation Faraday rotation in ionosphere Polarization loss is given by ( )1020log cosLP= ∆Φ   Cross-polarization discrimination is ( )1020log cotXPD= ∆Φ  
  • 16. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 16 Different Factors related with Propagation Fading due to multipath signals Multipath signals are caused by [i] scintillation [ii] reflection and scattering from obstacles
  • 17. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 17 Noise Considerations 1. Man-made noise arises from electrical equipments insignificant if f>1 GHz 2. Natural sources of noise . solar radiation . sky noise . background radiation due to Earth galactic noise emanating form stars insignificant if f>1 GHz . atmospheric noise by lightning flashes insignificant at high frequencies . absorption and re-emission of O2 and water vapor can be avoided by antenna design
  • 18. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 18 Interference-related Problems Major sources of interference interference between satellite links and terrestrial microwave links sharing same frequency band interference between two satellites sharing same frequency band interference between two Earth stations accessing different satellites operating in same frequency band cross-polarization in frequency re-use system adjacent channel interference intermodulation
  • 19. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 19 Different Problems related to Interference [i] Intermodulation distortion [ii] Interference between satellite and terrestrial link sharing the same frequency band [iii] Interference between two satellites sharing the same frequency band [iv] Interference arising out of cross-polarization in frequency reuse system [v] Adjacent channel interference
  • 20. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 20 Different Problems related to Interference Intermodulation distortion Occurs due to generation and interference of intermodulation products within the satellite transponder arises due to amplitude and phase nonlinearities
  • 21. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 21 Different Problems related to Interference Interference between satellite and terrestrial link sharing the same frequency band [i] carrier power [ii] carrier power spectral density [iii] frequency offset between two carriers [iv] bandwidth of satellite signal transmitted/received by Earth station This type of interference depends on
  • 22. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 22
  • 23. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 23 Different Problems related to Interference Interference between two satellites sharing the same frequency band Occurs due to presence of side lobes in the radiation pattern of Earth station antenna [i] Keep angular separations between adjacent satellites as large as permissible [ii] Use highly directed antenna To avoid
  • 24. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 24 Different Problems related to Interference Interference arising out of cross- polarization in frequency reuse system Occurs in frequency reuse satellite systems Due to coupling of energy between one polarization state to another orthogonally polarized state
  • 25. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 25 Different Problems related to Interference Adjacent channel interference Occurs when transponder bandwidth is simultaneously shared by multiple carrier frequencies having closely spaced center frequencies within the transponder bandwidth A part of carrier power in the adjacent channel of the desired one gets captured by the receiver due to overlapping amplitude characteristics of the channel filters
  • 26. 4/26/2020 Arpan Deyasi RCCIIT MCE203A 26 E-band technology. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.e- band.com/index.php?id=86 A. K. Maini, V. Agarawal, “Satellite Communications”, Wiley, 1st Ed., 2019 References T. Pratt, C. Bostian, J. Allnutt, “Satellite Communications”, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Ed., 2003