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1. Technology in Architecture
Lecture 9
Vertical Transportation
Elevators Design Considerations
Elevator Selection Parameters
Example Problem

2. Vertical Transportation

3. Classification
Elevators



Passenger
Freight
Special service
Escalators

4. Types
Elevators

traction



gearless  medium-high speed
passenger
geared  low speed passenger
hydraulic



plunger
hole-less
roped

5. Performance Criteria
Ideal Performance:












minimum waiting time
comfortable acceleration
rapid transportation
smooth/rapid slowing
accurate leveling
rapid loading/unloading
quick/quiet door operation
good visual travel direction/floor indicators
easily operated controls
comfortable lighting
reliable emergency equipment
smooth/safe operation of mechanical equipment

6. Codes and Standards
ANSI/ASME Code A17.1
NFPA 101  Life Safety Code
NFPA 70  Electrical
ANSI A117.1  Barrier Free

7. Elevator Design Considerations

8. Passenger Elevator
Components
Traction Elevator









car
cables
elevator machine
controls
counterweight
hoistway
rails
penthouse
pit
S: p. 1395,
F.31.1

9. Traction Elevator
Components
Machine room

8’-6” minimum clear
Bottom of Beam
(OH)

17’-6” – 20’6’’
Travel

number of floors
Pit (P)

10’-1” – 11-5”
S: p. 1439, F.31.29

10. Passenger Elevator
Components
Hydraulic








car
plunger/piston/jack
elevator machine
controls
hoistway
rails
penthouse/headway
pit
S: p. 1400, F.31.5

11. Hydraulic Elevator
Components
Machine room

7’-9” minimum clear
Bottom of Beam (OH)

12’-0” – 12’3’’
Pit (P)/Plunger


4’-0”
Travel +2’-6”
S: p. 1402, F.31.6

12. Design Considerations
Door openings


>3’-6” for simultaneous
loading/unloading
<3’-6” for singular
loading
S: p. 1405, F.31.11

13. Design Considerations
Doors




single slide (24-36”)
center opening (42-60”)
two-speed, side opening
(42”)
two-speed, center
opening (60”)
S: p. 1406, F.31.12

14. Elevator Selection Parameters

15. Definitions
Interval (I) or lobby dispatch time

average time between departure of cars from lobby
Waiting time


average time spent
by a passenger
between arriving in
the lobby and leaving
the lobby in a car
equals (0.6 x I)
S: p. 1421, T.31.4

16. Definitions
Car passenger capacity (p)

passengers per car
S: p. 1422, T.31.5

17. Definitions
Handling Capacity (HC)


maximum number of passengers handled in a 5
minute period
when expressed as a percentage of the building
population it is called percent handling capacity
(PHC)
HC= 300(p)
I
S: p. 1422, T.31.6

18. Definitions
Average trip time
(AVTRP)

average time from
passengers from arriving
in lobby to leaving car at
upper floor
Note: car size
floor to floor height
S: p. 1424, F.31.20

19. Definitions
Round-trip time (RT)

average time required for
a car to make a round trip
S: p. 1425, F.31.21

20. Parameters
Building population


typical area per person
based on net area and
building type
S: p. 1423, T.31.7

21. Parameters
Office building efficiency

net usable area as a
percentage of gross area
S: p. 1423, T.31.8

22. Parameters
Elevator equipment recommendations




building type
car capacity
rise
speed
S: p. 1432, T.31.9

23. Sizing Equations
Handling capacity (HC):
HC=300p/I
Interval (I):
I=RT/N
5-min. handling capacity (h): h=300p/RT
Number of cars (N):
N=HC/h

24. Elevator Design Example

25. Example Problem
Design an elevator system for a 10 story,
single purpose tenant, office building that
provides an “good” level of service.
Construction level is “normal”
Floor height: 12’-0” floor to floor
Floor area: 15,000 net square feet (nsf) each

26. 1. Determine Percent Handling
Capacity (PHC)
Office building
Investment
range  11.5-13 %
say 12%
PHC=0.12
S: p. 1422, T.31.6

27. 2. Determine Interval (I)
Office building
“Good” service
I=25-29 sec
S: p. 1421, T.31.4

28. 3. Determine Building Population
Office building
Single tenant
Normal construction
range  90-110 sf/person
say 100 sf/person
Pop= 9 floors@15,000 nsf
100sf/person
Pop=1350 people
S: p. 1423, T.31.7

29. 4. Determine Handling
Capacity (HC)
PHC=0.12
HC=0.12 x 1350 people
HC= 162 people

30. 5. Determine Rise & Select Car
9 floors (above lobby)
12’-0” floor-floor
Rise=9 x 12’-0’
Rise=108’
Select Car:
2500# car
@400 fpm
S: p. 1432, T.31.9

31. 6. Determine Average
Trip Time (AVTRP)
12’-0” floor-floor
2500# car
400 fpm
9 floors
AVTRP= 64 sec
S: p. 1425, F.31.21

32. 7. Determine Round
Trip Time (RT)
12’-0” floor-floor
2500# car
9 floors
400 fpm
RT= 112 sec
S: p. 1428, F.31.23

33. 8. Verify Single Car Capacity (p)
2500# car
p= 13 people
S: p. 1422, T.31.5

34. 9. Determine 5-minute
Handling Capacity (h)
h=300p/RT
h= 300 x 13/112
h= 34.8 people

35. 10. Determine number of cars (N)
N=HC/h
N= 162/34.8
N= 4.7 cars
say 5 cars

36. 11. Confirm Interval (I)
I=RT/N
I= 112/5
I= 22.4 sec
Required I  25-29 sec
Design exceeds
performance requirements

37. 12. Repeat Until
Performance Complies
Try 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)

38. 11. (Re)Confirm Interval (I)
I=RT/N
I= 112/4
I= 28 sec
Required I  25-29 sec
Design meets performance
requirements

39. 12. Repeat Until
Performance Complies
Performance is in compliance
Use 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)

40. Elevator Lobby Requirements

41. Lobby Parameters

Proximity to other cars




single zone
multizone
Proximity to emergency
exits/egress stairs
Adjacent to main lobby
S: p. 1438, F.31.27

42. Lobby Sizing
Size based on peak interval


15 or 20 minute peak time
5 sf/person
From previous example using 15 minute peak
h=34.8 people/5-min. 104.4 people/15 min.
Area= 104.4 people x 5 sf/person = 522 sf