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Unit 18 Grammar 
Notes 
Pages 312-313
1. 
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and 
other adverbs. 
Verb He sings beautifully 
Adjective His voice is beautifully 
deep. 
Adverb He sings beautifully well.
1. 
Some adverbs also modify whole 
sentences. These are called sentence 
adverbs (also called viewpoint adverbs). 
Common sentence adverbs are actually, 
basically, certainly, clearly, definitely, 
essentially, fortunately, hopefully, obviously, 
overall, maybe, perhaps, possibly and surely. 
For a list of sentence adverbs, see Appendix 
19 on page A-9.
1. 
Examples: 
fortunately Fortunately, Bill’s military service paid for 
his college education. 
obviously He obviously would have had to borrow 
money for college if he hadn’t joined the 
military. 
definitely This is definitely one of the most difficult 
courses I have ever taken. 
clearly Most Americans have clearly never learned 
much about other countries. 
perhaps We will have a quiz tomorrow, perhaps. 
*hopefully Hopefully, this won’t be on the final exam.
1. 
Some adverbs can function either as 
sentence adverbs or as simple adverbs. 
Clearly, he is a very good speaker. 
(sentence adverb that modifies the entire 
idea—it is clear that he is a very good speaker. 
He speaks clearly. 
(not a sentence adverb, but a simple adverb 
that modifies speaks)
1. 
The position of a sentence adverb is very flexible: 
Basically, I’m in favor of that. 
I’m in favor of that, basically. 
I’m basically in favor of that. 
I basically am in favor of that = I basically agree with 
the plan. 
I have always basically agreed with that. 
I basically have always agreed with that. 
I have basically always agreed with that.
2. 
Focus adverbs focus attention on a word 
or phrase. These adverbs usually 
precede the word or phrase focused on. 
Common focus adverbs are even, just, 
only and almost.
2. 
Examples: 
even Even I believe that. 
I even believe that. 
just I just love that movie. 
I love just that movie, but not the other 
ones that Johnny Depp has made. 
*only He only finished his paper this morning. 
He finished his paper only this morning. 
almost My son is almost ten. 
I almost forgot his birthday.
2. 
Note: Changing the position of a focus adverb 
often changes the meaning of the sentence. 
Just teenagers can attend the meetings. 
(focuses on teenagers – they are the only ones who 
can attend the meetings. 
Teenagers can just attend the meetings. 
(focuses on attend – they are not allowed to attend 
other things.)
*3. 
Negative adverbs include hardly, in no 
way, (informal no way), little, neither, 
never, not only, only, rarely and seldom. 
In sentences or clauses beginning with a 
negative adverb, put the verb or auxiliary 
before the word that you want to stress.
3. 
For example 
Women are required to serve in the military only in 
Israel. 
He is seldom on time. 
Women rarely make a career of the military. 
We should not only allow that, but also encourage it. 
I had never heard such a strange idea. 
Women have seldom served in combat = Women 
seldom have served in combat.
3. A focus adverb can be placed at the beginning of 
the sentence, followed by “question” word order for 
subject and verb. This is a formal pattern. 
Informal Formal 
Women are required to serve in the 
military only in Israel. 
Only in Israel are women required 
to serve in the military. 
He is seldom on time. Seldom is he on time. 
Women rarely make a career of 
the military. 
Rarely do women make a career 
of the military. 
We should not only allow that but 
also encourage it. 
Not only should we allow that but 
also encourage it. 
I had never heard such a strange 
idea. 
Never had I heard such a strange 
idea. 
Women have seldom served in 
combat = Women seldom have 
served in combat. 
Seldom have women served in 
combat.
3. 
However, neither is followed by “question” 
word order in both formal and informal 
English. 
My grandfather never served in the military, 
and neither did my father. 
A: I don’t agree with that statement. 
B: Neither do I.
4. 
Here and there are other adverbs that force 
inversion (or question order) when they come 
at the beginning of a sentence. 
Here is your money. 
There goes the bus.
4. 
Be careful! In a sentence beginning with here 
or there, you can invert the noun or not. 
Don’t invert them if it is a pronoun. 
Here comes the bus. 
Here the bus comes. 
**Here it comes. 
**Here comes it.

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Unit 18 grammar notes

  • 1. Unit 18 Grammar Notes Pages 312-313
  • 2. 1. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Verb He sings beautifully Adjective His voice is beautifully deep. Adverb He sings beautifully well.
  • 3. 1. Some adverbs also modify whole sentences. These are called sentence adverbs (also called viewpoint adverbs). Common sentence adverbs are actually, basically, certainly, clearly, definitely, essentially, fortunately, hopefully, obviously, overall, maybe, perhaps, possibly and surely. For a list of sentence adverbs, see Appendix 19 on page A-9.
  • 4. 1. Examples: fortunately Fortunately, Bill’s military service paid for his college education. obviously He obviously would have had to borrow money for college if he hadn’t joined the military. definitely This is definitely one of the most difficult courses I have ever taken. clearly Most Americans have clearly never learned much about other countries. perhaps We will have a quiz tomorrow, perhaps. *hopefully Hopefully, this won’t be on the final exam.
  • 5. 1. Some adverbs can function either as sentence adverbs or as simple adverbs. Clearly, he is a very good speaker. (sentence adverb that modifies the entire idea—it is clear that he is a very good speaker. He speaks clearly. (not a sentence adverb, but a simple adverb that modifies speaks)
  • 6. 1. The position of a sentence adverb is very flexible: Basically, I’m in favor of that. I’m in favor of that, basically. I’m basically in favor of that. I basically am in favor of that = I basically agree with the plan. I have always basically agreed with that. I basically have always agreed with that. I have basically always agreed with that.
  • 7. 2. Focus adverbs focus attention on a word or phrase. These adverbs usually precede the word or phrase focused on. Common focus adverbs are even, just, only and almost.
  • 8. 2. Examples: even Even I believe that. I even believe that. just I just love that movie. I love just that movie, but not the other ones that Johnny Depp has made. *only He only finished his paper this morning. He finished his paper only this morning. almost My son is almost ten. I almost forgot his birthday.
  • 9. 2. Note: Changing the position of a focus adverb often changes the meaning of the sentence. Just teenagers can attend the meetings. (focuses on teenagers – they are the only ones who can attend the meetings. Teenagers can just attend the meetings. (focuses on attend – they are not allowed to attend other things.)
  • 10. *3. Negative adverbs include hardly, in no way, (informal no way), little, neither, never, not only, only, rarely and seldom. In sentences or clauses beginning with a negative adverb, put the verb or auxiliary before the word that you want to stress.
  • 11. 3. For example Women are required to serve in the military only in Israel. He is seldom on time. Women rarely make a career of the military. We should not only allow that, but also encourage it. I had never heard such a strange idea. Women have seldom served in combat = Women seldom have served in combat.
  • 12. 3. A focus adverb can be placed at the beginning of the sentence, followed by “question” word order for subject and verb. This is a formal pattern. Informal Formal Women are required to serve in the military only in Israel. Only in Israel are women required to serve in the military. He is seldom on time. Seldom is he on time. Women rarely make a career of the military. Rarely do women make a career of the military. We should not only allow that but also encourage it. Not only should we allow that but also encourage it. I had never heard such a strange idea. Never had I heard such a strange idea. Women have seldom served in combat = Women seldom have served in combat. Seldom have women served in combat.
  • 13. 3. However, neither is followed by “question” word order in both formal and informal English. My grandfather never served in the military, and neither did my father. A: I don’t agree with that statement. B: Neither do I.
  • 14. 4. Here and there are other adverbs that force inversion (or question order) when they come at the beginning of a sentence. Here is your money. There goes the bus.
  • 15. 4. Be careful! In a sentence beginning with here or there, you can invert the noun or not. Don’t invert them if it is a pronoun. Here comes the bus. Here the bus comes. **Here it comes. **Here comes it.