Working principle of hydroelectric power plant with their principal components

1. Hydro-Electric
Power Plant
Presented by Aniket Raj,
Tezpur Central University

2. 01 BASIC PRINCIPAL OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
CONTENT
02 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
03
LIST OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN INDIA WITH THEIR
INSTALLED CAPACITIES
04 FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS USED IN HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
05 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

3. • 2018-2019 power consumption leads to 1547 TWh.
• 1,181 kwh per capita.
• The level of electricity consumption achieved by 2030 could be 3000 TWh
• India is the world’s third largest producer and has installed capacity of 364.17GW
73.06%
13.21%
5.84%
3.35%
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00%
Thermal
Hydro
Wind
Nuclear
Energy Generation Statistics 1

4. LIST OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN INDIA WITH THEIR INSTALLED CAPACITIES
Tehri Dam Uttarakhand,
2400 MW, 5.38%
Koyna Hydroelectric
Project Maharashtra,
1960 MW, 4.4%
Srisailam Andhra Pradesh,
1670 MW, 3.7%
Nathpa Jhakri Himachal
Pradesh,1500 MW, 3.36%
Sardar Sarovar Dam
Gujarat, 1450 MW, 3.25%
Bhakra Nangal Dam
Himachal Pradesh,
1325 MW, 2.97%
Chamera Himachal
Pradesh, 1071 MW,
2.4%
Sharavathi Project
Karnataka, 1035 MW,
2.32%
Indira Sagar Dam Madhya
Pradesh, 1000 MW, 2.2%
Karcham Wangtoo Himachal
Pradesh, 1000 MW, 2.2%
INDIA'S Hydroelectric
Capacity Is 44,594 MW
2

5. Sl. No Project Name Location / State Capacity (Mw) Status
1 Ranganadi Hydro Electric Plant Yazali, Dist-lower Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh 405 Completed
2 Kopili Hydro Electric Plant Umrongso, District-dima Hasao, ASSAM 275 Completed
3 Pare Hydro Electric Plant Papum Pare District, Arunachal Pradesh 110 Completed
4 Doyang Hydro Electric Plant District - Wokha, Nagaland 75 Completed
5 Tuirial Hydro Electric Plant Kolasib District , Mizoram 60 Completed
Sub Total : 925
6 Kameng Hydro Electric Plant Arunachal Pradesh 600 Ongoing (2020)
Grand Total : 1525 Up to 2020
Contribution of NEEPCO in the hydro installed capacity of Northeast Region
NEEPCO- North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited 3

6. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
On the basis of availability of Head of Water:
1. Low head plant. Operating head < 15m.
2. Medium head plant. Operating head 15 to 50m.
3. High head plants Operating head > 50m.
Classification of hydro-Electric power plant
4

7. HOW HYDROELECTRICITY WORKS
• Flowing water is directed toward and used to spin giant turbines.
• Mechanical energy is generated.
• The mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy using generators.
• The electrical energy flows to powerlines, and from there to consumers as needed.
The process
5

8. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 6
Surge Tank
Governor

9. 1. Dam
2. Intake structure (Reservoir)
3. Spillway
4. Penstocks
5. Surge tank
6. Turbines
7. Governor
8. Power house
9. Generator
10. Draft tube
11. Tail race
The principal components of H_E power plant are:
7

10. • It is a barrier across a waterway to control the flow or raise the level of the water.
Dam
Before the Construction of the Dam After the Construction of the Dam
8

11. • Intake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as
river, lake, and reservoir .
Intake structure
Reservoir
9

12. • Spillway is used to dispose off excess water in reservoir.
• Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and damage or destroy the dam.
Spillway
Spillway
10

13. • The water flow of from dam towards turbine with the help of penstock.
• It converts the potential energy of water into kinetic energy.
• It is made up of cast iron or concrete material.
Penstock
Penstock
11

14. 12
Surge Tank
• It is connected in between dam & power house.
• When water flows from dam towards turbine , it filled the
surge tank first , after that valve is open either manually or
automatically
• This sequence is follow to avoid or to prevent the turbines
against water hammer effect.
12

15. Due to sudden reduction in water discharge (when load on generator is reduced ,
governor closes the turbine gates) causes increase in pressure of the water in the
penstock.
Due to high pressure penstock may damage. This effect is known as ‘Water ham
mer effect’.
13

16. Penstock blast Idukki dam, Kerala (780MW)
14

17. • Its main function is to take water from dam at high pressure & start to rotate.
• It converts kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy.
Turbine or Prime mover
15
Types of turbines:
1. Impulse turbine (Used in high head plants)
e.g:- Pelton Wheel, Turgo, Michell-Banki
2. Reaction Turbine (used in low & medium head plants)
e.g:- Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine

18. • Governing system or governor is the main controller of the turbine.
• The governor varies the water flow through the turbine to control its speed or
power output.
Governor
16

19. • It is used in hydro-electric power plant near the turbine.
• It allows the turbine to be set above tail water level, without loss of head.
Draft Tube
Draft Tube
17

20. • It is used to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. For that
purpose the turbine & generator are mechanically coupled.
Generator
18

21. • Tailrace is the area where the water leaves the station after generation and it returns
to the river.
• Tail race is designed in such a way that water hammer is minimizes when water
leaves the draft tube.
Tailrace
19

22. • Power house contains the electro mechanical equipment i.e. Hydro power turbin,
generator, excitation system, transformers, switchyard, e.t.c
Power House
20

23. • No fuel required
• No air pollution
• The life of plant is longest
• Renewable energy
• Water supply and flood control
• Generation cost per unit (KWH) is lowest
• Can easily work during high peak daily loads
Advantages
21

24. • Disruption of surrounding areas
• Requires large areas
• High capital cost due to construction of dam
• Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems (Fish population affected)
• Firm power (Output) is totally depends on monsoon.
• As sites are away from load centre, so cost of transmission
and losses in it are more.
Disadvantages
22

25. Reference
• https://theconstructor.org/structures
• Wikipedia
• http://www.sgipolytechnic.in/Notes/Electrical/

26. Thanks