20. Problems with hydroelectric
• Location = unused rivers are in
extreme north or low population
areas.
• Competition with recreational
uses and environmental concerns
• Hard to build dams in populated
river valleys
• Siltation of dams – limited life.
23. Oceans Power Plant Generators
• It converts kinetic power to
Electricity.
• Equipped with Kinetic energy
harvesters called floats.
• The floats moves up and down
with the motion of a wave.
• The motion of the float is
transferred to via hydraulics to
rotate power generators.
• Continuous production and a
smooth output
27. Geothermal
• The heat used for geothermal energy can be derived from deep with in earth.
• Heat conducts from core of surrounding rocks.
• High temp and pressure cause rocks to melt which is called “Magma”
34. Geothermal
• The world’s geothermal energy resources are 80 times more than all the
known oil reserves in the world.
• The research of Javed Ahmad was acknowledged by the US experts during the
US-Pakistan clean energy business opportunities conference held on
December 1-2, 2015 held in Washington DC.
• Javed said. The research has identified mud volcanoes, hot geothermal fluids
in Balochistan province and dormant volcanoes, hot magmatic waters at 150
degrees centigrade in Chagai volcanic Arc in Balochistan province. The
research has also pinpointed hydrocarbon basin related co-produced
geothermal waters with temperature of 80-170 degrees centigrade in Sindh. In
addition, there are 300 dry, depleted and abandoned oil and gas wells which
can be used for geothermal energy development.
38. • Turbine blades spin from the wind to
make energy
• Wind rotates the turbine blades
which spins the shaft connected to
generator.
• Each wind turbine can produce
between 0.25 to 2 MW
• It requires 15Km/hr speed of wind.
39. Wind Turbine Power
𝑃 =
1
2
∗ 𝑟ℎ𝑜 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑝 ∗ 𝑉3 ∗ 𝑁𝑔 ∗ 𝑁𝑏
P= Power in watts (746 watts = 1 hp)
Rho= air density (about 1.225 kg/m^3 at sea level)
A= Rotor area, exposed to the wind (m^2)
Cp= Coefficient of performance
V= wind speed in meters/sec
Ng= generator efficiency
Nb = bearing efficiency
40. Potential of Wind in Pakistan
• In Sindh and Balochistan there is a
potential of more than 50,000 MW.
• Total area of Sindh suitable for wind
farms = 9749 km^2.
average capacity factor of this area in
Sindh = 25%
• Punjab has the potential of 1000MW.
41. Question?
How many wind farms are there in Pakistan?
Name of that area and province?
• Three Gorges First Wind Farm
• Sapphire Wind Power Plant (ownership of Sapphire Textile and Bank Alfalah.)
• Metro Power Company Limited
All these plants are located in Jhimpir, district Thatta, Sindh
43. • It converts chemical energy to electrical energy.
• A fuel cell is an electro-chemical cell
• Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe
• It does not occurs naturally stable it self by doing reaction with others
Two methods of hydrogen electricity
1. Steam reforming
2. Electrolysis
Demerits
• Cost
• Lack of support infrastructure
• Storage (To stop hydrogen from doing reaction)
44.
45.
46.
47. What has gone wrong with us
All governmental planning ,
mitigating actions, and
privatization, have backfired.
Technological solutions have not
worked; because it is not the dearth
of technology, it is the ‘mistrust’,
‘dishonesty’ and the distance
between ‘them’ and ‘us’.
48. Failure to build dams resulted
not a single Mw produced in 9 years.
IPPs have been struck with cash flow
problems.
Oil prices have soared high.
Today debt runs in billions.
49.
50. Mega projects are .. distant realities
Big businesses ….. are no more
feasible
What is available at the shelf…are
‘micro businesses’
Go micro…
Go indigenous…
and build people up
51. How to reverse the power crisis
Enable people produce their own
power from whatever sources
that are available to them. Block
the money sucked out, and to
divert it to improve the
generating capacities.
52.
53.
54. Quickest Approach
The quickest approach is building
up systems for self generation
through disbursement of
technology and development of
entrepreneurship.