1. NUCLEAR ENERGY :
A THRUST TO INDIA’S
FUTURE
SOP 14
Sonia Susan Oommen
Kiran P
Anosh Anand
Robin Korah
Jomon Thomas
Davika Vijayan
2. NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear power is our gateway to a prosperous future
Every single atom in the universe carries an unimaginable
battery in its heart called Nucleus
This form of energy often called Type 1 fuel
3. NEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY
Energy is the most fundamental requirement of every
society or nation as it progresses through the ladder of
development
Distinct and categorical relation between the energy
consumption and income of a nation
4. HOW NUCLEAR ENERGY IS
PRODUCED ?
Nuclear energy is derived from Nuclear reactions.
Nuclear reactions are of two types
FUSION REACTION
FISSION REACTION
5.
6. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS
If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the number of fissions doubles each
generation. In that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024 fissions and in 80 generations
about 6 x 10 23 (a mole) fissions.
7. WHAT’S A NUCLEAR REACTOR
A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain
reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a
steady rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which
the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and
is uncontrolled causing an explosion.
9. TYPES OF REACTORS
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor ( PHWR)
Light Water Reactor (LWR)
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)
Fast Breeder Reactor
10. ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of
carbon dioxide (CO2).
This technology is readily available, it does not have to be
developed first.
It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in
one single plant
The production of electricity is very cost competitive compared to
the other existing energies
Nuclear plants are also very efficient and produce
constant energy without interruption for a long lifecycle
11. DISADVANTAGES
The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.
High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with
100% security.
The energy source for nuclear energy is a scarce resource
12. INDIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAMMES - HISTORY
India entered into the nuclear age in 1948 by
establishing AEC- Homi Bhabha as chairman.
Later on Dept of Atomic Energy was created under
the office of then P.M. Jawaharlal Nehru.
Initially the AEC & DAE received International
cooperation
TARAPUR Atomic Power Station-First Nuclear Power
Plant -1962
13. After the defeat with China and China’s nuclear testing , in
1974 India performed a peaceful nuclear explosion ( 15kt)-
Western powers considered it nuclear weapons
proliferation & cut off all financial & technical help.
India used existing infrastructure to build nuclear power
reactors & exploded both fission & fusion devices- May 11 &
13, 1998.
International Community viewed- a serious road block to
Non Proliferation Treaty & Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
• In 2008, Ind0-U.S. nuclear deal signed and reinstated all
financial & technical help.
14. THE THREE STAGE INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER
PROGRAMME
: Pressurised Heavy Water
Reactors using Natural Uranium as
fuel and producing Plutonium which is
recovered in reprocessing plants for
initiating the 2nd stage
Fast Breeder Reactors using
Pu as fuel and breeding Pu.
Thorium-233 based reactors
15. INDIA’S NUCLEAR COOPERATION
U.S.A.
Russia
France
Mangolia
Namibia
Argentina
Canada
Kazakhstan
South Korea
16. NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN INDIA
POWER OPERATOR STATE TYPE UNITS TOTAL
STATION CAPACITY
(MW)
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220*4 880
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220*2 440
Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 220*2 440
100*1
Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh PHWR 200*1 1180
220*4
Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 100*1 1180
200*1
220*4
Tarapur NPCIL Maharashtra BWR(PHWR) 160*2 2400
540*2
TOTAL 4780
17. NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN INDIA-
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
POWER OPERATOR STATE TYPE UNITS TOTAL
STATION CAPACITY
(MW)
Kudankulm NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000*2 2000
Kalpakkam BHAVINI Tamil Nadu PFBR 500*1 500
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 700*2 1400
Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 700*2 1400
Banasware NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 700*2 1400
Total 9 6700
18. MAJOR INCIDENTS REGARDING NPPS
CHERNOBYL THREE MILE KASHIWAZAKI FUKUSHIMA
ISLAND
Reactors •A high-power, boiling •TMI-2 reactor •BWR •Light water reactor
used water type reactor
(RBMK)
The main •The operators •The sequence of •Earthquake •Tsunami
causes of violated plant certain events - -
the procedures and were equipment
accident ignorant of the safety malfunctions, design
requirements needed related problems and
by the RBMK design. worker errors.
consequenc •The Ukrainian •None people died. •None died. No •Environmental
es Ministry of Public There were no environmental problems
Health in April 1995 environment pollution pollution. & death toll very
said 125,000 already high
dead.
•Economically, the
consequences have
been staggering: at
least $300 Billion and
more.
19. NUCLEAR RISKS –INDIAN SCENARIO
Radiation Fallout
Nuclear Accidents
Water Temperature Increases
Terrorist Attack
Radioactive Wastes
20. BENEFITIALS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY OVER OTHER
ENERGY SOURCES- INDIAN SCENARIO
Nuclear power can be considered a clean source of
energy despite the waste it produces
It does not contribute to global warming as it gives less
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Reduction of air pollution is furthered as, unlike other
sources of energy, nuclear power has no mercury or
smog, acid rain, and soot causing emissions.
21. Comparing with other energy power plants the CO2 emission per
electricity produced is very low
Cost of electricity per unit is comparably very low
Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide diagnostic
information about the functioning of a person's specific
organs, or to treat them. Diagnostic procedures are now
routine.
Radiotherapy can be used to treat some medical
conditions, especially cancer, using radiation to weaken or
destroy particular targeted cells.
Tens of millions of nuclear medicine procedures are performed
each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing rapidly.
22. FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY-
INDIAN SCENARIO
Largest Thorium reserve in the World
India’s plan for advanced heavy water reactor (AHW) is an
important step to launch early commencement of
Thorium utilization in India
23. INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME TILL 2020
REACTOR TYPE AND CAPACITIES CAPACITY CUMULATIVE
(MWe) CAPACITY
(MWe)
13 reactors at 6 sites under operation 3,260 3,260
Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora, Kakrapar and
Kaiga
5 PHWRs under construction at Tarapur (1x540 1,420 4,680
MWe),Kaiga (2x220 MWe), RAPS-5&6(2x220 MWe)
2 LWRs under construction at Kudankulam(2x1000 MWe) 2,000 6,680
PFBR at Kalpakkam under construction (1 X 500 MWe) 500 7,180
Projects planned till 2020 PHWRs(8x700 MWe), 13,900 21,080
FBRs(4x500 MWe), LWRs(6x1000 MWe), AHWR(1x300
MWe)
2005-05-27 (Delhi, Petrofed) RKS - India's Energy Security - The Role of Nuclear Energy 23
24. CONCLUSION
Clean and affordable source of energy
It will enable us to meet the twin challenges of energy security
and environmental sustainability
It have major spin offs for the development of our industries
We cant compromise our energy requirements with simple
arguments against nuclear power plants
Our safeguard features is as par with international standards.
