1
FREUD & PSYCHOANALYSIS
IS PSYCHOANALYSIS REALLY THAT
INFLUENCIAL?
MAJOR INFLUENCES ON FREUD’S THINKING
KEY NOTIONS IN PSYCHOANALYSIS
PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
CONFLICT
UNCONSCIOUS
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
ANXIETY & DEFENSE MECHANISMS

2
PSYCHOANALYSIS =
the single most influential school of
thought of the XX century

3
Surrealism -- Salvador Dali (1904-1989)
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND THE ARTS

4
Buñuel (1900-1983) --Un Chien Andalou
A man. A woman. A knife. An eye. A moon. A cloud. The man slices open the
woman's eye as a cloud slices across the moon.

5
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND LITERATURE
Broken Glass by (UM alumnus)
Arthur Miller
Set in 1938, during the rise of Nazism and government-sanctified anti-
Semitism, a Brooklyn couple are forced to deal with the wife's psychosomatic
paralysis. This affliction could exist for many disparate reasons, such as the
couple's bitter marriage, her husband's futile attempted assimilation into the
Gentile world, her obsession
with Hitler's assault on German Jews, or just as a plea for attention. It is up to
the couple's doctor to discover the root of this illness.

6
Question for the class:
In your view, why were Freud’s ideas and
psychoanalysis so shocking to society?

7
Freud’s view of the human psyche as ridden by
unconscious and uncontrollable forces of sexual
origin.

8
MAJOR INFLUENCES ON FREUD’S
THINKING:
3 historical phenomena
2 relationships

9
ROMANTICISM
Celebration of the emotional and irrational aspects of human
nature
Delacroix (1798-1863)

10
RATIONALISM & EMPIRICISM
Providing a scientific account for all phenomena
Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)

11
RATIONALISM & EMPIRICISM
Providing a scientific account for all phenomena
e.g., providing a scientific explanation for hysteria?
(paralysis with no apparent physical cause)
FREUD’S MECHANISTIC VIEW OF THE MIND
mind = machine that uses psychological energy; this energy can
only be displaced or transformed (never destroyed)

12
WW1
Self-destruction as part of human nature

13
CHARCOT (1825-1893)
Hypnosis as a research method and therapeutic tool
Hysteria: paralysis with no apparent physical cause

14
BREUER (1842-1925)
Talking-cure: unstructured talk about fantasies, dreams,
symptoms, fears ---> release of psychic energy

15
KEY NOTIONS IN PSYCHOANALYSIS
•PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
•CONFLICT
•UNCONSCIOUS

16
There is not such thing as random behavior; all our acts are
determined by internal forces (wishes, fears) related to two
basic instincts
INSTINCTS: LIFE (libido) & DEATH (aggression)
Mental representation of a biological need; Energy of the
psyche
MENTAL ENERGY
Biological need  Increase in  Psychological need  Socially acceptable
(e.g., sex) tension/arousal -INSTINCT- expression
(e.g., sexual dream)
PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

17
CONFLICT
•Our lives are a constant negotiation of opposing
impulses (desire/fear; love/hate)
•Such conflicts produce anxiety (realistic, neurotic,
moral)

18
TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL OF THE MIND
UNCONSCIOUS

19
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
Personality development is very much influenced
by sexual development
STAGES: Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
(see textbook for this topic)

20
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
ID EGO SUPEREGO
ORIGINS Present at birth Develops from Develops from society &
life experience parental standards
AWARENESS? Unconscious Both Both
CONTENT Instincts Reasoning Moral imperatives &
Ideal Self
NATURE Biological Psychological Social
GUIDING Pleasure Principle Reality Principle Guilt
PRINCIPLE
Different personalities result from the different interactions among these structures
(which compete with each other for the psych energy available).

21
Question for the class:
Main difference between Ego and
Superego?

22
Ego: guided by reality, postpones but
does not prohibit (is pragmatic, rational)
Superego: guided by morality, inhibits (is
moralistic, perfectionist)

23
TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL OF THE MIND
TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF THE MIND

24
ANXIETY & DEFENSE MECHANISMS

25
EGO’S DEFENSE MECHANISMS
‘it’= ANXIETY PROVOKING, UNACCEPTABLE THOUGHT OR IMPULSE
•DENIAL: refusal to acknowledge its existence
•REPRESSION: pushing it out of awareness

26
EGO’S DEFENSE MECHANISMS
‘it’= ANXIETY PROVOKING, UNACCEPTABLE THOUGHT OR IMPULSE
•DENIAL: refusal to acknowledge its existence
•REPRESSION: pushing it out of awareness
•PROJECTION: attributing it to someone else
•REACTION FORMATION: overemphasizing its opposite
•REGRESSION: retreating to an earlier (immature) stage of
development
•IDENTIFICATION: identifying oneself with a feared person
•RATIONALIZATION: giving excuses for it
•INTELLECTUALIZATION: distancing oneself from it by ‘studying
it’

27
EGO’S DEFENSE MECHANISMS
‘it’= ANXIETY PROVOKING, UNACCEPTABLE THOUGHT OR IMPULSE
•DENIAL: refusal to acknowledge its existence
•REPRESSION: pushing it out of awareness
•PROJECTION: attributing it to someone else
•REACTION FORMATION: overemphasizing its opposite
•REGRESSION: retreating to an earlier (immature) stage of
development
•IDENTIFICATION: identifying oneself with a feared person
•RATIONALIZATION: giving excuses for it
•INTELLECTUALIZATION: distancing oneself from it by ‘studying
it’
•DISPLACEMENT: shifting it to a nonthreating, neutral object

28
POSSIBLE TOPIC FOR EXTRA-CREDIT PAPER
Modern and empirical work on Ego’s functioning:
EGO-CONTROL & EGO-RESILIENCE
Jack & Jeanne Block (1980)

29
CLASSIFICATION OF DEFENSE
MECHANISMS
•Hysteria grouping
•Obsessive grouping
(Table 3.3 in the textbook)