Short note Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution 1940, Delhi Proposal 1929, Allama Iqbal's Presedential Address 1930, Crips Mission, Khilafat Movement

1. Project
Q1) Write the note on the following:
1) Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution 1940
2) Delhi Proposal 1929
3) Allama Iqbal's Presedential Address 1930
4) Crips Mission
5) Khilafat Movement
1. LAHORE RESOLUTION
On March 23, A.K. Fazul Haq, the Chief Minister of Bengal, moved the historical
Lahore Resolution. The Resolution consisted of five paragraphs and each paragraph was only
one sentence long. Although clumsily worded, it delivered a clear message. The resolution
declared:
“While approving and endorsing the action taken by the Council and the Working
Committee of the All-India Muslim League, as indicated in their resolutions dated the 27th of
August, 17th and 18th of September and 22nd of October, 1939, and 3rd of February 1940, on
the constitutional issue, this session of the All-India Muslim League emphatically reiterates
that the scheme of Federation embodied in the Government of India Act, 1935 is totally
unsuited to, and unworkable in the peculiar conditions of this country and is altogether
unacceptable to Muslim India.
It further records its emphatic view that while the declaration dated the 18th of October,
1939, made by the Viceroy on behalf of His Majesty’s Government is reassuring in so far as it
declares that the policy and plan on which the Government of India Act, 1935 is based will be
reconsidered in consultation with the various parties, interests and communities in India,
Muslim India will not be satisfied unless the whole constitutional plan is reconsidered de novo
and that no revised plan would be acceptable to the Muslims unless it is framed with their
approval and consent.
Resolved that it is the considered view of this session of the All-India Muslim League
that no constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless
it is designed on the following basic principle, namely, that geographically contiguous units
are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments
as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority, as in
the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India, should be grouped to constitute ‘Independent
States’ in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.
That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in
the constitution for minorities in these units and in these regions for the protection of their
religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in
consultation with them; and in other parts of India where Mussalmans are in a minority,
adequate, effective and mandatory safeguard shall be specially provided in the constitution for

2. them and other minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political,
administrative and other rights and interests in consultation with them.
This session further authorizes the Working Committee to frame a scheme of
constitution in accordance with these basic principles, providing for the assumption finally by
the respective regions of all powers such as defence, external affairs, communications, customs
and such other matters as may be necessary”.
Besides many others, the Resolution was seconded by Chaudhary Khaliquzzam from
UP, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P, Sir Abdullah
Haroon from Sindh, and Qazi Muhammad Esa from Baluchistan. Those who seconded the
resolution, in their speeches declared the occasion as a historic one. The Resolution was
eventually passed on the last day of the moot, i.e. March 24.
2. DELHI PROPOSALS 1929
The Delhi Statement was issued by Gandhi on November 2, 1929. It was issued
when Simon Commission was touring India.
The Congress was passing through a phase of political inactivity. The Swarajists had
joined the Legislative Council but did not achieve much. Gandhi was engaged in village
upliftment programme. During the Madras Session in December 1927, young leaders
like Jawahar Lal Nehru had proposed the resolution for complete independence which was
however defeated and the action of Jawahar Lal was not appreciated by Gandhi. With such a
background, Simon Commission was receiving strong protest from nationalist supporters.
Irwin persuaded the Congress leadership to come to the Round Table Conference which
Simon Commission was expected to propose after going back to London. Irwin, the Viceroy
of India, had watched with great concern the unanimity of Indians in opposing the Simon
Commission. There was opposition in London also against giving concessions to the Indians
and it was debated in the Parliament. With this background, Gandhi issued the statement. It
was, in a way, an attempt to find a middle path. In the statement, it was suggested, that in the
coming Round Table Conference, the features of Dominion Status to India would be
discussed, that there would be majority of Congress delegates in the Conference and there
would be issues of general amnesty and conciliation. In this way, there were four main
demands for the Commission.
Gandhi met Irwin on November 23, 1929 where Irwin, the Viceroy, rejected the offer
given in Delhi Statement. In the meantime, Lala Lajpat Rai died because of Lathi Charge on
November 17(1928). Later, when Gandhi signed the Gandhi Irwin pact, all the four demands
were avoided at that time. Under the pact, Gandhi had accepted to participate in the second
Round Table Conference after holding back the Civil Disobedience Movement. It was read as
a compromise by the supporters of Nationalist and especially by the Indian Capitalists who
had started showing sign of fatigue during the Civil Disobedience Movement. It is considered
as the cause of later withdrawal of Civil Disobedience Movement was finally withdrawn in
April 1934.

3. 3. ALLAMA IQBAL'S PRESEDENTIAL ADDRESS
1930
In this address, Allama Iqbal gave the lucid explanation of the inner feeling of the
Muslims of India. He narrated the basic principles of the Islam and loyalties of the Muslims
to their faith. He gave the idea and concept about a separate homeland in this address because
the Muslim were a nation and had a right that they got the identification and passed their lives
in order to the Islamic principles. Due to these reasons, he expressed his thoughts in this
address.
There were many reasons which caused Muslims to think about the separate
homeland and compelled to protect the rights of the Muslim. There was a two branched
attack on the Muslim interests. On the one side, Hindus were creating the restrictions in the
way of the Muslim and hurting the feeling of the Muslim to propose the Nehru report as the
ultimate constitution for India. On the other side, the British government totally ignored the
Muslim’s rights and other facilities were not being provided to them. They were ignored in
every field of life, especially in education and government.
In that critical condition, Allama Muhammad Iqbal realized that these eccentric
problems of the Muslims in North West India needed to be addressed. In order to solve these
problems, Allama Iqbal pointed a line of action.
In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major and determining
factor in the life of Indian Muslims. He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and
recommended there could be no possibility of peace in India without recognizing them as
one. Unless the Muslims are considered as a nation and their rights are protected, it is
impossible to establish peace and order in the land. Because there are many nations in the
land, every nation is distinguished from the other in their customs, traditions and religion.
The difference in the mind, difference in thoughts and religion furthermore, difference in the
customs and tradition make them unable to live together. So in these condition, it is essential
that Muslim have a separate homeland as without a separate homeland they might face many
difficulties for the rest of their life in united India.
As the permanent solution to the Muslim Hindus problem, Iqbal proposed that Punjab,
North West Frontier province, Baluchistan, and Sindh should be converted into one state. He
expressed that the northwestern part of the country should be established to unite as a self-
governed unit, within or without the British Empire.
Islam and Nationalism
In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major formative factor in
the life history of Indian Muslims. It furnished those basic emotions and loyalties, which
gradually unify scattered individuals and groups and finally transform them into a well-
defined people, possessing a moral consciousness of their own.
He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there could be no
possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognized as a nation. He
claimed that the only way for the Muslims and Hindus to prosper in accordance with their
respective cultural values was under a federal system where Muslim majority units were

4. given the same privileges that were to be given to the Hindu majority units. In this section,
Iqbal addressed the idea the Islam and nationalism. Islam is a way of life in which the
Muslims spend their lives with peace and harmony, it gives the principles to regulate and
organize life and also form the identification of a separate nation within the Muslim psyche.
Islam provides the Muslims with a separate identification and distinguishes them from others
because its customs and traditions are different from other religions and this faith stresses
upon monotheism and acceptance of the Holy Prophet’s principles.
As far as nationalism is concerned, it can be said that nationalism comes through
Islam in Muslims, Islam provides a different way of life. Although Islam is a religion yet it
declares the rules and regulations about the different aspects of life. On the other hand,
Europeans considered Islam as a private affair and thought that Islam should not guide
political conditions. Whereas Iqbal explained that Islam was not a private matter, the demand
of separate homeland was based on Islam as it did not neglect the common life. “Man,” says
Renan “is enslaved neither by his race nor by his religion, nor by the course of rivers, nor by
the direction of mountain ranges. A great aggregation of men, sane of mind and warm of
heart, creates a moral consciousness which is called a nation.”
The question of unity
In this section of his speech, Iqbal narrated the principle of unity and whether unity in
different nations was possible or not. According to Iqbal’s point of view, there are many
nations in this sub-continent and every nation has its own social, political, and religious
structure. Without partition, establishment of peace and order in this land is impossible;
nevertheless they can pass their lives with peace. One reason is that one nation does not
accept the customs and traditions of other nations and consider them lower. This thing
expressed that peace and harmony can be established but only after the division of the Indian
sub-continent to facilitate the Muslims to implement their religion.
Muslim Indians within India
The unity of nations is not only territorial as is believed by European countries. India is a
continent of human groups belonging to the different races, speaking different languages, and
professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined by a common race
consciousness.
Conclusion
As a permanent solution of the problems was that division of continent was essential in the
sight of Iqbal that is why Allama Iqbal presented his ideas in this speech.
4. CRIPS MISSION
The British were alarmed at the successive victories of Japan during 1940s. When Burma
was turned into a battle field and the war reached the Indian boarders, the British started feeling
more concerned about the future of India. Situation in the country was further complicated as
the Congress wanted to take advantage of the situation by accelerating their efforts in their
struggle for independence. Moreover the differences between the Congress and the Muslim
League were widening fast and visibly there was no chance to bring both the parties on a
common agenda. In these circumstances, the British Government sent a mission to India in
1942 under Sir Stafford Cripps, the Lord Privy Seal, in order to achieve Hindu-Muslim

5. consensus on some constitutional arrangement and to convince the Indians to postpone their
struggle till the end of the Second World War.
Cripps arrived in Delhi on March 22, 1942 and had series of meetings with the leading
Indian politicians including Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, Quaid-i-Azam, Sir Sikandar
Hayat Khan, A. K. Fazlul Haq, Dr. Ambedkar, V.D. Savarkar and Tej Bhadur Sappru etc. In
the meetings Cripps tried to plead his case before these political leaders and tried to convince
them to accept his following proposals:
1. During the course of the war, the British would retain their hold on India. Once the
war finished, India would be granted dominion status with complete external and
internal autonomy. It would however, be associated with the United Kingdom and
other Dominions by a common allegiance to the Crown.
2. At the end of the war, a Constituent Assembly would be set up with the power to
frame the future constitution of India. The members of the assembly were to be
elected on the basis of proportional representation by the provincial assemblies.
Princely States would also be given representation in the Constituent Assembly.
3. The provinces not agreeing to the new constitution would have the right to keep itself
out of the proposed Union. Such provinces would also be entitled to create their own
separate Union. The British government would also invite them to join the
commonwealth.
4. During the war an interim government comprising of different parties of India would
be constituted. However, defence and external affairs would be the sole responsibility
of the viceroy.
Quaid-i-Azam considered these proposals as “unsatisfactory” and was of the view that the
acceptance of the Cripps proposals would “take the Muslims to the gallows.” He said that the
proposals have “aroused our deepest anxieties and grave apprehensions, specially with
reference to Pakistan Scheme which is a matter of life and death for Muslim India. We will,
therefore, endeavour that the principle of Pakistan which finds only veiled recognition in the
Document should be conceded in unequivocal terms.” The Quaid, however, was happy to
know that in the Cripps proposals, at least the British Government had agreed in principle to
the Muslim League’s demand of the partition of India. Yet, Quaid-i-Azam wanted the British
Government and Cripps to thoroughly amend the proposals to make them acceptable for the
Muslim League.
Actually Quaid-i-Azam and other Muslim League leaders were convinced that Cripps was
a traditional supporter of Congress and thus could not present an objective solution to the
problem. On the arrival of Cripps, Quaid-i-Azam made it clear that he was a friend of Congress
and would only support the Congress’ interests. Congress leaders themselves accepted that
Cripps was their man. On his first visit to India, Cripps in fact attended the meetings of the
Congress Working Committee. He also visited Gandhi and was so much impressed by him that
he wore white khadi suit. He openly ridiculed the Muslim League’s demand for Pakistan when
he said, “we cannot deny 25 carore Hindus desire of United India only because 9 carore
Muslims oppose it.” In fact the proposals Cripps presented were mainly consisted of the ideas
which were discussed in a meeting between Nehru and Cripps in 1938.
5. KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class, English-educated
Muslims and Hindus to arrive at an amicable settlement on Hindu-Muslim constitutional

6. and political problems. This unity reached its climax during the Khilafat and the Non-
Cooperation Movements.
The Khilafat movement was a very important event in the political history of India.
The Muslims of India had a great regard for the Khilafat (Caliphate) which was held by the
Ottoman Empire. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in
favour of Germany. But Turkey and Germany lost the war and a pact commonly known as
Istanbul Accord was concluded between the Allied Forces on 3rd
November 1918. According
to this Pact the territories of Turkey were to be divided among France, Greece and Britain.
Thus, Muslims organized a mass movement, which came to be known as Khilafat
Movement. The aims of this movement were
(a) To protect the Holy place of Turkey
(b) To restore the Territories of Turkey
(c) To restore the Ottoman Empire
In January 1921, nearly three thousands students of various colleges and schools
boycotted their classes and a number of teachers most of them were Muslims tendered their
resignation. The Movement became so powerful that the Government was obliged to pay
attention to the problem. The British Government invited Seth Jan-Muhammad Chutani, the
President of Khilafat conference to visit London to discuss the issue. A delegation under has
leadership visited London and discussed the sentiment of Muslims but the delegation also
returned unsuccessfully.
The Khilafat Movement came to an end when thousands of Indians were put behind
the bar. The leaders in spite of their best efforts could not maintain the Hindu-Muslim Unity.
One of the main reasons which caused a death blow to Khilafat Movement was the indirect
announcement of Gandhi to discontinue the Non Co-operation Movement. Gandhi used an
incident of arson on February 1922, when a violent mob set on fire a police choki at Chora
Churi at district Gorakpur, burning twenty one constables to death as an excuse to call off the
non-cooperation movement. It adversely affected the Khilafat Movement which thought to be
integral part of movement. In 1924, Kamal Ataturk set up a government on democratic basis
in Turkey by abolishing Khilafat as a system of government which served a finishing blow to
Khilafat Movement in India and people had lost whatever interest that they had in the
movement.
The Khilafat movement was started to safeguard the Khilafat in Turkey, an issue
which essentially belonged to the Muslims. By the involvement of Hindus the Movement
grew forceful and there was possibility of meeting the movement with success. The British
Government was the common enemy of the Muslims and Hindus. That is why, both the
nations continued united efforts against it. But the difference between the Hindus and
Muslims became even more pronounced and many other events showed that the opposition of
Hindus to British Government was not lasting. When Khilafat Movement reached at its
success, the Hindus especially Mr. Gandhi gave up from movement and leaved the Muslims
alone and caused the failure of Movement.
The Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations
as they could not continue the unity and could not live together. The Khilafat Movement
created political consciousness among the Indian Muslims, which inspired them to constitute
another movement for then Independence. Thus, they started Pakistan Movement.