This file helps to understand the steps of the scientific method which are used in research planning. in this presentation, we are discussing the Scientific method like the Introduction, steps of the scientific method, practical examples, and summary
Step 1: Identify a Problem
Step 2: Gather Information
Step 3: Formulate a Hypothesis
Step 4: Develop an Experiment
Step 5: Analyze Data
Step 6: Make Conclusions
Step 7: Communicate the Result
4. Introduction to the Scientific Process
Identify a
problem
Gather
Information
Formulate a
hypothesis
Design and
Experiment
Record and
Organize Data
Analyze Data
Draw
Conclusions
Use conclusions to develop a new hypothesis
5. Step 1: Identify a Problem
• Observe the world around you
• Using observations, identify a problem you would
like to solve
• This is a question you DO NOT know the answer to
and can’t look up.
• “Why” and “What would happen if..” are good
beginnings of scientific questions.
6. Step 2: Gather Information
• Use references to do
background research
• Books
• Journals
• Magazines
• Internet
• TV
• Videos
• Interview Experts
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7. Step 3: Formulate a Hypothesis
• Possible answer to a question that can be tested
• Based on observations and knowledge
• “If” “Then” “Because” statement
• Example:
If soil temperature rises, plant growth will rise
Do we use observation or inference to
formulate a hypothesis?
8. Step 4: Develop an Experiment
Materials:
• Induce a detailed
material list
• Supplies
Procedure
• Step by step
instructions
• Identifies the
variables used in the
experiment
How would you describe how to make a Peanut Butter
and chicken Sandwich to someone who had never done
it?
To someone who didn’t know what peanut butter?
9. Step 5: Analyze Data
• “Modify the procedure if needed
• Confirm the result by retesting
• Compare and look for trends and patterns using
graphs
10. Step 6: Make Conclusions
• You must repeat the experiment to make the data
valid
• You should run your experiment at least 3 times to
confirm your results
• You can run all the experiments at one time, or
run one after the other
• Each separate experiment is called a Repetition
(or Rep).
11. Step 7: Communicate the
Result
• Be prepared to present the project to the
audience.
• Except question from the audience.
12. Problem/ Question
• John watches his grandmother
• bake a bread
• He asked his grandmother what
• makes the bread rise.
• She explains that yeast releases
• a gas as it feeds on sugar
13. Observation/ Research
• John research the areas of baking fermentation
• To test his question
• He keeps all his information in a journal
14.
15. Formulate a Hypothesis
• If more sugar is added, then more bread will rise
• Educated guess
• Relationship between independent and
dependent variables
16. Independent
Variable
• Factor that
intentionally varied by
the experimenter.
• Example:
• Amount of Sugar 25g,
50g,100g, 250g,
500g
Dependent
Variable
• Factor that change
due to change
independent
variable.
• Example:
Size of loaf
17. Control Group
• Serve as standard of comparison
• No treatment
• Exposed to same conditions
• Except for variable being tested
• Grandmother uses 50g of sugar
• Jonh use the amount in his control group
18. Constants
• Keep all other factors same
• Observe changes in bread
• Due to sugar amount
• Example
• Bread recipe, oven used rise time, cooking time,
type of pan temperature and humidity, Age of
yeast
19. Experiment
• John writes out his procedure along with
material list
• Trial:
John test each sugar variable 3 times
20. Collect and analyze the result
• John use table to gather data
Size of bread loaf
Amount of
sugar g
1 2 3 Average
size cm2
25 768 744 761 758
50 control
group
1296 1188 1296 1296
100 1188 1080 1080 1116
250 672 576 588 612
500 432 504 360 432
21. • John rejected his hypothesis
• Retest using amount of sugar between 50g to
100g
• Once again gather his material and carries out
his experiment
22. Size of Baked Bread
Size of
bread loaf
Amount of
sugar g
1 2 3 Average
size cm2
50 1296 1440 1296 1344
60 1404 1296 1440 1380
70 1638 1638 1560 1612
80 1404 1296 1296 1332
90 1080 1200 972 1084
23. Conclusion
• John finds that 70g of sugar produces the largest
loaf. His hypothesis is accepted
24. Communicate the result
• John tell his grandmother
• Prepares the project to present in his science
class
25. Summary
• What is Question ?
• Gathered all the information related to
experiment.
• Hypothesis either approved or rejected.
• Performed the experiment
• Collected and organized the results.
• Conclusion
• Shared the information
Editor's Notes
Who is the scientist?
Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation
Develop and follow a procedure,
A list of all the things you need
Collect and analyze the data
Tables, graphs and photographs
Include statement that accept or reject the hypothesis
Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure
John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of bread loaf
Johns talks with his teacher
All experiment should have control group
The constant in experiment are all factors that the experimenter attempt to keep the same
Variation in sugar amount
Trial: Refer to replicate groups that are exposed to same condition