2. A study on History of Medicine
The Islamic Golden Age, Islamic Physicians 8th to the
15th Centuries
A Presentation
By
Allah Dad Khan Expert In Agriculture, MA Plants

3. The Islamic Physicians and Their Discoveries
• Many Islamic physicians made outstanding discoveries in all aspects of
medicine during the Islamic Golden Age, building upon the knowledge of
Galen and the Greek and adding their own discoveries. The most notable
Islamic scholar in the history of medicine was al-Razi.

4. Central Of Medicines
1) Central to Islamic medicine was belief in the Qur'an and Hadiths, which
stated that Muslims had a duty to care for the sick and this was often
referred to as
2) "Medicine of the Prophet." According to the sayings of the Prophet
Muhammed SAW , he believed that Allah had sent a cure for every
ailment and that it was the duty of Muslims to take care of the body and
spirit.
3) This certainly falls under the remit of improving the quality of healthcare
and ensuring that there is access for all, with many of the Hadith laying
down guidelines for a holistic approach to health.

5. Hadith
Prophet Muhammad SAW himself urged people to "take
medicines for your diseases", as people at that time were
reluctant to do so. He also said,
"God created no illness, except that He has established for it
a cure, except for old age. When the antidote is applied, the
patient will recover with the permission of God."

6. 700-800 Jurjis ibn Bakhtishu Jibril Yuhanna ibn
Masawayh
• Name - Arabic: Jurjis ibn Bakhtishu Jibril
Yuhanna ibn Masawayh
Name - latin:
Span of Life (A.D.): 700 - 800
Speciality and Contribution: Translation from
Greek and Syriac into Arabic
Special Books:Translation of works of
Hippocrates, Galen and Aristotle
City - Country: Baghdad

7. Died 704 Khalid Ibn Yazeed - Alchemy
• In alchemy, Kalid refers to a historical figure, Khalid ibn Yazid (died 704).
He was an Umayyadprince, a brother of Muawiyah II who was
briefly caliph.
• Umayyad Caliphate: all the way from Spain to Persia. Prince Khalid lost the
chance of inheriting the title, but took an interest in the study of alchemy,
in Egypt.
• He was also a book collector, he facilitated translations into Arabic of the
existing literature. It is to this Khalid that later allusions to Calid rex (King
Calid) refer.
• This is an important note, because of his collecting and translations he has
the reputation of summarizing all Greek knowledge at the time.. which is a
big step in the road to the Arabic and Persian alchemists we looked at.
Again, it’s almost certainly not true, or at least up for serious scrutiny. But
that’s the story.
•

8. 722 – 803 Jabir Ibn Haiyan
• Jabir Ibn Haiyan, the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally
known as the father of chemistry. Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan, sometimes
called al-Harrani and al-Sufi, was the son of the druggist (Attar). The
precise date of his birth is the subject of some discussion, but it is
established that he practised medicine and alchemy in Kufa around 776
C.E. He is reported to have studied under Imam Ja'far Sadiq and the
Ummayed prince Khalid Ibn Yazid. In his early days, he practised medicine
and was under the patronage of the Barmaki Vizir during the Abbssid
Caliphate of Haroon al-Rashid. He shared some of the effects of the
downfall of the Barmakis and was placed under house arrest in Kufa,
where he died in 803 C.E.

9. 740-828 Al-Asmai
• Al-Aṣmaʿī, in full Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qurayb al-
Aṣmaʿī (born c. 740, Basra,Iraq—died 828, Basra), noted scholar and
anthologist, one of the three leading members of the Basra school of
Arabic philology.
• Al-Aṣmaʿī possessed an outstanding knowledge of the classical Arabic
language. On the basis of the principles that he laid down, most of the
existing divans, or collections of the pre-Islamic Arab poets, were prepared
by his disciples. He also wrote an anthology, Al-Aṣmaʿīyāt, displaying a
marked preference for elegiac and devotional poetry. His method and his
critical concern for authentic tradition are considered remarkable for his
time. Some 60 works are attributed to al-Aṣmaʿī, mainly on the animals,
plants, customs, and grammatical forms in some way related to pre-
Islamic Arabic poetry; of these, many are extant, generally in recensions
made by his students.

10. 777-857 Yuhanna Ibn Masawyh
• Yuhanna Ibn Masawyh (777 - 857) was regarded as amongst the great
translators of work from Greek into Arabic, but he also acted as a
physician to the Caliphs and served at a hospital. He is believed to have
written the works 'Disorders of the Eye' and 'Knowledge of the Oculist
Examinations' as well as Kita al Mushajjar al-Kabir, a short work including
descriptions, diagnosis, symptoms and treatments of diseases.

11. 800-873 Al Kindi
• Yaqub Ibni Ishaq Al-Kindi (800– 873) another of the great Islamic polymaths,
further contributed to the history of medicine. This scholar was heavily influenced
by the work of Galen, and also made unique contributions of his own to the field.
In his Aqrabadhin (Medical Formulary), he described many preparations drawn
from plant, animal and mineral sources.
• To the drugs known to physicians such as Hippocrates and Galen, he added
knowledge drawn from India, Persia and Egypt. Like many Islamic works, the books
contained information based upon medicinal herbs, aromatic compounds, such as
musk, and inorganic medicines. It could, quite legitimately, be argued that the
Islamic contribution to the history of medicine saw the first divide between
medicine and pharmacology as separate sciences.
• He was a prolific writer, the total
• number of books written by him was 241,
• the prominent among which were divided
• as follows: Astronomy 16 Arithmetic
• 11 Geometry 32, Medicine 22 Physics
• 12 Philosophy 22 Logic 9 Psychology 5,
• and Music 7 In addition, variou

12. 808-873 Hunain Ibn Is’haq
• HUNAYN IBN ISHāQ AL-‘IBāDī, ABū ZAYD
• known in the Latin west as Johannitus (b. near Hīra, Iraq, 808;d. Baghdad,
Iraq, 873)
• Huanyn, a physician, philosopher, and theologian, was the most famous
ninth-century translator of works from Greek antiquity into Arabic and
Syrinac. Hisnisba al-͑Ibādī, is from an Arab tribe, al-͑Ibād, the members of
which became Christian long before the rise of Islam and continued to
belong to the Syrian Nestorian church. His father, Ishāq, was a phramatic
(saydalāanī)at Hīra. While still young, Hunayn learned Arabic and Syriac,
perfecting his knowledge of the former at Basra. Ibn Juljul incorrectly
reports that in Basra, Hunayn met Khalil ibn Ahmed, founder of Arabic
grammar; M.Plessner has shown, on chronological grounds, that this
would have been ie.mpossibl

13. 810-855 - Al-Tabari
• Al Tabari, (810 - 855) wrote a book known as 'The Paradise of Wisdom,' in 850, which was based
largely upon the earlier works of Galen and Hippocrates, but it also included an appendix with
translations from Indian sources. Like many physicians of the time, his work involved providing
better and more detailed encyclopedias, containing the medical knowledge available at that time.
Sadly, it is believed that most of his works are lost and are only referred to as quoted in later texts.
• Al Tabari's work was made up of nine discourses, each divided into many chapters. These were:
• General pathology, symptoms of internal disorders and general therapeutic principles
• Diseases and conditions affecting the head
• Diseases of the eyes, nose, face and mouth
• Nervous diseases
• Diseases of the chest and throat
• Diseases of the stomach
• Diseases of the liver
• Diseases of the heart and lungs
• Diseases of the intestines, urinary tract and genitals

14. 838-870 AL TABARI
• Like his peers, Al Tabari authored a famous encyclopedia of medicine
called "Firdous al-Hikmat" or "Paradise of Wisdom." Unlike the previous
two men, however, Al Tabari's encyclopedia remained relatively unknown
in the West until recently because it wasn't translated until the 21st
century. This encyclopedia consists of seven volumes and includes every
known cure for every known disease at the time it was written. It was the
first compendium of medical knowledge to include different branches of
science, including psychology, with Al Tabari observing that simply talking
to people about their troubles often helped them feel better.

15. 864 -930 BAKR MUHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL RAZI
• Al Razi, whose full name is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Al-Razi, is also known by Rhazes especially
to the western world. He is Persian, born in the year 841, in a small town in Iran called Rayy. He lived to
the age of 60 years old and died in 925 AD.
known to the Europeans as Rhazes (may be spelt Rhases, Rasis, Rasi or ar-Razi) (865-923), was at the
forefront of Islamic research into medicine. A prolific writer, he produced over 200 books about medicine
and philosophy, including an unfinished book of medicine that gathered most of the medical knowledge
known to the Islamic world in one place. This book was translated into Latin and it became one of the
backbones of the western history of medicine.
• Al Razi wrote extensively about human physiology and understood how the brain and nervous system
operated muscles, and only the Islamic distaste for dissection prevented him from refining his studies in
this area.
• Al Razi one of the greatest thinkers, doctors and writers of all time.

16. 868-929 Abu Abdullah Ibn Jabir Al-Battani
• Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was
born around 858 C.E. in Harran, and according to one account, in Battan, a
State of Harran. Battani was first educated by his father Jabir Ibn San'an al-
Battani, who was also a well-known scientist. He then moved to Raqqa,
situated on the bank of the Euphrates, where he received advanced
education and later on flourished as a scholar. At the beginning of the 9th
century, he migrated to Samarra, where he worked till the end of his life in
929 C.E. He was of Sabian origin, but was himself a Muslim

17. 870-950 Abu Nasr Al-Farabi
• lso known as Alfarabius, the first-known philosopher in the Islamic world
to uphold the primacy of philosophical truth over revelation, claiming
that, contrary to the beliefs of various other religions, philosophical truths
are the same throughout the world. He was born
in Farab, Transoxiana (now Uzbekistan), of Turkish parentage. He studied
first inKhorasan (in Iran) and then in Baghdad, where his teachers
were Syriac Christians well acquainted with Greek philosophy. He
eventually came to the court of Sayf al-Dawla, the ruler of Aleppo inSyria.
Al-Farabi was one of the earliest Islamic thinkers to transmit to the Arab
world the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle (which he considered essentially
identical), thereby greatly influencing such later Islamic philosophers as

18. Died 957 Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu’di
• Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Husain Ibn Ali Al-Masu'di was a descendant of Abdallah
Ibn Masu'd, a companion of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). An
expert geographer, a physicist and historian, Masu'di was born in the last
decade of the 9th century C.E., his exact date of birth being unknown. He
was a Mutazilite Arab, who explored distant lands and died at Cairo, in 957
C.E.

19. Died 1070 Abū 'Ubayd al-Jūzjānī,
• Abū 'Ubayd al-Jūzjānī, (d.1070),[1] ( ‫جوزجانی‬ ‫عبيد‬ ‫ابو‬) was a Persian physician
and chronicler from what is now Jowzjan Province in Afghanistan.
• He was the famous pupil of Avicenna, whom he first met in Gorgan.[2] He
spent many years with his master in Isfahan, becoming his lifetime
companion.

20. 936-1013 Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi
• Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (known in the west as Abulcasis
- father of surgery) was born in 936 C.E. in Zahra in the neighbourhood of
Cordova. He became one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim
era and was physician to King Al-Hakam-II of Spain. After a long medical
career, rich with significant original contribution, he died in 1013 C.E.

21. 940-997 Abul Wafa Muhammad Al-Buzjani
• Abul Wafa Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Ismail al-Buzjani
was born in Buzjan, Nishapur in 940 C.E. He flourished as a great
mathematician and astronomer at Baghdad and died in 997/998 C.E. He
learnt mathematics in Baghdad. In 959 C.E. he migrated to Iraq and lived
there till his death

22. 965-1040 Abu Hasan ibn Al-Haitham
• Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was one of the most eminent physicists,
whose contributions to optics and the scientific methods are outstanding.
Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haitham was born in 965 C.E. in
Basrah, and was educated in Basrah and Baghdad. Thereafter, he went to
Egypt, where he was asked to find ways of controlling the flood of the Nile

23. 972-1058 Abu Al-Hassan Al-Mawardi
• Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi was born at
Basrah in 972 C.E. He was educated at first in Basrah where, after
completion of his basic education, he learned Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)
from the jurist Abu al-Wahid al-Simari. He then went to Baghdad for
advanced studies under Sheikh Abd al-Hamid and Abdallah al-Baqi. His
proficiency in jurisprudence Ethics, Political science and literature proved
useful in securing a respectable career for him.

24. Abu-Al-Jarrah-Al-Zahrawi(936----1013)
• Al-Zahrawi lived during most powerful period of the Umayyad Caliphate of
Cordoba. He was born in 936 and died in 1013, and served the Umayyad
Caliph al-Hakam II and the military ruler, al-Mansur. Throughout his life, al-
Zahrawi was a court physician, having been patronized by the rulers of al-
Andalus and recognized for his medical genius. He served in such a
capacity as a doctor for over 50 years. "Every branch of science was
seriously studied there, and medicine received more and greater additions
by the discoveries of the doctors and surgeons of Andalusia than it had
gained during all the centuries that had elapsed since the days of Galen."

25. Died 957 Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu’di
• Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Husain Ibn Ali Al-Masu'di was a descendant of Abdallah
Ibn Masu'd, a companion of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). An
expert geographer, a physicist and historian, Masu'di was born in the last
decade of the 9th century C.E., his exact date of birth being unknown. He
was a Mutazilite Arab, who explored distant lands and died at Cairo, in 957
C.E.

26. 965-1020 Abu Ali al-Hasan
• known as Alhazen in the west is recognized as the
greatest authority on optics the world has ever
produced. He was born at Basra and later joined the
service of a Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, where he was
assigned to discover the method of regulating the
inundation of the river Nile. He could not achieve this
objective, hence he had to remain underground till the
death of the Caliph. He has made valuable
contributions to the development of physics and
medicine, but his outstanding achievement is in the
realm of optics.

27. Died 1010 Ali Ibn Isa al-Kahhal
• The first physician who flourished in the early of the
first half of eleventh century in Baghdad was Ali Ibn Isa
al-Kahhal (d. 1010). He was a famous Arabic oculist
who flourished at the time when ophthalmology was
specially favorite subject in Muslim world. As evidence
from available contemporary documents and
compilations on ophthalmology, his Tadhkirah al-
Kahhalin is one of the important treatises in the field of
ophthalmology. In this manual, the author discussed in
detail 132 eye diseases and 143 drugs described as well
as the anatomy and physiology of the eye.

28. 980-1037 Ibn Sina
• Abu Ali Husain Ibn Sena was born in Afshana near Bokhara in central Asia Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (c. 980 -1037), often
referred to as Ibn Sina or Avicenna (Latinized name) was a Persian polymath (one with numerous skills and professions) who was a prolific
writer. Of 450 books and articles written by him, 240 still exist today, of which 40 focus on medicine. Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a
village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan).
• The Islamic scholar Ibn Sina, Avicenna, was a true polymath who excelled in many academic fields, including philosophy, theology, Islamic
medicine and natural sciences. From a young age, he gained renown as a physician and teacher, writing many detailed treatises about
medicine
• One of Ibn Sina’s most famous writings was the book ‘The Canon of Medicine’ or Qanun fi al Tibb. The Canon is a medical Encyclopedia of
more than a million words. The Canon summarizes the existing medical knowledge and adds new discoveries too. It is divided into many
sections and topics and discusses general medicine, it talks about hundreds of drugs and medicinal plants, it talks about the different organs
of the body in detail, diseases and the spread of them.
• Ibn-Sina believed that many diagnoses could be made by simply checking the pulse and the urine, and a large part of the Canon is given over
to making diagnoses from the color, turbidity, and odor of urine. Of course, this also needed to be set alongside the Islamic holistic approach
of looking at diet and background.

29. Died 994 Ali Ibn Al-Abbas-al-Majusi
• known in the west as Holy Abbas, who died in 994 A.
D., was the author of a celebrated work Kitab-al-Maliki
known as Liber Regius in Latin, an excellent and
compact encyclopedia dealing with both the theory
and practice of medical science. It is less voluminous
than Al-Razi's Hawi and it remained a standard book
until it was superseded by the Canon the masterpiece
of the great Avicenna. Perhaps Majusi was the first
physician to write about the capillary system and to
describe accurately the way in which a child is born.

30. 1013-1106 Abul Qasim al-Zahrawi
• He was born at the newly developed metropolis of Islamic Spain, Madinat
az-Zahra, located 8 km from Cordoba. He was a practicing physician, a
surgeon, and a pharmacist. Caliph Abdur Rahman III (912-961) appointed
him court physician.

31. Died 1030 Ahmad Ibn Miskawayh
• The second important and highly reputed Muslim physician-
philosopher was Ahmad Ibn Miskawayh (d.1030). As a great
scholar, he wrote on a wide range of topics, as did so many of
his contemporaries. One of these is Tahdhib al-Akhlaq in
which he for the first time wrote in a systematic manner on
the spiritual aspect of health. In this book, he devoted a lot of
time discussing on how human might preserve his/her moral
health as a way to cultivate physical health.

32. 1044-1123 Omar Al-Khayyam
• Ghiyath al-Din Abul Fateh Omar Ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam was born at
Nishapur, the provincial capital of Khurasan around 1044 C.E. (c. 1038 to
1048). Persian mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, physician and
poet, he is commonly known as Omar Khayyam. Khayyam means the tent-
maker, and although generally considered as Persian, it has also been
suggested that he could have belonged to the Khayyami tribe of Arab
origin who might have settled in Persia

33. 1058-1111 Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali
• Abu Hāmed Mohammad ibn Mohammad al-Ghazzālī (1058-1111) (Persian:
‫غزالی‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫ابن‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫حامد‬ ‫ابو‬ ), known as Algazel to the western medieval
world, born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern
day Iran). He was a Muslim theologian, philosopher, and mystic of Persian
origin and remains as one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of
Islamic thought.

34. Died 1059 Abu Said ‘Ubayd Allah ibn Jibrail ibn Bakhtishu`
• Other important physician-author in Baghdad of this
study period was He was the last descendant of the
great and illustrious family “Bakhtishu`” whom
emigrated from Judishabur to Baghdad in 765 C.E by
the invitation of Abbasid caliph Mansur for personal
service. Among his main works was al-Rawdah al-
Tibbiyyah edited by P. Paul Sbath. It dealt with the
philosophical terms used in medicine. Here the author
attempted to give comprehensive principles of the
healing arts by providing 50 chapters with each of
them providing the medical philosophical explanations.

35. Died 1063 Ali Ibn Ridwan
• Possibly the most illustrious Egyptian Muslim
physician- astrologer was), who flourished during
Fatimid’s caliph. Beside professional training and
practicing in public health, he also served Fatimid’s
caliph al-Mustansiri (reigned 1035-1094) as his court
physician and astrologer. With full dedication to his
profession, he authored several medical books and
commentaries, which were widely read in Islam as well
as in Europe in Latin versions. In his Daf‘ Madarr al-
Abdan fi Misr (On the Prevention of Bodily ills in
Egypt), he successfully described meteorology,
climatology, ecology and environmental health and
laws regulating health care in Egypt.

36. Died 1068 al-Mukhtar ibn Butlan
• Possibly the most illustrious physician who was born and
practiced the professional in Baghdad was During the
period under consideration, Ibn Butlan composed many
treatises, but the most prominent are Da’wat al-Atibba’
(Call to Physiacian) and Taqwim al-Sihhah bi al-Asbab al-
Sittah. The latter treatise stressed and elaborated on the six
health principles, which is considered as the most essential
for health. He also introduced activities, which contribute
to good health such as the use of music, dancing and
bathing. As regard emotional effects on good health for
humans, he discussed five types: anger, joy, shyness, grief
(anxiety) and fear.

37. 1076-1165 Ibn Tilmidh
• The last physician of that time to be mentioned here was) known as
Amin al-Dawlah. He was one of the important Arab physician, who
traveled throughout Persia but later returned to settle in Baghdad
where, he was appointed as head of physicians of Baghdad. In his
capacity as head of Baghdad physicians, he was asked to teach
healing art to many students from far and near who after
graduation led prominent and successful professional life in their
own countries. As reported by many historians, Ibn al-Tilmidh made
use of the works of the Greek physicians and also the works of Ibn
Sina as the main sources of his teaching. Therefore, we are not
surprise to find out his works consisted of ideas of Greek physicians
notably Hippocratic corpus and Galen and those of Hunayn, Ibn
Sina, al-Razi, etc.

38. 23. 1091-1161 Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr
• Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik Ibn Zuhr was born at Seville in 1091/c. 1094 C.E.
After completing his education and specializing in medicine, he entered
the service of Almoravides (Al-Murabatun), but after their defeat by the
Al-Mohades (Al-Muwahadun), he served under 'Abd alMu'min, the first
Muwahid ruler. He died in Seville in 1161/c. 1162 C.E. As confirmed by
George Sarton, he was not a Jew, but an orthodox Muslim

39. Died 1100 Abu Ali Yahya B. Isa ibn Jazlah
• After careful consideration of the caliber of Arab works, it
becomes evident that one of the highly reputed physician-
philosopher who was born, lived and practiced in Baghdad
As a prominent physician, he was immediately appointed
by al-Muqtadi to whom Ibn Jazlah dedicated his important
medical manuals Taqwim al-Abdan fi Tadbir al-Insan (Tables
of Bodies with Regard to Their Constitutions) and Minhaj al-
Bayan fima Yastamiluhu al-Insan. In the former, the author
introduced the way to preserve good health physically and
spiritually. He explained that to achieve ultimate goal, man
should labor for present life as if he is going to stay forever
on this earth, and for life to come, as if it was his last day
here

40. 1126-1198 Abul Walid Muhammed ibn Rushd (Averroës)
• was born in Cordova, Spain, in 1126. Through family connections, he
gained royal patronage and became a royal physician and a qadi (judge) in
Cordova. Between 1182 and 1194, he was a court physician in Marrakesh.
Due to pervading religious sentiment against Medieval Islamic Thought:
Interplay of Faith and Reason 40 philosophers, he was banished for heresy.
He was recalled to Marrakesh shortly before his death in 1198.

41. 1128-1198 Ibn Rushd
• He was born in Cordoba, Islamic Spain where his grandfather was Imam of
theGrand Mosque. He was born in a family of learned scholars and jurists. His
father andgrandfather were judges. He was by nature pensive, loathed to position
and wealth. He passed most of his time in study and it was said that during his
long life there had beenonly two nights when he could not study - on the night of
his marriage and the other onthe night of his fathers death.In 1169 he became
magistrate (Qazi) of Seville, then Cordoba, and in 1196governor of Andalusia on
account of his astonishing erudition. As a judge in Seville for25 years he busied
himself writing commentaries on Aristotle's books. Once he expressedhis
unhappiness over the fact that all his books were still in his hometown. In Cordoba
hedeveloped friendship with famous physician Ibn Zuhr who suggested him to
studymedicine. He requested his physician friend to write a book on al-Umur al-
Juziya(treatment of head to toe diseases) which he did and called it
• Kitab al Theisir
•

42. 1135-1208 Ibn-Maimon
• Name - Arabic: Ibn-Maimon
Name - latin: Maimonides
Span of Life (A.D.): 1135 - 1208 (Granada)
Speciality and Contribution: Philosophy, Translations- Hebrew, Latin,
Poisons, Hygiene and Public Health
Special Books: Al-Tadbir El-Sihhi, Moushid El-Hairan
City - Country: Cairo (Saladdin's physician)

43. 1143-1160 Ali Ibn Tashfin
• (reigned 537-555/1143-1160). In medicine, he wrote several treatises
included two works on theriaca (al-Tiryaq al-Sab`ini) and on diet (al-
Aghdhiyyah). During the later period of his life, he became acquaintance
with Ibn Rushd, to whom he dedicated his al-Taysir fi Mudawat al-Tadbir.

44. 1162-1231 Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
• Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162-1231), a famous Iraqi physician, historian,
Egyptologist and traveler, said that Galen was wrong to say that the lower
jaw consists of two parts. On observing the remains of humans who had
starved to death in Egypt, he concluded that the lower jaw (mandible)
consists of just one bone. In his work, "Book of Instruction and
Admonition on the Things Seen end Events Recorded in the Land of
Egypt", he wrote:
"What I saw of this part of the corpses convinced me that the bone of the
lower jaw is all one, with no joint nor suture. I have repeated the
observation a great number of times, in over two thousand heads...I have
been assisted by various different people, who have repeated the same
examination, both in my absence and under my eyes.."

45. 1207-1273 Jalal Al-Din Rumi
• Jalal al-Din Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Ibn Husain
alRumi was born in 604 A.H. (1207/8 C.E.) at Balkh (now Afghanistan). His
father Baha al-Din was a renowned religious scholar. Under his patronage,
Rumi received his early education from Syed Burhan-al-Din. When his age
was about 18 years, the family (after several migrations) finally settled at
Konya and at the age of 25, Rumi was sent to Aleppo for advanced
education and later to Damascus. Rumi continued with his education till
he was 40 years old, although on his father's death Rumi succeeded him
as a professor in the famous Madrasah at Konya at the age of about 24
years. He received his mystical training first at the hands of Syed Burhan
al-Din and later he was trained by Shams al-Din Tabriz.

46. 1208 - 1288 Ibn-Al-Nafis
• Name - Arabic:
Name - latin:
Span of Life (A.D.): (Damascus)
Speciality and Contribution: Pulmonary circ.,
Blood supply to the heart
Special Books: Sharah Tashrih al Qanun, Al-
Mujaz
City - Country: Damascus, Cairo

47. 1213-1288 Ibn Al Nafis
• He was born in a small town Kersh, near Damascus, educated at the
college-hospital founded by Sultan Nurudin Zangi. He learnt Islamic
jurisprudence, literatureand, theology besides medicine. When he moved
to Cairo he was appointed director ofthe famous Nasri hospital. He trained
a large number of medical students, including Ibnal-Quff, the famous
surgeon. He was an authority on religious law and a prolific writer
ofmedical tracts. He specialized in eye diseases. He was the first director
of recentlyconstructed Mansuriyya hospital in Cairo, to which
he bequeathed his house, library, andclinic. He was given the title of Chief
of Physicians

48. Died 1222 Najeebuddin al-Samarqandi
• He was a famous physician from Afghanistan who flourished at the
time ofPersian philosopher Fakhruddin ar-Razi (d1210). He died
during the pillage of hishometown Heart by Mongols. His most
important medical work is
• Asbab wal -Almat
• (etiology and symptoms of disease), a commentary on thiswork
was written by al-Kirmani. He also wrote a book on the treatment
of disease by dietand two medical formularies. His other works are:
• Al-Adwiya al-Mufrada - simple drugs Aghziyat al-Marada - diet for
the ill Aghziya wal Ashriba - food and drink Fee Mudawat waja al-
Mafasid - cure of pain in the joints Feel al- Tibb - on medicine Fee
kafiyat Tarkib Tabaqat al-Ayn - on the layers of eye Feel Adwiya al-
Mustamala Indal sayadila - drug preparation by pha

49. 1233-1286 Aminu Dawla Ibn al-Quff
• He was a master of many disciplines like medicine, physiology, natural
science,and philosophy. He learnt medicine from Ibn Abi Usayba (1203-
1270) who was muchimpressed with his aptitude for medicine. In his
youth he read number of biographies andspent great deal of time in
meditation.His teacher asked him to study Masai l of Ishaq ibn Hunain
and A phorism s and Prognosi sof Hippocrate. After reading these books
he learnt the causes, symptoms and treatment ofdisease. In his
commentaries he included sayings and annotations of Zakariya al-Razi

50. Died 1248 Ibn Al-Baitar
• Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din alMalaqi
was one of the greatest scientists of Muslim Spain and was the greatest
botanist and pharmacist of the Middle Ages. He was born in the Spanish
city of Malaqa (Malaga) towards the end of the 12th century. He learned
botany from Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, a learned botanist, with whom he
started collecting plants in and around Spain.

51. 1304-1369 Ibn Battuta
• "To the world of today the men of medieval Christendom already seem
remote and unfamiliar. Their names and deeds are recorded in our history-
books, their monuments still adorn our cities, but our kinship with them is
a thing unreal, which costs an effort of imagination. How much more must
this apply to the great Islamic civilization, that stood over against medieval
Europe, menacing its existence and yet linked to it by a hundred ties that
even war and fear could not sever. Its monuments too abide, for those
who may have the fortunate to visit them, but its men and manners are to
most of us utterly unknown, or dimly conceived in the romantic image of
the Arabian Nights. Even for the specialist it is difficult to reconstruct their
lives and see them as they were. Histories and biographies there are in
quantity, but the historians for all their picturesque details, seldom show
the ability to select the essential and to give their figures that touch of the
intimate which makes them live again for the reader. It is in this faculty
that Ibn Battuta excels."

52. Died 1369 Ibn Katina
• The Moorish physician who died in 1369 A.D. is the author of excellent
book on the plague. A severe plague which ravaged Alemaria in Spain in
1348-49 A.D. caused the celebrated physician to write a treatise on the
plague which was superior to all earlier works on the subject. This book
was edited and translated in Europe in the 15th century A.D. and revealed
the contagious character of the plague and its remedies which were not
known to Greek physicians.

53. Died 1379 al-Aqsara'i
• Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad Aqsara'i, also written al-
Aqsara'i, was a 14th century Persian physician.
• He is known for his commentary on the Mujiz, which was an epitome
made in the 13th century by Ibn al-Nafis of The Canon of Medicine of
Avicenna.
• Al-Aqsara'i studied medicine with his father, under whose tutelage he first
read the Mujiz. Thereafter he studied The Canon of Medicine itself, as well
as the Hawi by Razi and the Complete Book on Medicine by al-Majusi, as
well as the medical writings of Najib al-Din al-Samarqandi. He employed
these other treatises in his commentary on the Mujiz, and he titled his
commentary "The Key to the Mujiz" (Hall al-Mujiz).
• He died in 1379.

54. Died 1369 Ibn Katina
• Ibn Katina, the Moorish physician who died in 1369 A.D. is the author of
excellent book on the plague. A severe plague which ravaged Alemaria in
Spain in 1348-49 A.D. caused the celebrated physician to write a treatise
on the plague which was superior to all earlier works on the subject. This
book was edited and translated in Europe in the 15th century A.D. and
revealed the contagious character of the plague and its remedies which
were not known to Greek physicians

55. Died 1599 Dawud Ibn 'Umar al-Antaki or David of Antioch
• Dawud Ibn 'Umar al-Antaki or David of Antioch (Arabic: ‫داود‬
‫األنطاكي‬; Antioch - Makkah al-Mukarramah, 1599) was a blind
Syrian physician and pharmacist active in Cairo.[1]
• After the hey-day of medicine in the medieval Islamic
world and after the work of Ibn Al-Nafis (died 1288), Daud Al-
Antaki was one of three great names in the field of Arabic
medicine in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries CE,
alongside the Iraqi scholar Yusuf Ibn Ismail Al-Kutbi and the
Turkish doctor Khadir Ibn Ali Hajji Basa.[2] The seminal western
historian of Arabic medicine Lucien Leclerc (1876) considered
Al-Antaki "dernier représentant de la médecine arabe

56. 1526-1585Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
• Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi (Arabic: ‫الدين‬ ‫تقي‬
‫الشامي‬ ‫معروف‬ ‫بن‬ ‫محمد‬, Modern Turkish: Takiyuddin or Taki) (1526–1585) was
aMuslim polymath: He was the author of more than ninety books on a
wide variety of subjects,
including astronomy,clocks, engineering,mathematics, mechanics,optics a
nd natural philosophy

57. Died 1609 Hakim-e-Gilani
• Hakim Ali ibn Kamal al-Din Muhammad Gilani (Persian: ‫بن‬ ‫علی‬ ‫حكيم‬
‫الگيالنی‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫كمال‬ )was a 16th-century Persian royal physician
fromGilan, Iran.
• He came from Persia to the Mughal court of Akbar and served
under several Mughal rulers in northwest India. He is particularly
known for his commentary on The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna.
• Hakim Ali Gilani died on 14 Dhu al-Hijjah 1017AH, or 22 March 1609

58. 1508- 1610 Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
• Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed ibn Ibrahim al-Wazir al-
Ghassani al-Andalusi (1548–1610) was a famous physician at
theSaadian court.[1] He studied medicine with his father. He
lived in Marrakesh and Fezand was of Moriscodescent. It is
probable that he was the author ofHadiqat al-azhar fi
mahiyyat al-ushb wa-l-aqqar (Garden of Flowers in the
Explanation of the Character of Herbs and Drugs), a treatise
on pharmacology and botany.[2] A hospital in Fez was named
after him.

59. 1868-1927 Hakim Ajmal Khan
• Ajmal Khan (or Hakim Ajmal Khan) (1868–1927) was an Indian physician
specialising in the field of South Asian traditional Unanimedicine as well as
a Muslim nationalist politician and freedom fighter. Through his founding
of the Tibbia College in Delhi, he is credited with the revival of Unani
medicine in early 20th century India

60. 1897-1944 Dr Salimuzzaman Siddique
• Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was born in Subeha, Barabanki District, in the
former United Provinces of India in 1897. In 1951, Professor Siddiqui was
appointed as the Director of the Pakistan Department of Research
(renamed in 1953 as the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research). He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society, UK, 1960, the
first scientist working in Pakistan to have received such a distinction. In
1966, he was appointed as Professor of Chemistry at the University of
Karachi. In 1975, recognizing his work the Hussein Group of Industries
contributed a grant towards the establishment of the Hussein Ebrahim
Jamal (HEJ) Research Institute of Chemistry, where Professor Siddiqui
continued working till the end. Author of over a hundred and forty
research papers and memoirs and about fifty patent specifications, he was
also a great painter, a philosopher, an organizer and a promoter of science
in Pakistan. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of R & D in Pakistan.
Professor Salimuzzaman Siddiqui breathed his last at the Aga Khan
Hospital, Karachi on April 14, 1994.

61. 1920-1998 Hakim Muhammad Saeed
• Hakim Muhammad Saeed (Urdu: ‫سعید‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫حکیم‬;9 January 1920 – 17
October 1998, NI, PhD) was a medical researcher, scholar, philanthropist,
and a Governor of Sindh Province, Pakistan from 1993 until 1996. Saeed
was one of Pakistan's most prominent medical researchers in the field of
Eastern medicines. He established the Hamdard Foundation in 1948, prior
to his settlement inWest Pakistan. In a few years time, the herbal medical
products of the Hamdard Foundation became household names in
Pakistan. Hakim Muhammad Saeed authored and compiled about 200
books in medicines, philosophy, science, health, religion, natural medicine,
literary, social, and travelogues. On 17 October 1998, Saeed was
assassinated by a group of unknown assailants while he was on his way to
attend a medical experiment at the Hamdard Laboratories