This document discusses different types of sentences: statements, questions, commands, and exclamations. It describes how questions are formed, including yes-no questions, positive and negative orientation, and tag questions. Yes-no questions can be formed by placing an operator like "is" before the subject or using "do/does/did" before the subject if there is no operator. Tag questions are short yes-no questions added after a statement and take the opposite polarity of the statement with "isn't/aren't" or "is/are". The document also notes tag questions have an assumption from the statement and expectation from the question part.

1. Lecture No. 12

2. 7.43 Statement , question ,
command , exclamation
Simple sentence
Statement exclamation
question command
Starts with starts with wh-
a subject and has three forms starts with a verb word + adj. or
followed by 1 – yes-no in a base form and noun + subject
a verb and 2- wh-question ends with ( .) + verb and ends
punctuated 3- Alternative Ex: Open the door. with ( ! )
by ( . ) ( intonation ) Ex: How sad
Ex : John smiles. And ends with she is!
( ? )
Ex: Is he clever?
Ex: What is your name?

3. 7.45 Yes-no questions
 To form a yes-no question there are two ways :
1- Place the operator before the subject if the sentence
consists of an auxiliary as an operator
Ex: John is playing tennis. Is John playing tennis ?
Ex: He had played tennis. Had he played tennis ?
Ex: They will play tennis. Will they play tennis ?

4. 2- Place ( do , did , does ) before the subject if the sentence is
without an auxiliary as an operator
Ex: John played tennis. Did John play tennis ?
Ex: John plays tennis. Does John play tennis ?
Ex: They play tennis. Do they tennis ?
Note : the form of the verb is changed to its base with did and
does.

5. 7.46 Positive Orientation
 The question has positive orientation when the assertive
form is used rather than the usual non-assertive form
 Ex: Someone called last night.
Did someone called last night ?

6. 7. 47 Negative Orientation
Certain negated sentences have
 Positive meaning
( old assumption ) is the
speaker’s hopes or wishes .
In the example “ Can’t you
drive straight ?” the old
assumption is the speaker’s
hope that he can drive .
 Negative meaning
( new assumption )is the
speaker’s disappointments
or annoyance . In the
example “ Can’t you drive
straight ?” the new
assumption is the
disappointment of the
speaker that he can’t drive.

7. 7. 48 Tag- question
Tag- question is a yes – no question that is added after the
statement . There are two types for the tag-question :
1- Positive , negative ?
tag-question
Ex: John is coming . John is coming , isn’t he ?
2- Negative , positive?
tag-question
Ex : John isn’t coming. John isn’t coming , is he ?

8.  Do , does , did are used to form the tag-question in the
sentences without an auxiliary verb .
 Ex: John plays tennis. John plays tennis, doesn’t he ?
 Ex: John played tennis. John played tennis , didn’t he ?
 Ex: They play tennis. They play tennis, don’t they?

9.  The structure of the tag-question has two factors :
1- Assumption the statement
2- Expectation the question
Ex: He likes football , doesn’t he ?
assumption expectation
Note: Back to page 194 to see the four types of the tag-question.