1. Instructional
Design &
Technology
A summary and analysis of
instructional technology that
defines Instructional Design &
Technology (ID&T)
By Jeanne Alexie Fantal

2. Definition of ID&T
(Reiser et al., 2018, p. 4)

3. Definition of ID&T (Part 2)
(Reiser et al., 2018, p. 5)

4. Areas of ID&T
Instructional
Design &
Technology
(ID&T)
comprises
Instructional
Media
Instructional
Design
Performance
Improvement

5. Instructional Technology
early definition focused on physical means by which information is presented to learners.
Visual Movement
Early 20th Century
(flat pictures, models,
charts, stereographs,
slides, and motion pictures
Audiovisual Movement
1920s to 1940s
(Television, education TV
channels)
Computers for
Instructional Purposes
Early 1980s – Now
(personal computers,
internet)
(Reiser et al., 2018, p. 8-11)

6. Instructional Design
(ID)
systematic rules
and procedures
used to enhance
education and
develop curricula
through different
learning models
including:
ADDIE
Pebble-in-Pond Approach
SAM Model
ID Characteristics:
• Student centered
• Goal oriented
• Meaningful performance
• Reliable and valid
• Self-correcting
• Involves Team Effort
(Reiser et al., 2018, p. 24-26)

7. ADDIE: an Instructional Design Model
Analyze
ID problems
and state
goals
A
•Design
•state
objectives
and
measurable
terms
D
Development
of print and
nonprint
materials
D Implement
instruction
(delivery)
I
Evaluate
through
formative and
summative data
• Collect date
and make
necessary
changes
E
(Reiser et al., 2018, p. 24-255)

8. ADDIE: an Instructional Design Model
Weaknesses (Reiser et al., 2018, p. 32)

9. Successive Approximation Model (SAM)
Was created to overcome problem with ADDIE
Characteristics of SAM:
1. Provide ample opportunities to revise, evaluate and correct mistake throughout learning process
2. Produce best possible instruction despite time and budget restrictions
3. Prototypes used to demonstrate and refine ideas and test functionality
4. Beta product version is produced and refined so final product is released
(Reiser et al., 2018, p. 36)

10. Pebble-in-Pond Approach
Is a whole task ID approach and content centered
Was created to overcome problem with ADDIE
Pebble-in-Pond Design Steps
1. Identify problem
2. Identify the result expected after acquisition of knowledge
3. Identify steps to do to solve the problem and complete task
4. Identify strategies used to engage learners
5. Use strategies to deliver content
(Reiser et al., 2018, p. 35)

11. References
• Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology. (4th Ed.)
Boston: Pearson.
http://institute-of-progressive-education-and-learning.org/a-history-of-education-technology/