India and Pakistan share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, yet their relation has been mired in complexity due to a number of historical and political events. Indo-Pak relations have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Jammu & Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. The partition of British India was one of the largest human migrations ever seen and sparked bloody massacres of refugees across the region. It displaced up to 12.5 million people, with an estimated loss of life of 1 million. India became a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan emerged as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population and a very small population subscribing to other faiths.

5. PARTITION, 1947
Partition of India and Pakistan in 1947
End of British Raj
Two – Nation theory
General Governor of Pakistan : Muhammad Ali Jinnah

6. CAUSES OF PARTITION
Rising of religious hostilities
Provincial Elections (1937)
Compromise attempts failed
Violence broke out in August 1946
Mountbatten decides on partition

7. SOCIAL AUDIT REPORT (PARTITION)
Human losses (estimated):
Low – 2 Lakhs
High – 20 Lakhs
Displaced – 14 Million
11.2 Million were ‘missing’ of targeted minorities
6.5 Billion Muslims moved to West Pakistan from India
4.7 Million Indians moved from West Pakistan to India
Anti-Hindu riots broke out in Karachi
7,76,000 Sindhi Hindus migrated from Pakistan to India

9. FIRST KASHMIR WAR, 1947
Date: 22 October 1947 – 5 January 1948 (1 year, 2 months & 2 weeks)
Location: Kashmir
Result: Ceasefire agreement
Princely state of Jammu & Kashmir acceded to India
UN ceasefire line of 1949
(later becomes Line of Control after Shimla Agreement
of 1972)
Territorial Changes: Pakistan controls roughly a third of Kashmir
(Azad-Kashmir & Gilgit Baltistan)
India controls the rest
(Kashmir Valley, Jammu & Ladakh)

11. SOCIAL AUDIT REPORT (WAR 1947-48)
The hostiles were Dominion of India and Jammu & Kashmir
Dominion of Pakistan, Azhar Kashmir Irregular Forces, frontier Scouts
Casualties: 1,104 Indians were killed
3,154 were wounded
26,000 Pakistanis were killed
14,000 were wounded

12. WATER TREATY, 1960
Signatories: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister of India)
Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)
Location: Karachi, Pakistan
Signed: 23 September 1960
Brokered: World Bank
Control (Rivers):
Eastern by India – Beas, Ravi, Sutlej
Western by Pakistan – Indus, Chenab, Jhelum

14. INDO – PAK WAR, 1965
Date: 23 Sep,1965
Location:
Western front - Indo – Pakistani border
LOC, Working boundary, Radcliffe Line,
Sir Creek & Zero Point
Arabian Sea
Eastern front - India – East Pakistan border
Result: Indian Victory
United Nations mandated ceasefire
No permanent territorial changes
( see Tashkent declaration )

15. Upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared
Cold war
Military Aid
Consequence

16. SOCIAL AUDIT REPORT (WAR OF 1965)
The hostiles were India & Pakistan
The leaders were Lt. General Hanut Singh Rathore & Lt. General JST
Dillon
Brigader A.R. Shami
Losses: 10 Indian Tanks were destroyed & damaged
100 Pakistani Tanks were destroyed

17. CREATION OF BANGLADESH, 1971
Language controversy
Political difference
1970 Cyclone
Declaration of Independence
Indian involvement
Aftermath
Year Spending on West Pak
(in millions of Pak
rupees)
Spending on East Pak
(in millions of Pak
rupees)
Amount spent on East
as % of West
1950-55 11,290 5,240 46.4
1955-60 16,550 5,240 31.7
1960-65 33,550 14,040 41.8
1965-70 51,950 21,410 41.2
Total 1,13,340 45,930 40.5
Disparity

18. SHIMLA TREATY, 1972
Type: Peace Treaty
Condition: Ratification of both parties
Signatories: Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India);
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (President of Pakistan)
Location: Shimla, Barnes court (Raj Bhavan)
Himachal Pradesh, India
Drafted: 28 June 1972
Signed: 2 July 1972
Result: India released over 90,000 POWs
Withdrew its troops from Pakistan

20. KARGIL WAR, 1999
Took place between May and July 1999 in Kargil
Infiltaration of Pakistani troops & terrorists
Pakistan blamed Kashmiri insurgents
Later statements showed involvement of Pakistan
India undertook operation ‘Vijay’ & captured Tololing
Tiger hill
Operation ‘ Safed Sagar’ by the IAF
End of war: 26 July, 1999 – Kargil Vijay Divas
“Subrahmanyam Report” led to large scale

21. 527 officers & soldiers martyred
1,363 wounded
1 fighter jet crashed
Rise in Indian stock market by 30%
Increase in defence
Indo – US relation improved
Govt. set up inquiry
SOCIAL AUDIT REPORT (WAR OF 1999)

22. BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS
(TO SETTLE OUTSTANDING ISSUES)
Major Issues: Point of contention – Kashmir
Partition by Britain in 1947 of India & Pakistan
Kashmir: Center of dispute between India & Pakistan
India – Hindu majority
Pakistan – Muslim majority
Hindu ruling Dynasty at the time of partition
Kashmir’s Maharaja ‘Hari Singh’ sparking the 1st Indo-Pak War
India controlled 45% of Kashmir
Negotiation: Atal Bihari Vajpayee & Parvez Musharraf
Settlement Uncertainty: “There is enormous river of mistrust to overcome”, says Rajan Menon &
Monroe J. Rathbone
Frank Wisner predicting chances of success for settement

23. End Result: Basic Road Map (says Riaz Khokkar) on February 18
Reason for Failure: India insisted Pakistan to stop supporting terrorists in Kashmir
Pakistan insisted India to include final-status discussion on Kashmir
Next series of meetings: Foreign Secretaries to meet in May or June
Further higher level talks to be followed in July & August

25. INDO – PAK TRADE ROUTE, 2008
Opened trade route after 6 decades on 21 Oct, 2008
11 trucks loaded with apples and walnuts
India exports fruits, nuts and honey
Pak Kashmiri exports rice & rock salt
100 gathered on both sides of de facto border

26. Lorries are expected to drive inside rival territory
Lorries take same route as the bus service
Heavy firing between Indo – Pak troops
Indian Kashmir had scarred by a violent insurgency
New administration in Pakistan surprised many in India
Eye on Delhi’s security

28. 2008 MUMBAI ATTACKS
Date: 26 November – 29 November
Location: Mumbai - Leopold Café
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel
Oberoi Trident
Cama Hospital
Nariman House
No. of participants: 10 terrorists
Attack type: Bombings, shootings, hostage crisis, siege
Weapons: AK-47, RDX, IEDs, grenades
Deaths: Approx. 166, in addition to 9 attackers

29. Perpetrators: Lashkar-e-Taiba & Zaki-ur-Rehman
Defenders: National Security Guards
MARCOS
Mumbai Police
Indian ATS
Mumbai Fire Brigade
About the terrorist : Came by sea route
(As per report given by Indian Govt.)
Trained 18 months before the attack
(Muzaffarabad in Pakistan)
*1 terrorist Ajmal Kasab caught alive by Tukaram Omble

31. SURGICAL STRIKE, 2016
Date : 28 – 29 Sep, 2016
Location : Line of Control
Result : Successful surgical strike along the Line of Control,
terrorist bases neutralized
(Indian claim)
Skirmishes along the Line of Control,
Line of Control not crossed by Indian troops
(Pakistan claim)
Start of continued Indo – Pak border skirmishes

32. SOCIAL AUDIT REPORT (2016 STRIKE)
1-2 wounded (Indian claim)
37-50 killed (Indian claim) no casualties (JeM)
2 killed & 9 wounded (Pakistani claim)
11 killed (Indian claim)

34. PULWAMAATTACK, 2019
Location : Lethpora, Pulwama district, Jammu & Kashmir
Date : 14 Feb, 2019
Target : CRPF
Attack type : Suicide attack, car bombing
Deaths : 40 (+1 suicide bomber)
Non- fatal injuries : 35
Perpetrators : Jaish-e- Mohammed
Assailants : Adil Ahmad Dar

37. BALAKOT AIRSTRIKE, 2019
Date : 26 Feb, 2019
Location : Balakot, Pakistan
Result : Destruction of JeM terror camp at Balakot
Casualties: Approx. 20
5 dead as per burial records
(Indian Intelligence claim)
Approx. 90 including 3 Pak Army Trainers
(RAW Analysts)
*Lack of witness testimony to assess the validity of
above claims

39. (A) Residence & Hostel :
8 Rooms
12 Trainers
97 Terrorist
(B) Main Hall/Mosque :
Complex
Mosque with portraits of “shaheeds”
(C) Guest house/Trainer’s residence :
7 Trainers were present
(D) Hall & Hostel :
150 terrorist
A dinning room & a class room
TARGET

40. (E) Canteen
(F) Residence of Yusuf Azhar & Abandoned school
(G) Main entrance
(H) Swimming pool
( I ) Therapy centre & canteen
( J ) Dispensory & A tailoring facility