Bionanotechnology

Shri Bhagwan College of
Pharmacy,Aurangabad
Presented by,
Mr. MEHETRE AKSHAY DILIPRAO
F.Y. M.Pharm
2016-2017

A Historical Perspective
• The first written concept of the possibility to
manipulate matter at the nano-level was proposed
by Richard Feynman.
• Feynman argues that,“The principles of physics, as
far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility
of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an
attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in
principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has
not been done because we are too big”.

• The nanotechnology field was however really
established by the work of
a) Richard Smalley
b) Eric Drexler
c) Chad Mirkin(bionanotechnology)
a) Dr. Richard E. Smalley, a chemistry professor at Rice
University
pioneered the field of nanotechnology and shared a
Nobel Prize in 1996 for the development of bucky-
balls.

Dr. Richard E. Smalley—Nobel
Laureate
(June 6, 1943–October 28, 2005)
Bucky ball - spherical arrangements
composed of 60 carbon atoms
a vital step in the commercial development
of nanotechnology, and the founding of
Carbon Nanotechnologies in 2000

b) K. Eric Drexler received his doctorate degree
in Molecular Nanotechnology from MIT in 1991
• pioneers to focus on emerging technologies and
their impact for the future.
Dr. EricDrexler (April 25, 1955- )
He founded the Foresight Institute
and presently serves as the Chief
Technical Advisor of Nanorex, a
company that develops software for
the design and simulation of
molecular machine
systems.

c) Chad A. Mirkin is presently a Professor in the
Department of Chemistry and Institute for
Nanotechnology at Northwestern University.
pioneer in chemical
modifications
of nanosystems leading to
breakthrough contributions to
bionanotechnology
Dr. Chad Mirkin (November 23, 1963- )
research work focusing on new ligand design, self-
assembled monolayers, design of molecule-based
electronic devices, nanolithography, nanoparticles,
and DNA-directed materials synthesis provided the
foundation for bionanotechnology research

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND
BIONANOTECHNOLOGY
• NNI
• According to the NNI definition, any structure less
than 100 nm is a true nanostructure and unique
phenomena are expected at that scale.
• Bionanotechnology is a subset of nanotechnology
where the biological world provides the inspiration
and/or the end goal. It is defined as atom-level
engineering and manufacturing using biological
precedence for guidance (Nano- iomimetics) or
traditional nanotechnology applied to biological and
biomedical needs

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
e.g. Fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles, known as quantum dots,
Development of hyperthermia nano agents for cancer therapy,
Sun screens sensing the amount of damage to skin

successful development of nanotube-based
fibers
A cellular level control is not possible
without nanotechnology
Dynamics of self-assembly
The greatest challenge of
bionanotechnology today is
understanding the long-term
impact
on human health

GROWTH POTENTIAL
It is not easy to estimate the expenditures
for bionanotechnology from the pooled
nanotechnology investment.

It can confidently, be stated that:
Nanotechnology is still in its infancy and
has an almost unpredictable growth, which
seems steady and increasing.
The field has excellent potential to
consume more resources attracting further
investment.

Annual nanotechnology expenditure—a global outlook

Significance of Nano
Limitations of Micron size:
▫ Inefficacy of delivery,
▫ Inadequate targeting,
▫ Toxic effects on healthy tissues, and
▫ Impaired transport to tumor sites.
▫ Oral and nasal deliveries have poor release
profiles
▫ Aerosol design is complex and problematic
▫ Transdermal delivery lacks targeting and causes
damage to healthy cells too.
These challenges led to the development of
“targeted
drug delivery” as a way to overcome the delivery
issues.
TARGETED NANO-DELIVERY
SYSTEM

SURFACE VOLUME RATIO
SIGNIFICANCE
• The number of particles available per square
unit of area in a nano system is very much
higher than a bigger (micron) sized system.
• The surface area when divided by the volume
of the sample gives the surface area to
volume ratio; this is a very significant
factor which determines the extent of activity
of a nanoparticulate system .
• In a sample of NPs, the greater the surface to
volume ratio the greater is its activity
(catalytic or drug delivery related)

SIGNIFICANCE AND KEY FEATURES
• Disobedience to the laws of inertia
• Negligible impact of gravity on nano-particles
(NP)
• Sensitive to environmental conditions
• Self assembly
• Measurements and characterization of NP
systems are crucial processes
• laws of quantum mechanics govern the
interaction of NP with their environment.

Nano Drug Delivery
• CONVENTIONAL DRUG DELIVERY
▫ First Pass Effect
▫ ROA
▫ Rate of absorption

Schematic representation of barriers encountered by a drug

Schematic representation of drug and its pharmacological effect

ROA and dosage forms

factors that influence the bioavailability of a drug

TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY
• One approach to improve bioavailability
• perfection by delivering the right amount at only
the site of disease or injury.

CHEMISTRY OF DRUG DELIVERY VEHICLES
• Nanocapsules
Nanocapsules are polymeric membranes
with an oily or aqueous core. They can be
defined as a vesicular system in which “drug
is confined to an aqueous or oily cavity
surrounded by a single polymeric
membrane”
Outer Coating Inner Coating
Polyalkylcyanoacrylates and
poly-lactides
soya bean oil or other
triglycerides

• Unilamellar Liposomal Vesicles
▫ Extensive application of liposomal delivery for
tumor and cancer therapy
▫ They are “vesicular colloidal particles composed
of self-assembled amphiphillic molecules”.
▫ They have both hydrophilic as well as
hydrophobic groups
▫ Liposomes consist of “neutral or anionic lipids”
which may be synthetic or natural
▫ Functionally liposomes can be classified as
conventional, cationic, stealth, and targeted
liposomes
▫ Size is a prominent factor that determines the
targeting efficiency and the associated
therapeutic effects in liposomes.

• Nanoparticles
▫ Nanoparticles (NP) are collection of several
atoms of a particular element in a given
fashion.
▫ NP is in the submicron range, mostly less
than 200 nm
▫ NP of gold, silver, zinc oxide, titania etc.
finds excellent applications in bionanotech.
▫ When functionalized with antibodies, these
nanoparticles can perform targeted delivery
▫ NP is employed as drug delivery vehicles and
biomarkers of tumors and cancer cells.
▫ Alginate NPs are one other type of the class
of nanoparticles being extensively used for
drug delivery

• Microemulsions
▫ The microemulsions are “clear, stable,
isotropic mixtures of oil, water and
surfactant, frequently in combination with a
cosurfactant”
▫ Microemulsion when loaded with drug serves
as efficient drug delivery vehicles
Various microstructures in a microemulsion

DELIVERY PROFILES
• The delivery profile of a drug delivery system determines the
bioavailability of a drug at a given time
Plot of drug concentration versus time for single and multiple
doses

Various controlled release profiles. (A) Initial time lag release
profile, (B) sustained release profile, and (C) linear time release
profile

Plot of drug concentration versus time for different release systems

controlled release drug delivery
Rate-Preprogrammed DrugDelivery Systems
Activation-Modulated DrugDelivery
Systems

Feedback-Regulated Drug Delivery Systems
Site-Targeting Drug Delivery Systems

•THANK YOU