The document discusses emission standards and regulations in India and Europe. It provides information on: - The parameters that determine emissions from vehicles, including vehicular technology, fuel quality, inspection/maintenance, and road/traffic management. - The timeline and progression of emission standards in India (Bharat Stage norms) and Europe (Euro standards). - Key aspects of emission standards including the types of pollutants regulated, quantitative limits, and test cycles used to measure vehicle exhaust. - Other emission-related policies and frameworks mentioned include carbon pricing, power plant regulations, and sustainability goals under the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

1. Creating and
managing emission
related norms
Presented By,
Salman Ansari
Akif Mustafa

2. Emission Standards
 Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits
to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the
environment.
 Many emissions standards focus on regulating pollutants released
by automobiles (motor cars) and other powered vehicles.
 They can also regulate emissions from industry, power plants, small
equipment such as lawn mowers and diesel generators.
 Emission standards set quantitative limits on the permissible amount
of specific air pollutants that may be released from specific sources
over specific timeframes.

3. In India the first stage of mass emission norms came into force for
petrol vehicles in 1991 and in 1992 for diesel vehicles.
From April 1995, mandatory fitment of catalytic converters in new
petrol passenger cars sold in the four metros, Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai
and Chennai along with supply of Unleaded Petrol (ULP) was affected.
Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and
fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty
vehicles.
These standards were instituted by the Government of India and
their timeline for implementation are decided by the Central Pollution
Control Board under the Ministry of Environment & Forests.

4. The parameters determining emission from
vehicles are:
• Vehicular Technology
• Fuel Quality
• Inspection & Maintenance of In-Use Vehicles
• Road and Traffic Management

7. European Emission Standards
European emission standards define the acceptable limits for
exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states.
Currently, standards are set for all road vehicles, trains, barges and
'non-road mobile machinery' (such as tractors). No standards apply to
seagoing ships or airplanes.
EU Regulation No 443/2009 sets an average CO2 emissions target for
new passenger cars of 130 grams per kilometer. The target was
gradually phased in between 2012 and 2015. A target of 95 grams per
kilometer will apply from 2021.
For light commercial vehicle, an emissions target of 175 g/km applies
from 2017, and 147 g/km from 2020, a reduction of 16%.

8. Toxic emission: stages and legal framework
The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 and
Euro 6 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The corresponding series of standards for
Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I, Euro II, etc.)
Euro 1 (1992)
Euro 2 (1996)
Euro 3 (2000)
Euro 4 (2005)
Euro 5 (2009)
Euro 6 (2014)
Currently there are no standards for limits on CO2 emissions from
vehicles.

9. European emission standards for passenger cars

10. Bharat Stage Emission Standards
Bharat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by
the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from
internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles.
The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the
Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment &
Forests.
The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced
in 2000. Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since
then. All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the
norms have to be compliant with the regulations. Since October
2010, Bharat Stage (BS) III norms have been enforced across the
country. In 13 major cities, Bharat Stage IV emission norms have been
in place since April 2010 and it has been enforced for entire country
since April 2017

12. India's auto sector accounts for about 18% of the total CO
2 emissions in the country. Relative CO 2 emissions from transport
have risen rapidly in recent years, but like the EU, currently there are
no standards for CO 2 emission limits for pollution from vehicles.
Electricity generation

13. • Power Plants

14. An emission test cycle is a protocol contained in an emission
standard to allow repeatable and comparable measurement of
exhaust emissions for different engines or vehicles.
There are many different test cycles issued by various national and
international governments and working groups
Emissions are sampled during the cycle according the the “Constant
Volume Sampling” technique, analyzed, and expressed in g/km for
each of the pollutants.

15. Carbon Pricing
Carbon pricing is an instrument that captures the external costs of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—the costs of emissions that the
public pays for, such as damage to crops, health care costs from heat
waves and droughts, and loss of property from flooding and sea level
rise
A price on carbon helps shift the burden for the damage from GHG
emissions back to those who are responsible for it and who can avoid
it.
Instead of dictating who should reduce emissions where and how, a
carbon price provides an economic signal to emitters, and allows
them to decide to either transform their activities and lower their
emissions, or continue emitting and paying for their emissions.

16. Emission and Sustainable development
From MDG to SDG authorities are trying to control the emission of polluting
agents in the environment
In MDG we had goal 7 ensure environmental sustainability.
In SDGs we have climate action, life below water and life on land
Before this various actions were taken to control the emission for sustainable
future, e.g. :
• Vienna convention(1985)
• Montreal Protocol (1987)
• Kyoto Protocol (1992)
• Paris agreement (2015)