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Course Code: CSE 324
Term Project Report
Submitted To
Mohammad Mamun Elahi
Asst. Professor
Submitted By
Group-4
Name ID
Tariqul Islam 021-131-085
Ahmed Amirul Arefin 021-131-088
Amitabh Halder 021-131-097
Section - D

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Index
Introduction of VOIP…………………………………………………. 01
Basic VOIP Components …………………………………………….. 02
Requirements of VOIP……………………………………………….. 02
Introduction of CISCO IP Phone …………………………………….. 07
IP Phone Functions & Features ………………………………………. 08
VOIP Performance Matrices………………………………………….. 09
Necessity of IP Phones ……………………………………………… 09
VOIP Network Topology (Project)…………………………………… 10
Configuring VOIP …………………………………………………….. 10
Necessary Commands ………………………………………………….. 11
Project Testing ………………………………………………………… 13
Advantages of VOIP …………………………………………………… 14
Disadvantages of VOIP…………………………………………………… 16
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………... 17

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VOIP
Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice over IP, VoIP and IP telephony) is a methodology and group
of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet
Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The terms Internet telephony, broadband telephony,
and broadband phone service specifically refer to the provisioning of communications services
(voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched
telephone network (PSTN).The steps and principals involved in originating VoIP telephone calls
are similar to traditional digital telephony and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the
analog voice signals, and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over a circuit-switched network;
however, the digital information is packetized, and transmission occurs as IP packets over
a packet-switched network. They transport audio streams using special media delivery protocols
that encode audio and video with audio codecs, and video codecs. Various codecs exist that
optimize the media stream based on application requirements and network bandwidth; some
implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high
fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular codecs include μ-law and a-law versions of G.711, G.722, a
popular open source voice codec known as ILBC, a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way
called G.729, and many others. Early providers of voice-over-IP services offered business models
and technical solutions that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second-
generation providers, such as Skype, have built closed networks for private user bases, offering
the benefit of free calls and convenience while potentially charging for access to other
communication networks, such as the PSTN. This has limited the freedom of users to mix-and-
match third-party hardware and software. Third-generation providers, such as Google Talk, have
adopted the concept of federated VoIP—which is a departure from the architecture of the legacy
networks. These solutions typically allow dynamic interconnection between users on any two
domains on the Internet when a user wishes to place a call. In addition to VoIP phones, VoIP is
available on many smartphones, personal computers, and on Internet access devices. Calls and
SMS text messages may be sent over 3G/4G or Wi-Fi.

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Basic VOIP Components
 IP phone – In order to send and receive voice calls, IP phones make use of a type of network
connection known as Ethernet network connection. An example of IP telephony device is Cisco
IP and Cisco 7975G phone on the first picture up here.
 Gateway – A gateway is able to promote calls which take place between various networks. With
the help of a gateway you can place a call between your IP phone and your office. You could also
place a call to the PSTN to call your home.
 Call agent – Most of the characteristics which were formerly a part of PBX have now been
replaced by Call Agents. For instance, to approximately conclude how calls are routed, a call agent
can be configured with the help of rules. An example of such a call agent is Cisco UCM (Unified
Communication Manager)
 Application server – Application Servers provide on the top services such as voice mail in a VoIP
environment.
 Gatekeeper – Gatekeepers can be metaphorically regarded as the traffic police of the WAN. The
bandwidth in WAN network is usually not widely available and so, a gatekeeper can keep an eye
on the amount of bandwidth which is accessible. And so, if such a situation occurs that the amount
of bandwidth is not able to sustain another voice call, then the gatekeeper can reject all trials of
such calls in the future.
 Videoconference station – Videoconference stations are devices and/or software (such as Cisco
Unified Video Advantage) that allow a calling or called party to view and/or transmit video as part
of their telephone conversation.
 Multipoint Control Unit – MCUs have been proved to be helpful when it comes to conference
calling. Several people are talking together at the same time during a conference call. And
everyone can listen to them. In order to mix these audio streams, it takes processing power to do
so. Such a source of processing power is the MCU. MCU can contain DSP (Digital sound
processor) which are devoted to the circuitry of the computer that is able to mix these audio
streams.
 Voice-enabled switch – A Cisco mechanism switch with voice feature is able to facilitate aligned
power to a connected Cisco IP phone, thus there is no need for any outside power source connected
to the IP Phone. And a switch with voice feature is able to distinguish between the voice frames

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which come from the connected IP phone and send those frames to advanced precedence then
other frames.
Requirements of VOIP
3 types of requirements are necessary for Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
 Software Requirements
 Hardware Requirements
 Protocol Requirements
Software Requirements
 Voice Processing Module
 PCM Interface
 Echo Cancelation
 Tone Detector
 Idle Noise Detection
 Network Management Protocols

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Hardware Requirements
 IP based Network
 Gateway
 PC
 Voice Cards
 IP telephones
Protocol Requirements
 H.323
 G.723.1
 G.711
 Real Time Transport Protocol
 Resource Reservation Protocol
The most common VoIP protocols are as follows:
 • H.323 – an ITU standard
 • Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) – an IETF standard
 • Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) – an IETF stand
 • Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) – Cisco proprietary
VOIP Performance Metrics
 Such metrics include network Packet Loss
 Packet Jitter
 Packet Latency(delay),
 Post-dial delay and echo.

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Introduction of CISCO IP Phone
The Cisco IP Phones 7960 Series deliver these capabilities and enhance productivity with support for
multiple call-per-line appearance on select models. With multiple-call-per-line appearance, you can take
advantage of more sophisticated call navigation capabilities with support for multiple
call sessions on a per-line basis. As a simple example, on a 2-line endpoint, you could be on an active call
and navigate to pick up a second incoming call on the same line, while the first call is automatically placed
on hold. You can then switch back and forth between these two call sessions as required. This capability
offers your organization sophisticated and powerful communication options that are not typically available
from traditional telephony or hybrid systems. Businesses that integrate custom and ready to-use IP endpoint
applications into their IP phones can:
• Reduce operating and administration costs.
• Increase revenue.
• Improve employee productivity.
• Enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty.
• Transform business processes.

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IP Phone Functions & Features
Caller ID: Enables the delivery of a caller’s identity to a user via the phone and application.
Group Directory: Enables users to search your corporate directory from the Evolve IP handset
N-Way Calling: Allows users to initiate a three way call from the handset; N-way calling from
applications
Overhead Paging: Allows organizations to connect and dial into a third party speaker system for
paging, which may be across locations.
Privacy: Removes a user from the corporate directory to prevent unsolicited calling from outside
the organization.
Call Forward Always: Enables a user to redirect all incoming calls to another phone number
Call Forward Busy: Enables a user to redirect calls to another destination when an incoming call
encounters a busy condition
Call Forward No Answer: Enables a user to redirect calls to another destination when an
incoming call is not answered within a specified number of rings
Call Forward Not Reachable: A business continuity setting that pushes calls to user’s cell phones
when a handset is unable to reach the hosted PBX platform.
Voicemail / Unified Messaging: Enables users to receive voicemail on the handset, a .WAV file
of the message delivered to email, and receive an SMS notification alert.
Voice Platform API: Allows businesses to integrate business applications with the Evolve voice
platform for common features, such as: click to call, caller ID lookup, screen-pop, and more.

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Necessity of IP Phones
Saving Money
The cost of using a VoIP telephone is much cheaper than using a conventional phone. Making long
distance phone calls are also cheaper when using a VoIP provider.
Portability
The convenience and comfort provided by a VoIP telephone system is available all over the world.
Using any broadband connection, you can log in to your VoIP telephone, and you will get a dial
tone. Regardless of where you are, if you have Internet access, there should not be any problems
in terms of costs and connections. VoIP systems are also accessible via email or while you are
traveling. Simply take your headset or IP phone, and you can contact staff or clients with a low-
cost call.
Flexibility
With a VoIP system, you can still use your conventional phone and a VoIP converter or VoIP
telephone adapter. A VoIP converter looks like a USB memory stick, which you can easily plug
onto any computer. A VoIP converter will sense signals that are emanating from traditional or
analog phones, and such signals will be converted to digital data that can be routed over the
Internet. A computer must be turned on for the service to work. A VoIP system will also allow you
to acquire your own VoIP number, so no matter where you are traveling to, just as long as you
have a high speed Internet connection, you are capable of receiving phone calls to your same
number.
Multi-Functional
Aside from making phone calls, you can also conduct videoconferencing calling through your
VoIP phone. This allows you to stay in touch with your co-workers and clients to discuss important
deals, affairs, meetings, files, documents, agendas, no matter where you are. Even while you are
abroad attending to meetings, you still have the capacity to attend other important meetings in the
home office without having to worry about being physically present.

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VOIP Network Topology (Project)
Components:
1.IP Phone-7960
2.Switch-2960
3.Router-2811
Connection
IP Phone ----- Ethernet ----- Router ---- Internet ---- VOIP Service Provider
Configuring VOIP
Step 1: Configure IP network to support real-time voice traffic.
Step 2 :(Optional) : If you plan to run VoIP over Frame Relay, you need to consider certain factors so that
VoIP runs smoothly. For example, a public Frame Relay cloud provides no guarantees for QoS.
Step 3: Use the number(num) command to configure number expansion if your telephone network is
configured so that you can reach a destination by dialing only a portion (an extension number) .
Step 4: Use the dial-peer voice command to define dial peers and switch to the dial-peer configuration
mode.
Step 5: Configure router to support voice ports.

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Necessary Project Commands
Router>en
Router#config t
Router(config)#inter fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)telephony-service
Router(config-telephony)#max-dn 10
Router(config-telephony)#max-ephone 10
Router(config-telephony)#auto assign 1 to 10
Router(config-telephony)#ip source-address 192.168.1.1 port 2000
Router(config-telephony)#do wr
Router(config-telephony)#exit
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool abc
Router(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
Router(dhcp-config)#default router 192.168.1.1
Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server 1.1.1.1
Router(dhcp-config)#option 150 ip 192.168.1.1
Router(dhcp-config)#exit
Router(config)#ephone-dn 1
Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 101
Router(config)#ephone-dn 2
Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 102
Router(config)#ephone-dn 3

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Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 103
Router(config)#ephone-dn 4
Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 104
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Switch>en
Switch#config t
Switch(config)#inter fa0/1-4
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport voice vlan1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router(config)#inter s0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#router eigrp 10
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
Router(config-router)#net 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Router(config)#dial-peer voice 1 voip
Router(config-dial-peer)#destination-pattern 201
Router(config-dial-peer)#session target ipv4: 20.0.0.2

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Project Testing
Task1: IP phone id:101 is calling(connected) the same network id IP Phone: 104.
Task-2 : IP phone ID:104 is calling(connected) the different network IP phone ID:204 over
VOIP

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Advantages of VOIP
Voice over Internet Protocol, or VoIP, offers phone technology using broadband internet
connections, and hosted VoIP systems in particular offers many advantages over the old systems.
Here are 7 of the biggest advantages of hosted VoIP phone systems:
1. VoIP Is Easier to Install, Configure, and Maintain
IP Phones are simple to install, even for people with limited technical know-how. Rather than
having someone come and run phone wiring through your facility, you can set up an IP Phone and
be ready to go quickly.
Hosted VoIP software makes it easy and inexpensive to add new users, and a convenient web
portal makes it easy to move, add, or change the system's configuration. There is no VoIP hardware
to install, you only need IP phones, and you don't even have to install software.
2. VoIP Scales Up or Down Easily
It's not always easy to predict how many phones you'll need over the next year, and if you have a
traditional phone system, you have to estimate carefully to avoid spending money on phone lines
you won't use.
All this goes away with Hosted Telephone systems. With VoIP for your business, you can add a
line as soon as you add a new employee, and when an employee leaves, you can easily reassign or
remove the line. You always have the right number of phone lines for your needs.
3. Employees' Numbers Follow Them Wherever They Go
Are you rearranging or expanding your office space? Hosted VoIP phone systems let users access
a convenient web portal to reconfigure the system at any time. Hosted VoIP phone systems are
also terrific for businesses that have field workers or workers who travel a lot. Calls can be diverted
to anywhere in the world due to cloud-hosted VoIP phone system features.

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4.A Range of Call Features Are Supported
All of the traditional call system features you expect are available in hosted VoIP systems,
including call hold, call transfer, call hunt, conference calling, find me / follow me, and auto-
attendant phone menus.
5. Even Older Technology Like Fax Is Supported
Virtual faxing (also called IP faxing) is another feature of VoIP phone systems. Even in the age of
email and instant communication, there are some instances when faxes are necessary. Without the
need for paper or toner, you can send and receive faxes using the email account you already have
with a hosted VoIP system.
6. Hosted VoIP Saves Businesses Money
Saving money is one of the most important features of Hosted VoIP phone systems. Legacy
systems were expensive. Setup was intrusive, reconfiguring required time and physical system
changes, and maintenance and repairs could be quite expensive.
But with hosted VoIP systems, you not only save on the costs of installation, calls themselves are
significantly less expensive. If your business makes a lot of international calls, hosted VoIP phone
systems offer the savings you need to have a great phone system without a huge capital investment.
7. VoIP Integrates with Other Business Systems
Because VoIP calls are internet-based, hosted VoIP systems are easier to integrate with the
business applications you use every day. You can do things like place outbound calls through
Outlook or other email clients, or bring up a customer record with that customer's inbound calls.
Voice mail accounts are accessible through email for workers who travel, and you can even get
voice mail transcription with some hosted VoIP phone systems. This feature transcribes voicemail
messages into text and routes them to your email account, so you don't have to worry about taking
notes while conversing.

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Disadvantages of VOIP
No service during a power outage:
During a blackout, a regular phone is kept in service by the current supplied through the phone
line. This is not possible with IP phones, so when the power goes out, there is no VOIP phone
service. In order to use VoIP during a power outage, an uninterruptible power supply or a generator
must be installed on the premises. It should be noted that many early adopters of VoIP are also
users of other phone equipment such as PBX and cordless phone bases that also rely on power not
provided by the telephone company.
Emergency calls:
Another major concern with VOIP involves emergency 911 calls. Traditional phone equipment
can trace your location. Emergency calls are diverted to the nearest call center where the operator
can see your location in case you can't talk. However, because a voice-over-IP call is essentially a
transfer of data between two IP addresses, not physical addresses, with VOIP there is currently no
way to determine where your VOIP phone call is originating from. Although many companies are
making an effort to provide for emergency calls in their service, this issue remains an important
deterrent against VoIP.
Reliability:
Because VOIP relies on an Internet connection, your VOIP service will be affected by the quality
and reliability of your broadband Internet service and sometimes by the limitations of your PC.
Poor Internet connections and congestion can result in garbled or distorted voice quality. If you
are using your computer at the same time as making a computer VOIP call, you may find that
voice quality deteriorates dramatically.
This is more noticeable in highly congested networks and/or where there are long distances and/or
internetworking between end points.
VoIP Voice Quality:
VoIP has a bit to improve on Voice Quality, but not in all cases. VoIP QoS(Quality of service)
depends on so many factors: your broadband connection, your hardware, the service provided by
your provider, the destination of your call etc. More and more people are enjoying high quality of

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phone calls using VoIP, but still many users complain of hearing Martian, having to wait a lot
before hearing an answer etc.
Security:
This one is the last in this list, but it is not the least! Security is a main concern with VoIP, as it is
with other Internet technologies. The most prominent security issues over VoIP are identity and
service theft, viruses and malware, denial of service, spamming, call tampering and phishing
attacks.
Other:
The domestic customers have to use headphone to make and receive phone calls, which usually
international. But this could be changed when analogue telephones will be brought up to serve the
same purpose.
All these disadvantages will be overcome in time. There is a tremendous amount of work being
done to increase the reliability and usefulness of VoIP. By 2008 most of the kinks will be worked
out and VoIP will receive widespread consumer acceptance.