It discusses the various concepts of national income like GDP, GNP, circular flow of income , etc .. It also brings to light the data related to national income for past few years and the trends. It also presents a comparison with the national income trends of Pakistan.
Concept of national income and comparison with pakistan
1. STUDY OF DETERMINATION OF
NATIONAL INCOME IN INDIA
By Agamya Dixit and Sophia Chauhan
Roll numbers : 05 and 07
B.Com( F & IA )
2015-18
ACCF
2. PARTS SR.NO CONTENTS
A.) 1. Concept of National Income(NI)
2. Concept of Circular Flow of Income
3. Basic concepts of National Income
4. Difficulties in Estimating National Income
B.) 5. Methods of calculating National Income
6. i) National Income of India
ii) Macroeconomic aggregates and
statistics relating to National Income
of India
7. Comparison with Pakistan
8. Conclusion
3. • National income is the flow of goods and services ,
which becomes available to a nation during a year.
• National income is the aggregate money value of all
goods and services produced in a country during one
year.
• The national income may be considered of a closed
economy-an economy ,which has no transactions with
the rest of the world or an open economy.
• In an open economy , national income also includes
the net results of its transactions with the rest of the
world. I.e. exports less imports.
CONCEPT OF NATIONAL
INCOME
4. • According to Marshall,” the labour and capital of a country, acting
upon its natural resources, produced annually a certain net
aggregate of commodities , material and immaterial, including
services of all kinds .”
• According to Pigou,” National income is that part of objective
income of the community, including of course income from derived
from abroad, which can be measured in money.”
• According to Fischer,” The national dividend or income consists
solery of services as received by ultimate consumers, whether from
their material human environments.”
• Marshall and Pigou approach national income from the point of
production. But Fischer approaches from the point of consumption.
CONTINUED…
5. This income is produced by factors of production and hence
distributed between them. These are land, labour , capital and
entrepreneur. Higher level of national income implies higher shares
of these factors . Higher level of national income helps in removing
poverty .
However it should be noted that what is produced is more
important. Thus if war goods or luxury goods are produced to a
greater extent , the welfare of the common man will not increase.
CONTINUED…
6. • Circular flow of income explains the flow of national
income between factors of production and firms. There are
2 flows. One is that of goods and services and the other is
that of money .
• In every economy , there are households on one hand and
productive enterprises and firms on the other . A market
brings them together . The objective of households is to
consume goods and services for the satisfaction of their
wants; and the function of firms is to get together
resources or factors of production for producing respective
goods or services. This can be represented as circular flow.
CONCEPT OF CIRCULAR
FLOW OF MONEY
7. • Households give their resources and services to the firms.
Firms pay for these services . Firms produce goods and
services and the households with the help of income that
they have received from the firms , purchase services and
goods. Firms in turn receive payments made by the
households. Thus there are two flows and at every stage
market plays the role of bringing together the households
and firms . There are three markets.
1. Labour market :
In the labour market the firms demand the labour and
households supply labour. According to classical theory
,equality of supplies of labour and demand for labour
determines the price of labour i.e. wages.
CONTINUED…
8. 2. Capital market :
In the capital market there are again two sides. On the
supply side there are those who save and offer their savings
.On the demand side there are firms etc .who want these
savings for investment purposes. The return on capital is
the part of the income of those who save. households
mostly supply savings ,but even firms also supply savings.
3. Goods market:
In the goods market sellers sell the goods and services and
the buyers purchase them. Interaction between them
determines prices. One can expand this analysis by
including government and rest of the word sectors.
CONTINUED…
10. BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NATIONAL INCOME
1 . Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Money value of final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries
of a country during a year, irrespective of whether they are produced by the nationals
or foreigners. The formula of GDP is :GDP ( Also denoted by Y ) = C + I + G + NX
Where , C = total spending by the consumers
I = total investments(spending on good & services) by businesses
G = total spending by Government
NX = Net exports ( exports – imports )
• Factor cost : the cost of an item of goods or a service in terms of the various factors
which have played a part in its production or availability, and exclusive of tax costs.
•Market price : The market price is the price that consumers will pay for the product
when they purchase it from the sellers. Taxes charged by the government will be
added onto the factor price while subsidies provided will be reduced from the factor
price to arrive at the market price.
11. 2. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
In the production of goods and services certain capital is used. The value of
depreciation should be deducted to arrive at net figure. Ndp =gdp – capital
depreciation. NDP is calculated as :
NDPmp = Net Exports + Government Purchases + Consumption Expenditure + Net
Private Investments – Depreciation
NDP at factor cost = Wages + Profits + Interest + Rent – Net Indirect Taxes
3. Gross National Product (GNP)
When we adjust foreign trade sector in the gdp,we get gdp-gross national product. we
add the value of exports and deduct value of imports to get GDP to get Gnp. Thus.
GNP is calculated as :
GNP = Net factor income from abroad + Gross Private Investments + Net Exports +
Government Purchases + Consumption Expenditure
GNP = GDP +(X-M) , where X is exports and m is imports
12. 4. Net National product (NNP)
NNP is obtained by deducting depreciation from GNP. Net National Product is also
called as National Income at Market Prices. NNP is given as :
NNP =GNP-depreciation
5. National Income at Factor Cost
Total annual output of final goods and services valued at their cost of production
where profits are included in costs. It is given as :
NI = NNP + subsidies – indirect taxes
6. Per Capita Income
The term per capita national income refers to the income per head of production. It is
the average income of the individuals of country in a particular year. Per capita income
is , therefore , obtained by dividing national income by total population of same year.
National income in 20XX
Per capita income in 20XX = ------------------------------------------
Population in 20XX
13. 7. Personal Income (P.I.)
Personal income is that which is actually received by the individuals or households in a
country during the year. It is calculated as :
Personal income= National income –corporate income taxes – undistributed
corporate profits – social security contributions +transfer payments.
8. Disposable income or disposable personal income (DPI)
The whole of the personal income (P.I.) accounting to individuals or households is not
available for being spent on consumption. The reason is that a part of the P.I has to be
paid by individuals or households to the government by way of personal direct taxes.
is the disposable income, which is spent by the individuals or the households on
consumption . Therefore, it is calculated as :
Disposable personal income = personal income – personal direct taxes .
14. 9. Nominal and real income
National income may be expressed in nominal terms or in real terms . In nominal
terms it is called national income at market prices or national income at current
prices. Each year’s national income is measured at the current prices of that year.
However ,the concept on real income also quite useful as it explains the real
growth of the economy. Real income is also called national income at constant
prices . It is obtained by deflating national income at market prices by inflation :
Nominal income * price index in base year
Real national income = ------------------------------------------------------------
Price index in current year
Each of the above concepts of national income is also expressed at
market prices or at constant prices.
15. 1 . Problem of double counting :
To estimate national income all goods and services produced in a year must be accounted
only once .if a commodity is counted twice it is called double counting. If a commodity is
counted more than twice it is called multiple counting .
The problem arises in all cases where goods are used for further production .for example
, when wheat is used for making flour and bread the values of wheat will be counted
more than once if we take values of wheat , flour and bread and add them .
National income will appear more than it is. Hence double counting must be avoided .
there are two methods to solve this problem.
(A)Value of final product method : According to final product method we add final products
only and exclude the value of those ,which are intermediates in the process of
production.
(B) Value added method : Under value added method ,we ascertain the value added to
inputs at each stage of production and then we aggregate the same
The value added method must give the same result as the final product method.
DIFFICULTIES IN ESTIMATING
NATIONAL INCOME
16. 2. Non-monetised sector :
Another difficulty arises because of the prevalence of non- monetized transactions in
under-developed countries like India ,so that a considerable part of output does not
come into the market at all. the farmers themselves consume a large part of
agriculture output – food grains-.the national income statistician ,therefore, has to
face the problem of finding a suitable measure for this part of output.
3. Level of literacy :
Because of illiteracy, most producers have no idea of the quantity and value of their
output .they do not follow the practice of keeping regular accounts. This makes the
task getting reliable information from a large number of petty producers all the more
difficult.
CONTINUED….
17. CONTINUED….
4. Lack of specialization :
Because of underdevelopment occupational specialization is still incomplete so that
there is a lack of differentiation in economic functioning. An individual may receive
income partly from farm ownership , partly from manual work in industry in the
slack season, etc.
5. Data :
There is a general lack of adequate statistical data and this makes the task of
estimation all the more difficult.
6. Inventories :
It is not easy to calculate the value of inventories , i.e., raw materials , semi –
finished and finished goods in the custody of the producers. Obviously , any
miscalculation on this score will vitiate the estimates of the output of productive
enterprises.
18. CONTINUED….
7. Depreciation :
The calculation of depreciation on capital consumption presents another
formidable difficulty. There are no accepted standard rates of depreciation
applicable to the various categories of machines. Unless from the gross
national income correct deductions are made for depreciation , The
estimate of net national income is bound to go wrong.
8. Estimates of expenditure :
The application of the expenditure method too is full of difficulties . It is difficult to
estimate all personal as well as investment expenditure . It is difficult to estimate
all personal as well as investment expenditure.
19. Since factor incomes arise from production of goods
and services, and since incomes are expended on
goods and services produced, three alternative
methods of measuring national income are
possible.
These are described as follows :
METHODS OF CALCULATING
NATIONAL INCOME
23. 1. The earliest estimate of India’s national income was made by Dadabhai Narojoji
in 1876 for the year 1867-68.
2. A systematic measurement of national income was first attempted in 1949.
3. In 1949 that national income committee (NIC) was appointed with P.C.
Mahalanobis as chairman , and D.R.Gadgil and V.K.R.V. Rao as members .
4. National sample survey was set up to collect additional data required for
estimating national income.
5. The NIC estimated country’s national income for the period from 1948-49 to
1950-52. In its estimates , NIC also provided the methodology for estimating
national income , which was followed till 1967.
6. the task of estimating national income was taken over by the central statistical
organization (CSO).
7. Thereafter , the CSO adopted a relatively improved methodology and procedure
,which had become possible due to increased availability of data .
NATIONAL INCOME IN INDIA
24.
25. NATIONAL INCOME IN INDIA
In India, the estimation of national income is being done by two methods, i.e., product
method and income method.
Net Product Method:
While estimating the -gross domestic product of the country, the contribution to GDP
from various sectors like agriculture, livestock, fishery, forestry and logging, mining and
quarrying is estimated with the adoption of product method. In this method, it is
important to estimate the gross value of product, bi-products and ancillary activities and
then steps are taken to deduct the value of inputs, raw materials and services from such
gross value.
In respect of other sub-sectors like animal husbandry, fishery, forestry, mining and
factory establishments, the gross value of their output is obtained by multiplying the
estimated output with their market price. From such gross value of output, deductions
are made for cost of materials used and depreciation charges so as to obtain net value
added in each sector.
In respect of secondary activities, the computations of gross domestic product are done
by the production approach only for the manufacturing industrial units (both registered
and unregistered). In respect of constructions activity, the estimates of the value of
pucca construction are made by the commodity
26. CONTINUED…
Net Income Method:
In India, the income from rest of the sectors, i.e., small enterprises, commerce,
transport and communications, banking and insurance professions, liberal arts,
domestic activities, house property, public authorities and rest of the world is
estimated by the income method.
Here, the income approach is adopted to estimate the value added from these
aforesaid remaining sectors. Here, the process involves the measurement of aggregate
factor incomes in the shape of compensation of employees (wages and salaries) and
operating surpluses in the form of rent, interest, profits and dividends.
Finally, by adding up the contribution of all different sectors to national income of the
country, it is necessary to obtain net domestic product at factor cost. In order to derive
the net national income at current prices, it is necessary to add the net income from
abroad and net indirect taxes with the net domestic product at factor cost. This same
estimate is then deflated at the prices of the base year selected to derive a series of
national income at constant prices.
29. NATIONAL INCOME OF INDIA IN THE
PAST FEW YEARS
Adjusted net national income (constant 2005 US$)
Source : http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/india/adjusted-net-national-income
30. TRENDS IN NATIONAL INCOME OF
INDIA IN THE PAST FEW YEARS
Adjusted net national income (constant 2005 US$)
Source : http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/india/adjusted-net-national-income
33. TRENDS IN NATIONAL INCOME OF
PAKISTAN
Adjusted net national income (annual % growth) in Pakistan :
Source : http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/gross-savings-percent-of-gdp-wb-data.html
34. GROWTH IN NATIONAL INCOME
OF PAKISTAN VERSUS INDIA
Source : http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/future-development/posts/2015/07/15-income-india-pakistan-iqbal
35. CONCLUSIONS :
LATEST FIGURES :
The Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of Statistics
and Programme Implementation, has released the provisional estimates of
national income for the financial year 2014-15 and quarterly estimates of
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the fourth quarter (January-March) of
2014-15, both at constant (2011-12) and current prices.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at constant (2011-12) prices in the year 2014-
15 is estimated at 106.44 Lakh crore INR, showing a growth rate of 7.3
percent over the GDP for the year 2013-14 of 99.21 lakh crore.
The Gross National Income (GNI) at 2011 -12 prices is estimated at 105.13
lakh crore. At current prices, this figure is 123.84 lakh crore rupees.
36. CONCLUSIONS :
National income statistics enable an overall view to be taken of the
whole economy and of the relative positions and interrelations and
its various parts.
The calculation of national income determines the economic progress
of a country. It is a useful instrument of economic planning.
Moreover, in an underdeveloped country like India, one can judge the
standard of living of the people through the estimates of national
income.
