Governments Falter in Fight Against Corruption

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Governments Falter in Fight Against Corruption
The poorest people punished most

Afrobarometer Explained
The Afrobarometer (AB) is a comparative series of public opinion surveys that
measure public attitudes toward democracy, governance, the economy, leadership,
identity, and other related issues.
The AB is an independent, non-partisan, African-based network of researchers.
The first round of surveys took place in 1999-2001 in 12 countries. The Network is
now conducting “Round 5” surveys in up to 35 countries during 2011-2013.
Purpose: To measure popular perspectives on the social, political, and economic
environments in each country where it is implemented and across Africa.
Goal: To give the public a voice in policy making processes by providing high-quality
public opinion data to policy-makers, policy advocates and civil society organizations,
academics, media, donors and investors, and ordinary Africans.
2

Survey Scope
 Round 1, 1999-2001, 12 countries
 Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
 West Africa: Ghana, Mali, Nigeria
 East Africa: Tanzania, Uganda
 Round 2, 2002-2003, 16 countries, adding:
 Cape Verde, Kenya, Mozambique, Senegal
 Benin, Madagascar
 Burkina Faso, Liberia
 Round 5, 2011-2013, up to 35 countries, adding:
 Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea,
Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Togo, Tunisia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland
3

Who is Afrobarometer
A Pan-African Network of survey researchers and analysts.
 In each country there is a National Partner responsible for survey implementation.
 Four Core Partners provide technical assistance and Network management:
 Center for Democratic Development (CDD), Ghana
 Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR), South Africa
 Institute for Development Studies (IDS), University of Nairobi, Kenya
 Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP), Benin
 Two Support Units for capacity building and quality assurance
 Michigan State University
 University of Cape Town
 Round 5 Core Funders include
 DFID
 SIDA
 USAID
 Mo Ibrahim Foundation
 World Bank
4

Survey Methodology
• Nationally representative sample of adult citizens
– all respondents are randomly selected
– every adult citizen has an equal and known chance of being selected
• Face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice
• Standard survey instrument across all countries for comparability
• These 34-country results therefore represent the views of
approximately three-quarters (76%) of the continent’s population with
a margin of error of +/-2% at a 95% confidence level.
• The total number of respondents in the 34 countries was 51,605.
5

Global Dissemination Events
• 1 October 2013 - Lived poverty and the Economy
• 16 October 2013 Globalization and the Freedom to
Communicate
• 13 November 2013 Corruption & the Poor
• 12 December Government Services & Resource Management
• 23 January Taxation
• 19 February 2013 Gender
• 12 March 2013 Democracy
6

Face to Face
Interviews in 34
Countries
Finding out what the people
have to day
7

HOPE FADES FOR FIGHTING CORRUPTION
Disapprovals of government anti-corruption efforts rise

Key Findings
• A majority across 34 countries say that governments
handle their anti-corruption work badly
• Despite an influx of overseas development aid and
other funds invested in reducing graft, “bad” ratings
have risen in the 16 countries that have been surveyed
since 2002
• Only in a few countries have “bad” ratings of
government corruption cleanup declined – Malawi,
Mozambique, Senegal, Botswana & Lesotho.
9

Measuring Satisfaction with
Governments’ Handling of Corruption
• To gauge public views on governments‟
efforts to reduce corruption, Afrobarometer
asked more than 51,000 people:
How well or badly would you say the current
government is handling the following matters, or
haven’t you heard enough to say: Fighting
corruption in government?
• The next few charts show you what the
people say

Government’s Corruption
Reduction Efforts Assessed
11
46 45
49
54
43 44
41
37
12 11 10 9
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2002 2005 2008 2012
Fairly/very badly Fairly/very well Don't know

Biggest Changes in Negative Ratings for
Governments’ Fight Against Corruption
12
Changes over time in statement that governments handles the fight against corruption fairly or very badly
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2002 2005 2008 2012
Mozambique Senegal
Botswana Lesotho
Malawi
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2002 2005 2008 2012
Kenya Zimbabwe Ghana
Tanzania Mali

Government Anti-Corruption
Performance Ratings by Country
28%
28%
29%
32%
39%
41%
42%
42%
43%
44%
44%
47%
48%
51%
52%
54%
54%
55%
56%
59%
63%
63%
64%
65%
66%
66%
66%
67%
69%
70%
76%
76%
81%
82%
82%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Malawi
Lesotho
Botswana
Senegal
Niger
Cote d’Ivoire
Zambia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Mozambique
Sierra Leone
Algeria
Benin
Burkina Faso
Swaziland
Guinea
Ghana
Namibia
Average
Burundi
Liberia
Madagascar
Mauritius
Morocco
South Africa
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Mali
Kenya
Sudan
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Egypt
Nigeria
Fairly/very badly Don't know Fairly/very well
13

CORRUPTION IN STATE INSTITUTIONS SCRUTINIZED
Police, Government, Tax Officials Garner Highest Corruption Ratings

Key Findings
• Police rank highest in perception of crime in all countries with two
out of every five people rating “most or all” as corrupt
• Tax and government officials rank second among officials with the
highest corruption perceptions
• Officials in prime ministers’ and presidents’ offices garner the
lowest ratings of corruption
• Nigeria, Cameroon & Mali rate highest on Afrobarometer’s
perception of corruption index, which combines ratings among all
government agencies
• Mauritius, Algeria and Cape Verde rate lowest on the perception
of corruption index
15

16
24
27
29
30
34
35
43
41
43
45
45
39
44
38
17
15
11
12
10
8
9
17
15
15
12
17
13
10
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
The President and Officials in his
Office
Judges and Magistrates
Members of Parliament
Local Government Councillors
Tax Officials
Government Officials
The Police
Most/all of them Some of them None of them Don't know
Question: How many of the following people do you think are involved
in corruption, or haven‟t you heard enough about them to say: _____?
Based on 34 countries included in R5
Perceptions of Corruption Among Public
Servants

Countries with Highest & Lowest
Perceptions of Police Corruption
17
Proportion who said that ‘most or all’ police are corrupt
14 17 18
25 25
43
62 62
69 69
78
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% Algeria
CapeVerde
Mauritius
Tunisia
Senegal
Average
Uganda
Zimbabwe
SierraLeone
Kenya
Nigeria

Countries with Highest & Lowest Perceptions of
Government Officials Corruption
Proportion who said that ‘most or all’ government officials are corrupt
12 14
19 21 22
35
49 50 51 52
59
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
CapeVerde
Mauritius
Madagascar
Burundi
Mozambique
Average
Zimbabwe
SouthAfrica
SierraLeone
Kenya
Nigeria
18

Tax Officials Corruption
Proportion who said that „most or all‟ tax officials are corrupt
19
9 11 13
19 19
34
48
54 57 58 59
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% Mauritius
CapeVerde
Botswana
Lesotho
Tunisia
Average
Liberia
Benin
SierraLeone
Nigeria
Cameroon

Local Councilors Corruption
Proportion who said that ‘most or all’ local councilors are corrupt
11 11
18 18 18
30
42
49
52 52
62
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Madagasc
ar
Cape
Verde
Lesotho
Botswana
Mauritius
Average
Zimbabwe
Kenya
SouthAfrica
SierraLeone
Nigeria
20

Perceptions of Corruption Index
21
Based on 34 countries included in R5 across five government institutions: Officials in the office of the
presidency, Members of Parliament, Government Officials, Police, Judges and Magistrates
1.20
1.30
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.63
1.64
1.74
1.76
1.84
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.92
1.94
1.96
2.03
2.08
2.09
2.13
2.14
2.20
2.22
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
Mauritius
Algeria
Cape Verde
Namibia
Botswana
Tunisia
Mozambique
Senegal
Zambia
Malawi
Burundi
Guinea
Cote d’Ivoire
Tanzania
Niger
Lesotho
Burkina Faso
Average
Sudan
Swaziland
Ghana
Egypt
South Africa
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Benin
Liberia
Kenya
Sierra Leone
Togo
Mali
Cameroon
Nigeria

CORRUPTION PUNISHES THE POOR
The poor exploited in countries with high corruption rates, low protections

Key Findings
• One in three respondents reports at least one instance of paying a
bribe to obtain a service or to avoid a problem in the past year
• People were forced to exchange money or favours for a public
benefit, most often to obtain a document or service from
government
• Paying a kickback for medical care ranks second among
experiences of bribery
• Exchanging money or favours to avoid a problem with the police
ranks third
23

Tracking Day to Day
Bribery, Exploitation
24
• To find out how often people are forced to pay for public
services, Afrobarometer asked the following question:
In the past year, how often, if ever, have you had to pay a bribe, give
a gift, or do a favor to government officials in order to:
…get a document or permit; get water or sanitation services; get
treatment at a local clinic or hospital; avoid a problem with the
police (like passing a checkpoint or avoiding a fine or arrest); or get
a place in a primary school for a child?
• Corruption‟s influence people‟s every day life will become evident in the
following charts

Personal Bribery Experience,
Lived Corruption
25
9%
7% 6% 5%
4%
4%
5%
4%
3%
3%
3%
4%
4%
2%
2%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Get a document
or permit
Get medical
treatment
Avoid problem
with the police
Get school
placement
Get water or
sanitation
services
Once or Twice A few times Often

Regional Experiences of Bribery
22
21
17
10
16
23
21
17
7
15
20
18
15
8
1413
10
13
6
10
12
11
9
5
8
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
East Africa North Africa West Africa Southern
Africa
Average
Get document or permit Get medical treatment
Avoid problem with police Get school placement
Get water/sanitation services
26

Bribery to Get a Permit, Countries with the Highest &
Lowest Ratings
Percentages who said that they had paid a bribe at least once to get a document or permit
44%
38%
34%
28%
26%
24%
16%
7%
4% 3% 3% 2% 2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Morocco
Kenya
SierraLeone
Egypt
Cameroon
Liberia
Average
SouthAfrica
Malawi
CapeVerde
Namibia
Mauritius
Botswana
27

Experiences of Bribery: Countries with the Highest &
Lowest Ratings
28
27%
21%
19%
17% 16%
8%
2%
1% 1% 1% 1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Morocco
SierraLeone
Kenya
Liberia
Cameroon
Average
Lesotho
Namibia
Botswana
CapeVerde
Mauritius
Proportion who say they’ve paid a bribe or performed a favor once to many times to avoid a problem with the police

CORRUPTION’S CONSEQUENCES
Corruption Punishes the Poor; Satisfaction for Democracy Dwindles

Key Findings
• The poor are the people most vulnerable to demands for bribes in return
for the basic public services that are their right – for example almost one
in five of the people who go without food to eat at least once a year
paid a bribe to get medical treatment. Only one in ten people who have
never gone without food say they had to exchange money or favours for
such care.
• The poor also more often have to pay a bribe to obtain a school
placement for their children and to obtain documents or permits.
• Experience of poverty is also linked to higher perceived levels of
corruption, especially in the justice sector.
• Perceptions that officials are corrupt are linked to dissatisfaction with
democracy. Absolute majorities of people who have never paid a bribe
report their satisfaction for democracy while more than one in three who
report bribing people at least once in return for services express
dissatisfaction with democracy
30

People Who Have Scarce Resources
Report Higher Perceptions of
Corruption
31
The chart shows people who say at least some to all officials in these organizations are
corrupt, according to their access to adequate food
22%
27%
24%
33%
39%
27%
30%
31%
36%
46%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Office of the President
Members of Parliament
Judges and Magistrates
Government Officials
Police
Gone without food at least once Never gone without food

People Who Have Scarce Resources
Experience Higher Levels of Bribery
32
The chart shows people who have paid a bribe one or more times during the year preceding the
survey
Based on 34 countries
7%
7%
13%
12%
14%
10%
13%
15%
18%
18%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Water or sanitation
School placement
Avoid problem with police
Medical treatment
Document or permit
Gone without food at least once Never gone without food

People Who Suffer Food Deprivation Pay Bribes Most in Countries Where
Percieved Corruption is High
The chart shows people who are coerced to pay bribes to get a document or permit one or
more times during the year preceding the survey, based on number of times they go without
food
*Based on 34 countries included in R5
53
45
35
25
18
4 17 4 2
41
29
32
19
14
3 12 3 3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Morocco
Kenya
SierraLeone
Liberia
Average
CapeVerde
Namibia
Mauritius
Botswana
Gone without food Never gone with out food
33

Corruption Affects People’s Satisfaction with
Democracy
Data show satisfaction with democracy among people who have paid a bribe one or more times in the past year and those who
report paying no bribes
7%
9%
12%
13%
13%
10%
12%
16%
17%
19%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Water or sanitation
School placement
Problem with police
Medical treatment
Document or permit
Not at all/not very satisfied with democracy Fairly/very satisfied with democracy
34

STUDY, PRESENTATION PREPARED BY SAMANTHA RICHMOND, AFROBAROMETER OPERATIONS MANAGER FOR
CAPACITY BUILDING & CARMEN ALPIN, DATA MANAGER
PRESENTATION BY RICHARD HOUESSOU, AFROBAROMETER PROGRAMME MANAGER
Contacts
Thank You

Governments Falter in Fight Against Corruption

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