Sir Liwanag's Powerpoint Presentations

1. Chapter 18
Population and
Demography

2. The issues on the relation between
population and development have again
been raised. Demographers have
repeatedly admonished the world of the
impending crisis brought about by the
rapid population growth. They point out
that population growth and over
population have brought about general
stress on the ecosystem as well as on
the social systems.

3. More and more professionals,
demographers, ecologists, scientists,
and educators recognize the fact that
there can be no significant rise in the
standard of living when an increase
of three or four percent in gross
national product is impeded by a
similar rate of increase in population.

4. On the other hand, more optimistic
economists and experts maintain
that over population is a myth and
not a problem as professed by the
prophets of doom. The problem lies
in the uneven distribution of
population so that it becomes
necessary to help people
reestablish themselves in areas of
great opportunity for the creation of
new wealth.

5. The Study of
Population

6. The study of population is major concern to
sociologists as well as to other social
scientists. To sociologists, population is the
number of persons occupying a certain
geographic area, drawing subsistence from
their habitat, and interacting with one
another. The rate of population growth refers
to the net annual increase of population,
which is obtained by finding the difference
between the number of births and the
number of deaths.

7. The people who gather data about the
size, distribution, composition, and
change in population in order to
describe them are the demographers.
The science of demography looks into
how birth, death, and migration affect
the composition, size, and distribution
of population and also the factors that
may cause population to increase or
decrease in any given area.

8. (1) the population census in
different administrative and
political areas and their social
and economic characteristics,
such as age, sex, occupation,
nationality, employment status,
and migration.
The main sources of demographic
data are:

9. (2) vital registration statistics like births, deaths,
and marriages and some of the characteristics of
the individuals involved;
(3) sample or special surveys undertaken for a
particular purpose, such as the Philippine
Statistical Survey of Households (PSSH)
(4) demographic data gathered and processed
by government agencies such as the Department
of Labor and Employment, the Department of
Education, Culture and Sports, and the
Department of Health

10. Demographic data are important for
the formulation, implementation, and
evaluation of plans, policies, and
programs. It can also guide policy
makers in meeting the needs of
various sectors of the society such as
the young, adults, and aged, the
unemployed, the poor, and various
cultural groups.

11. Sociologists are interested in the
demographic phenomena as they influence
the interrelationships of human society.
They look for the causes of population
change and its effect upon the adjustment
of individuals to urban living, and on
changes in primary contacts and the social
structure.

12. Population
Growth in the
World

13. People have been on this earth for about a million or
two million years. Ever since the appearance of human
beings, the population has continuously grown. By the
Neolithic (New Stone) period, some 10,000 years ago,
the world population was estimated at about ten million.
At the beginning of the Christian era, the population
reached about 250 million or a quarter of a billion. It
took a thousand a thousand of years for the population
to reach about 500 million or a half a billion, the world
population in 1650. Between 1650 and 1950, a matter of
three centuries, the population increased to about two
and a half billion, a fivefold increase.

14. In 1970, the population of the world rose to
3,362 million, increasing at a rate of 2%
between 1965 and 1970.The 4 billion mark
was reached in 1974. Since then, the
population of the world has been growing at
an annual rate ranging from 1.7% to 2.1%
per annum (Population Headliner 1990:1,2).
In 1980, the population of the world reached
4.4 billion and the 5 billion mark was
reached in 1987. Thus, the population of the
world had doubled from 1950 to 1987, a
span of only 37 years.

15. Distribution of World Population
1990 World's Mid-year Population: 5.2 Billion

16. The Philippine
Population
Situation

17. The Philippines, with a population of
60,685,000 in 1990 has one of the fastest
growing population in the world. It ranks
56th in territorial size in the world, but 13th
in population size. In Asia, it ranks 13th in
territorial size but 8th in population size
(1990 Philippine Population Date Sheet).
Among the ASEAN countries, it ranks 2nd in
population next to Indonesia.

18. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1591 1799 1850 1903 1918 1939 1948 1960 1970 1980 1990
Philippine Population Growth

19. Process in Population Change
Population change occurs as growth or
as decline. Three variables namely
fertility mortality, and migration are
involved. The combination of these
variables has resulted in changes in the
demographic structure influencing the
social, economic, and political structure
of the society.

20. Fertility has a great effect on population trends. It
refers to the actual number of children born to a
woman or group of women. A simple way to
measure fertility is to get the crude birth rate: the
number of registered births per 1,000 of the
population in a given area at a specified time. The
crude birth rate is computed through the following
formula:
Registered number of births in a year x
1,000
CBR = ---------------------------------
Total mid-year population

21. Another measure is the age-specific
fertility rate, which refers to the number
of births to women at a given age group
per 1,000 women in the same age
group. The general or the total fertility
rate (TFR) is the sum of the age-
specific fertility rates for all women
aged 15-49. This is obtained with the
use of the following formula:

22. The formula is :
Total No. of Births in a Year
x 1,000
TFR = --------------------------------------
Women 15-49

23. Fertility is affected by social and
cultural values, such as economy of the
society, the family structure, and values
held by people. These factors are not to
be taken in isolation as they are
interrelated.

24. Mortality
in relation to fertility is another variable
which affects population growth or
decline. Mortality refers to the number
of deaths per 1,000 of the total mid-
year population in a particular place at
a specified time, and is measured by
the crude death rate. This is obtained in
the same manner as that of the crude
birth rate.

25. The formula is:
Registered number of deaths a year x 1,000
CDR= -------------------------
Total mid-year population

26. The mortality rate dropped because the
advances in science curbed the spread of
infections and epidemics through medical
discoveries, improved medical services,
extension of vaccination and inoculation
services, the adoption of public health and
sanitary services, better nutrition, and the
use of antibiotics.

27. Migration

28. Migration is the movement of people across a
specified boundary for the purpose of establishing
a new or semi-permanent residence, more or less
for permanent residency.
External Migration is where residence changes
between a residential unit.
Internal Migration is where residence changes
from one residential unit to another.

29. Why do people
migrate?

30. The reasons may be economic, political
social, religious, educational, or medical.
Migration is a major symptom of basic
social change and is related to ecological
processes. Migration is also a necessary
element of population adjustment and
the maintenance of equilibrium. Thus
internal migration becomes a device for
maintaining social and economic balance
among communities.

31. Any migration involves a set of forces.
These are the push and full factors.
Push factors are reasons why
individuals decide to leave a certain
area. Some people leave their
homeland because of poverty, lack of
safety, high crime rate, lack of services,
drought, flooding
and war.

32. Pull factors, on the other hand, are
what people find inviting in new
places like more wealth, political
stability, higher employment, good
climate, better services, less crime,
more fertile land, and lower risk
from natural dangers. Migration
typically takes place because of a
combination of such factors.

33. Migration may be internal or
international. Internal migration
is the spatial movement of a
person or group of person
within a country. International
migration the movement of the
person or group of person to
another.

34. Migration is leaving the one’s
country for another for permanent
settlement. Immigration when one
enters the country of destination is
called immigration

35. International migration has not played
an important role on population growth
or decline in most countries like the
Philippines because migration and
emigration counter-balance each other
in these countries.

36. Why do these professionals migrate? A
study made by Parel (1975:11)
Excellent working conditions in developed
countries.
Availability of skilled assistants.
Anticipated closer contacts with developments
in the profession.
High pay.
Prospects for faster professional growth.
High quality of jobs.

37. Lately, even skilled laborers like
electricians, carpenters, masons,
plumbers, drivers, tailors, artisans, and
domestic helpers have been lured by
higher salary scales to migrate to
foreign countries.

38. Age Structure

39. Age structure refers to the proportion of
people at the different age levels. Age
structure is affected by the past rates of
fertility and mortality and has certain
far-reaching significance for the
population.

41. On the other hand, when society
has more aged people, attention is
directed to institutions for the aged,
provisions for generous pension
plans, privileges for the senior
citizens, more retirement
communities, and more recreational
programs for the aged.

42. Related to the problems of high
dependency is the problem of child labor,
as children below 15 years with little formal
education may be obliged to work because
of low income and lack of schools. This is a
problem- the problem of street children in
urban areas and that of children in the
farms in our country.

43. Sex Composition

44. An index commonly used in the
study of sex composition is the
sex ratio, which is defined as the
number of males per one hundred
females. The formula is:
Male x 100
Sex Ratio= --------------------------------------------------------
--------
Females

45. The sex composition is influenced by
the relationship between fertility,
mortality, and migration. When the sex
ratio is 100, this means that the number
of males and females is balanced and
when the sex ratio is over 100 there is
a high predominance of males. A ratio
less than 100 means that there is a
predominance of females, or a low sex
ratio.

46. Social Implications of Philippine
Population Growth
What are the consequences of a rapid
population growth which is characteristic of
Philippine population? Despite the decline of
the rate of population growth to 2.3 percent in
1990, this is still considered high compared to
those of the industrialized countries of the West
and the newly industrializing countries of Asia.
Time and again, demographers and ecologist in
the country have called attention to our
burgeoning population and its desire
consequences.

47. On the other hand, some
economists, the Catholic Church,
and the pro-life proponents argue
that population is not a problem
because population refers to people
and people cannot be a problem.
They point out that the problem lies
in the mal distribution of population.

48. What is necessary is to consider the
effect of population growth in the light of
what the National Economic
Development Authority and the other
social scientists consider as social
indicators, like health and nutrition,
housing, learning and skills, income and
consumption,
employment and etc.

49. Population Policy and Program
The Philippines government
showed concern over the rapid
population growth only in the late
1960s. Cognizant of the effect of
population growth to economic
growth and the improvement of the
level living, Pres. Marcos directed
congress to formulate the
implement of population policy.

50. To make the young people aware of
the population situation, a program for
population education was made by the
Department of Education, Culture and
Sports with the assistance of the United
Nations Fund for Population Activities.
As defined by DECS. ”population
education is the process of developing
awareness and understanding of the
population situation”.

51. The Population Commission shifted
from a purely clinic based delivery
system to combined service,
community, and clinic based
information delivery system such topics
as responsible parenthood, family
relations, and the concept of a small
family size. A massive campaign to
disseminate such information to
married couples of reproductive age
was launched.

52. Among the most commonly
used techniques of birth
control suggested by the
Population Commission are:

53. Natural family planning method- in this
method, sexual intercourse is avoided during the
wife’s fertile period which may be determined by
the use of the calendar, the thermometer, the
cervical mucus method or Billing’s method.
Withdrawal- another technique requiring no
drugs is the withdrawal or the coitus interrupts.
This needs precise timing and self-control on the
part of the male.
The condom- this makes use of a thin sheath or
cover made of rubber worn by the male over the
penis during the sex intercourse.

54. The IUD- the intra-uterine device is a small object made
of plastic or metal which is inserted into the uterus
through the cervical canal by a doctor and left there for a
year or more.
The pill or oral contraceptive- the pill is a combination
on synthetic hormones to be taken regularly for twenty or
twenty-one consecutive days each month, beginning the
fifth day after the menstrual cycle.
Surgical methods or sterilization- among these
methods are tubal ligation performed on the female and
vasectomy performed on the male. Tubal ligation is done
by tying or cutting off the fallopian tube to completely
block the passage of the ovum and prevent it from
meeting the sperm. Vasectomy involves cutting off or
tying the vas deferens so that the sperm will not enter the
semen that is discharged.

55. The Philippine Commission has also
launched an integrated study on
indigenous medicinal plants to find out
if these can be used as contraceptives.
This may provide an alternative family
planning method which is safe,
effective, and affordable.

56. Questions have been raised about the family
planning program. Up to the present (1994) the
population control programs of the government
has been assailed by the Pro-Life Philippine
Movement, the Episcopal Commission on family
life, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the
Philippines, and the Catholic Church as a whole
as being antinatalist for promoting the artificial
methods of family planning when alternative
methods can be utilized to meet rapid population
growth.

57. The National Economic Development
Authority continues to uphold the population
program as one of the development policies
and programs of government aimed to
minimized mass poverty and improve the
quality of the life of the poor. Their family
planning approach is a vital compliment of
comprehensive maternal and child program.

58. What is vital, therefore, is a program
respecting the right of couples to plan
their family size and have a choice of
methods they would like to choose in
conformity with their religious
convictions. The key value invoked is
responsible parenthood, which is tied
up with countryside development and
poverty alleviation.

59. Thank you!
God Bless You All. 