1.
Renal Function Test
B. Voc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Semester – 3
MLT 7 – Bacteriology and Clinical Biochemistry - 2
Chapter – 1

2.
Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
Identify the basic structure of kidney organ.
Discuss the factors affecting the kidney functioning.
Identify the laboratory tests for kidney disorders.
Discuss the various kidney function tests.
Determine the osmolality of urine and serum.
Describe the different types of kidney diseases.

3.
General Consideration
 Body metabolism
 Urine formation
 Preservation
 Regulation
 Balance
 Factors affecting:
◦ Urine formation
◦ Kidney function
◦ Renal and tubular conditions

4.
General Consideration (Contd.)

5.
General Consideration
Figure: Longitudinal section of right kidney Figure: Glomerulus and glomerular capsule

6.
General Consideration
Figure: Anatomy of the nephron

7.
General Consideration
A Journey Through the Nephron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c05mJaeIQuY

8.
General Consideration
Urinary system – Human body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGYd1wrTgE

9.
Laboratory Tests Aiding in the Evaluation of Kidney Function
Tests for kidney impaired processes
Status of kidney function
Location of defects
Causes:
◦ Pre-renal
◦ Renal
◦ Post-renal

10.
Kidney Function Tests
Group I tests:
◦ Blood urea nitrogen
◦ Serum creatinine
◦ Routine urine examination
Group II tests:
◦ Serum total protein, albumins and A/G ratio
◦ Quantitative determination of urinary proteins
◦ Electrophoretic fractionation of serum proteins
◦ Serum cholesterol

11.
Kidney Function Tests
Group III tests:
◦ Tests measuring glomerular filtration
◦ Creatinine clearance test
◦ Urea clearance tests
Group IV tests:
◦ Tests measuring tubular function
◦ Determination of specific gravity, concentrating and diluting ability
◦ Determination of serum and urine osmolality
◦ Determination of urine ammonia
◦ Phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) test

12.
Kidney Function Tests
Group V tests:
◦ Tests determining acid-base status
◦ Tests determining renal blood flow
Kidney profile tests:
◦ Blood urea nitrogen
◦ Serum total proteins
◦ Creatinine clearance test
◦ Routine urine examination
◦ Serum electrolytes
◦ Blood gases, pH, carbonates

13.
Determination of Osmolarity of Urine and Serum
General consideration:
◦ Osmolarity
◦ Osmoreceptors
◦ Osmometer
Freezing point osmometers
◦ Principle
◦ Components
◦ Working

14.
Determination of Osmolarity of Urine and Serum (Contd.)
 Specific gravity tests:
◦ Concentrating power of kidneys
◦ Dilution power of kidneys

15.
Diseases of the Kidneys
Acute glomerulonephritis
Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Diabetic Nephropathy
Acute renal failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Hypertensive Nephropathy
Renal conditions caused by renal calculi

16.
Diseases of the Kidneys
Fig 14.5 Kidney afflicted with pyelonephritis

17.
Diseases of the Kidneys
Figure: Illustration for Nephritic vs Nephrotic syndrome comparison

18.
Diseases of the Kidneys
Artificial Kidneys - Dialysis Machine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YmJUpb8G74

19.
Summary
Now, you are able to:
Identify the basic structure of kidney organ.
Discuss the factors affecting the kidney functioning.
Identify the laboratory tests for kidney disorders.
Discuss the various kidney function tests.
Determine the osmolality of urine and serum.
Describe the different types of kidney diseases.

20.
References
A Journey Through the Nephron (2013) available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c05mJaeIQuY
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Anatomy of the nephron (2014) [Online] available from:
http://museummonger.com/kidney-nephron-anatomy/
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Artificial Kidneys - Dialysis Machine (2012) available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YmJUpb8G74
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)

21.
References
Glomerulus and glomerular capsule (2013) [Online] available from:
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-26-urinary-
system/deck/8901400
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Kidney anatomy (2014) [Online] available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_hilum#mediaviewer/File:Blausen_0592_Kidn
eyAnatomy_01.png
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Kidney afflicted with pyelonephritis (2001) [Online] available from:
http://www.smartdraw.com/examples/view/urology+-+pyelonephritis/
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)

22.
References
Posterior view of the kidneys (2008) [Online] available from:
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/PhysText/Endocrine.html#top
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)
Urinary system – Human body (2012) available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGYd1wrTgE
(Accessed on 4th Dec 2014)