The document provides an overview of 5 models for creating effective stories and outlines a 6-phase process for developing a sustainable culture of storytelling at an organization. The models discussed are "Stories Worth Telling", "Made to Stick", "Resonate", "Lead with a Story", and "Winning the Story Wars". For each model, the document identifies key storytelling elements and provides prompts for how to apply that element when creating stories for the nonprofit Byte Back. The overall goal is to help Byte Back identify best practices for strategic storytelling to achieve its objectives.

1. Deliverable 5 & 6
Strategic Storytelling
Trifecta PR
Dec. 2015

2. 2
Table of Contents
Storytelling System................................................................................................................................. 3
The Art of Storytelling: Story Models .................................................................................................. 5
 Model 1: The “Stories Worth Telling” Model..................................................................................................6
 Model 2: The “Made to Stick” Model of a Great Story................................................................................7
 Model 3: The “Resonate” Model of a Great Story..........................................................................................8
 Model 4: The “Lead with a Story” Model of a Great Story ......................................................................10
 Model 5: The “Winning the Story Wars” Model of a Great Story.........................................................11
Facilitation Minutes from Workshop ................................................................................................ 12

3. 3
Storytelling System
This document conducts a literature review to identify best practices to create a sustainable culture of
storytelling among all staff.
“Stories Worth Telling” is a report authored by the Meyer Foundation and Center for Social Impact
Communication at Georgetown University. It focuses exclusively on making great storytelling a sustainable
practice within nonprofits.
The report suggests 6 phases to execute toward the objective of sustainable storytelling.
Phase 1: Cross-functional staffing. Create a broader storytelling network across the organization.
 Build a cross-functional storytelling committee.
 Share stories already created as examples of best practices.
 Make the case for storytelling: share wins as generated and look at competitor stories.
 Demonstrate ROI on storytelling (qualitative measures are fine).
Application: Reflection is key. Byte Back can schedule weekly reflection time to share inspiring stories
across the organization every week during staff meetings. Look particularly for stories which feature
efficacy and sustainability of operations as these resonate with current stakeholders. Some examples include
a students’ employment, a volunteer doing exceptional work, and noteworthy organizational methodologies.
Phase 2: Build capacity. Amplify the organization’s ability to tell great stories.
 Provide hands-on training to willing staff.
 Designate a chief storyteller and other roles related to the story-cycle (story-planner, story-producer,
story-distributor, and story-evaluator).
 Recruit external assistance for complex tasks.
Application: The chief storyteller should lead the cross-functional storytelling committee to create a
storytelling guide that contains Byte Back’s fact sheet, backgrounder, common Q&A, and talking points. He
or she can host interactive workshops for interested staff. For complex tasks, Byte Back could partner with
an academic institution such as the Georgetown University Public Relations and Corporate
Communications program to create an unpaid internship to boost Byte Back’s capacity.
Cross-
functional
staffing
Building
capacity Planning Production Distributio
n Evalution

4. 4
Phase 3: Planning. Choose the purpose for each story.
 Feasibility: What can be realistically achieved with resources on hand?
 Define desired audiences and actions.
 Map out content needs.
Application: Based on audience research, corporate audiences prefer to partner with nonprofit
organizations with causes that align with their CSR goal and brand image. To develop stories that target
corporate audiences, a possible purpose for those stories could be bridging the connection between Byte
Back and the corporate partner’s CSR goal and brand promise.
Phase 4: Production. Collect as many assets as possible to create different stories and feature different
characters.
 Collect assets.
 Formulate varied story formats.
 Create stories using one of the story models within this document.
Application: Use story models in a way that motivates the desired action. For example, when using the
“Stories Worth Telling” model to inspire a donation, Byte Back should choose action-oriented emotions
which drive the audience to realize the significance their donation can have. It is also important to
recognize that story creation goes beyond the models presented in this document. For example, one highly
effective format of visual storytelling is to present data through infographics.
Phase 5: Distribution. Use across many channels.
 How is the story best presented?
 Can the story be re-purposed across platforms?
 Which channels will you distribute across?
Application: Byte Back could combine the power of word of mouth, one of its most prominent
communication channels, with digital channels. Byte Back could create an email template for staff and
students to forward stories to their connections.
Phase 6: Evaluation. Measure what matters and create a positive buzz around storytelling internally.
 Which benchmarks act as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Byte Back’s storytelling efforts?
 What are the most important calls-to-action to measure?
Application: Determine the purpose and goal of any story before creation within the team based on
organizational and communication goals. Use digital analytics, such as Google Analytics, and traditional
measuring methods, to monitor pre-set KPIs such as impressions, clicks and conversion rate for future story
optimization.

5. 5
The Art of Storytelling: Story Models
Of the six phases that constitute sustainable storytelling, we believe the key variable that makes a difference in
the long-term is the way stories are told. That is why we choose to focus on what makes a story great.
The question is, are there systematic models you can use to create stories? We believe so. While conducting our
literature review, we identified five compelling sources. The first four sources offer guidance for creating stories
and the fifth is notable for offering guidance on what to avoid while creating stories.
Selecting the guidelines within each resource that are most applicable to Byte Back, we created prompts you can
use during the story writing process.
Model 1: The “Stories Worth Telling” Model of a Great Story
Model 2: The “Made to Stick” Model of a Great Story
Model 3: The “Resonate” Model of a Great Story
Model 4: The “Lead with a Story” Model of a Great Story
Model 5: The “Winning the Story Wars” Model of a Great Story

6. 6
Model 1: The “Stories Worth Telling” Model
About the authors
Meyer Foundation works to strengthen Washington DC’s nonprofit sector by identifying and investing in
visionary leaders and community-based nonprofits that make lasting improvements in the lives of low-income
DC residents. Georgetown’s Center for Social Impact Research empowers communicators in the social impact
space through research, engagement and action.
Why we selected this resource
This resource is featured first on our list as one of the most comprehensive and customized resources for
nonprofit storytelling. It understands the needs and resource constraints of nonprofits, and offers terrific advice
not only on narrative construction, but also on building an organizational culture of sustainable storytelling. The
resources available online feature detailed checklists and primers for online storytelling, social media usage, and
staffing for storytelling.
Storytelling Element Byte Back Prompt
Effective character
 What universal need does the character have?
 What makes the character three-dimensional?
Trajectory
 Can the story start somewhere other than the beginning?
 Is the reader being pulled toward a call-to-action?
Authenticity  What details show the character’s transformation?
Action-oriented
emotions
 What emotions might the audience feel?
 What actions do those emotions prompt and do they fit the purpose of the story?
Hook
 What is at stake for the character, audience, and organization?
 Is there a moment that stands out during the entire story? Something
unexpected, a twist of some sort?
Key Takeaway for Byte Back
Try to flesh out the need of the central character of the story. In particular, make the need tangible
in terms of all the senses. For Byte Back, this might involve asking what the state of not having
access to technology or being digitally excluded is like. What does it look like in physical,
tangible terms? What is the corresponding emotional or intangible need? Why does the need exist,
i.e. what is the physical and emotional context? This helps set the foundation for ‘transformation’
that key audiences resonate with.

7. 7
Model 2: The “Made to Stick” Model of a Great Story
About the authors
Chip Heath is a professor of organizational behavior at the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University.
His research focuses on how and why some stories survive and ‘stick’ in the marketplace of ideas. Dan Heath is
a consultant at Duke Corporate Education. Prior to joining Duke’s executive education program, he was a
researcher at Harvard Business School, where he also earned his MBA.
Why we selected this resource
Almost uniquely in the genre of books on storytelling, “Made to Stick” follows its own advice, and employs the
techniques it advocates to tell its story. Based on compelling research of urban legends and other ‘sticky’ viral
ideas, “Made to Stick” is a fast read with hard-hitting advice on storytelling and narrative construction.
Storytelling Element Byte Back Prompt
Simple
 What is the core of the story?
 Can you identify a single big idea or narrative?
Unexpected
 How are patterns broken? What runs counter to the
audience’s anticipation? What is unusual or
surprising?
Concrete
 What would be one takeaway outcome the audience
would remember?
Credible  What details stick out as particularly vivid or rich?
Emotional
 Does the story create empathy for a specific
individual?
 Can a connection be formed to something the
audience already cares about?
 Can you embed or imply an appeal to the audience’s
self-interest or identity?
Story
 Which of the following story narratives are most
prominent?
 Overcoming odds
 Forming a relationship across socioeconomic or
other gaps
 Solving a problem in a unique or creative way
Key Takeaway for Byte Back
Work through the first three elements of the SUCCES framework to identify mini-stories. This can be
particularly useful for daily storytelling through social media. If you have a status update or post that is
simple, unexpected and concrete, it is likely to work as a mini-story.

8. 8
Model 3: The “Resonate” Model of a Great Story
About the author
Nancy Duarte is the CEO of Duarte Design, the largest design firm in Silicon Valley. She is a renowned writer
and speaker, and has worked with brands like Apple, Cisco, Google, HP, TED, and the World Bank. She teaches
a class on presentation design and narrative creation at Stanford University. She is the author of three best-
selling books, and her book Resonate spent more than 300 days on Amazon’s top 100 business book bestsellers
list.
Why we selected this resource
Graphic designer Nancy Duarte is the consummate expert at telling beautiful, visually appealing stories. In this
book she identifies the central secret to creating effective narratives: identify the story before you develop visual
elements. Her approach focuses uniquely on the audience as the ‘hero’ of the narrative – not the central
characters or the storyteller. We believe this storytelling approach is uniquely suited to the call to action Byte
Back can employ by taking its audience into the world of its students.
Storytelling Element Byte Back prompt
Audience as hero
 What is the starting point of the audience?
 Where do you want them to be after the story?
 How can you write the story so the audience is in the position of the hero?
Ethos, pathos, logos
 Which story elements have ethical appeal, which have emotional appeal and
which have logical appeal?
Emotional contrast
 Have you ordered the contents of the story so facts and details alternate with
metaphors, analogies, and humor?
Hero’s journey
 Can you take the audience on a journey to a different world?
 What obstacles will they encounter and what lessons will they learn on their
quest?
 How will they return to the ordinary world and how will they be changed?
Call to adventure
 Highlight ‘what could be’ and ‘what is.’ This is the conflict of your story. Can
you set out the transformational goal in a single sentence? E.g. “Digital literacy
skills like writing a resume can be the difference between employment and
unemployment; between stability and instability; between homelessness and
providing for a family.”
Call to action
 How will the conflict be resolved? What action can the audience take, and is it
explicitly mapped to the transformational goal?
STAR moment
 What in your story represents a “something they’ll always remember” moment? Is
it something your audience can easily show others? For example, Steve Jobs
introduced the Macbook Air by sliding it into a manila envelope.
Visual images
 Do you have images to reduce or replace words? Where can you place them
within the story?
Eliminating noise
 Can you reduce the use of jargon? Is the story presented in a way that doesn’t
distract the reader? Have you shown the story to candid critics who can spot bias
and self-interest?

9. 9
Key Takeaway for Byte Back
Create the conflict between ‘what could be’ – poverty alleviation through digital literacy and inclusion
and ‘what is’ – digital exclusion and barriers to success. Resolve it through Byte Back’s unique
methodology. Create powerful narratives by incorporating a STAR moment. Recognize members of the
organization for spotting STAR moments – ‘something they will always remember’ about the Byte Back
experience. The STAR need not always be about a student. Your donors, partners, volunteers and
employees are equally important ambassadors of your work, and their unforgettable moments are a
goldmine of story experiences.

10. 10
Model 4: The “Lead with a Story” Model of a Great Story
About the author
Formerly the Director of Consumer and Communication Research at Procter and Gamble, Paul Smith is now an
independent speaker, consultant, and story consultant.
Why we selected this resource
This resource contains a short and effective formula for great storytelling. We also like the way the author
recognizes the importance of multiple story types to any organization or storyteller. While all storytelling
resources are quick to recognize that stories have different purposes, this author is one of the few to explicitly
identify the different types and plot their trajectories for each purpose.
Storytelling Element Byte Back Prompt
Context
 Background: What is the setting?
 Subject: Who is the primary character?
 Treasure: What is the quest or goal?
 Obstacle: What impediments lie in the path to the goal?
Action
 What actions or events tie the context to the final
outcome or results?
Results
 What are the ultimate outcomes? What is the message or
the reason for storytelling? Is it clearly implied?
Repetition
 Have you repeated or emphasized words that capture the
essence of the story?
Surprise
 Tying in the unexpected can be remarkably effective.
Are any of the following available in your story?
 Unanticipated candor
 Unforeseen twist or result
 Unpredictable ending
Different types of stories have different big
ideas and themes. Often success stories are
over-emphasized and other valuable story-
nuggets are overlooked.
 Success
 Culture
 Inspiration
 Problem-solving
 Is your story primarily about:
 Depicting a positive outcome?
 Exemplifying your organization’s guiding values?
 Ordinary people overcoming extraordinary
obstacles?
 A change in thinking or a new way of seeing things?
Key Takeaway for Byte Back
Look for stories not just for external audiences but also to shape internal audiences such as
employees. Recognize different types of stories: success stories, culture stories, inspirational stories
and problem-solving stories. Collect them all. Use them all. Organizations tend to place overweight
importance on success stories at the expense of culture stories. Not every story needs to be about
digital literacy outcomes against the odds. A story can be about Byte Back’s unique methodology i.e.
a culture story, or about the learning barriers routinely overcome by students i.e. problem-solving.

11. 11
Model 5: The “Winning the Story Wars” Model of a Great Story
About the Author
Jonah Sachs is the co-founder and CEO of Free Range Studios, which offers social causes communication tools
that big brands employ routinely to great effect. Free Range Studios has worked with Amnesty International,
Greenpeace International, and the Harvard Civil Rights Project. In 2009, Jonah Sachs produced the Story of
Stuff, which currently has over 3 million views on YouTube. In 2012, Fast Company named Jonah Sachs
among its 50 most influential social innovators in 2012.
Why we selected this resource
“Winning the Story Wars” recognizes that the media and popular culture are inundated with stories. The author
recognizes that what separates good stories from the rest is not so much storytelling skill as it is avoidance of the
“deadly sins” of storytelling.
Correspondingly, what we choose to highlight from this resource is not a model of storytelling as much as a
checklist of what to avoid. The author presents five deadly sins of storytelling: vanity, authority, insincerity,
puffery, and gimmickry. He also cautions against inadequacy marketing and counsels empowerment marketing.
Storytelling Deadly Sin Byte Back Prompt (What to avoid)
Vanity
 Are you aware of the divergence between how your audience
perceives your brand and how you perceive it?
 What will you do about this divergence?
Authority
 Are you relying on authority to tell your story, or storytelling skill
and narrative strengths?
Insincerity
 Are you ignoring the core values and personality of your
organization in an attempt to tailor messages to audience
demographics or needs?
Puffery  Is your story lacking in substance? Is it all frills?
Gimmickry
 Are you incorporating humor or emotion for its own sake, without
tying it to the core of your story?
Inadequacy marketing vs.
empowerment marketing
 Is the tone of your theory of change fundamentally about creating
anxiety, or is it making someone feel part of something greater?
 Is it about avoiding the negative, or making a positive difference?
 Is your solution about resolving anxiety or part of psychological
maturity and self-realization?
Key Takeaway for Byte Back
Pursue an empowerment theory of change rather than an inadequacy theory of change. Rather than create a
negative feeling of gloom that there is an insurmountable problem that can only be solved by Byte Back,
create a feeling of positive momentum toward digital inclusion and embracing technology that Byte Back
is part of. The audience should feel that digital change is for the best, but also that we should not leave
anybody behind. This will also resonate with CSR partners, who prefer success-oriented nonprofits.

12. 12
Facilitation Minutes
December 4, 2015
We include the minutes of our facilitation on December 4, 2015 at Byte Back headquarters. The active
involvement of participants ensured the conversation was fluid and free-flowing, with valuable insights shared
by all six Byte Back employees who attended in person, as well as the few employees who participated over the
phone.
What Resonates About Byte Back
 When many students start the program, we hear negative words like “sucks” a lot, but as they finish the
program, their word choice reflects how they are feeling: hopeful, and they start getting job offers.

13. 13
Opportunities Moving Forward
Ideas You Particularly Liked
Stories could feature the
diversity in the staff and
passion they have. Many of
the staff formerly worked in
AmeriCorps and/or were
past Byte Back students.
We discussed a new award to recognize
volunteers who make outstanding
contributions. For example, there is a Board
member who is not financially well-off, is a
single mom, and travels two hours to make
Board meetings. Stories about such
volunteers could be shared. When the award
is given there is an opportunity to tell the
story of that recipient’s amazing work.
There is an opportunity
to tell a culture story
about Byte Back; no
one is turned away.
Byte Back does not filter
its prospective students
to ensure higher impact
percentages. Its
performance is ‘real’
performance.
Model 5 looks particularly
applicable because many of
the students have chronic
anxiety and live with fear.
Using empowerment
marketing mirrors Byte Back
methodology.
Different traits of the five
models that resonate with key
audiences can be combined. In
particular, stories should
acknowledge and celebrate
donor and partner
engagement.
One way to evaluate the
models is to email different
audiences stories using
separate models, and
determine which of the stories
and models receives the most
engagement and support.