Distribution System Automation

Electrical Distribution System
Name of the Faculty : Adithya Ballaji
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Unit 2: Distribution System Automation
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, REVA
University

Syllabus
• Distribution Automation: Control functions– Communication system –Consumer Information
Service–Geographical Information Systems. SCADA –block diagram –functions.
• Energy Management: Supply Side Management–Demand Side Management–Technologies
Implementation, Dispersed Generation.
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Introduction
• Over a period of time the demand for electric power in India has changed drastically, both quantity
and quality wise.
• Due to rapid developmental activities the dependence on electric power has increased the need for
steady power supply.
• The main concern has been the reduction in the power interruption and fault restoration.
• Thus to overcome these issues automation of power distribution system needs to be adopted.
• Where in all the switches and circuit breakers involved in the grids need to be equipped with
facilities for remote operations.
• As we know power system grid is complex network, the latest computer, communication and
distribution technologies needs to be adopted with updated software.
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Distribution Automation
• DA is an integrated system concept for digital automation of distribution sub-station, feeder and
user functions.
• It mainly includes control, monitoring and protection of the distribution system, load management
and remote metering of consumer loads.
• The main components of Distribution Automation are:
• Computer Hardware
• Computer Software
• Remote Terminal Units (RTU)
• Communication Systems
• Consumer Metering Devices
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Distribution Automation
Benefits of using DA are:
• Improved quality of supply
• Improved continuity of supply
• Voltage level stability
• Reduced system losses
• Reduced Investment
Objectives of DA are:
• Providing automatic reclosing of relays, automatic feeder switching and provides remote
monitoring and controlling of distribution equipment's ( Transformer, capacitors, breakers )
• To minimize the outage time of power cuts and to improve consumer service there by reducing the
power delivery cost.
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Control functions
DA has different control functions :
• Electrical grid analysis
• Work Management
• Trouble call analysis
• Consumer load monitoring
• Intelligent remote metering
• Automated capacitor control
• Sub-station automation
• Intelligent electric devices
• Advanced RTU
• Power Quality monitoring
• Energy Management
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Communication System
• There are many communication methods which are available.
• Proper selection of different communication methods are required to communicate between
Distribution control centre (DCC) and with any point on distribution network.
• The selection needs to be done during the planning stages only.
• The fundamental requirement for communication infrastructure are:
1. Determining the average message generated
2. If the system can handle the required amount of data and multitasking
3. Data sending and response time of the system should meet the requirements of different system.
4. Should allow network expansion and addition of new applications.
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Consumer Information Service(CIS)
• In India consumer service is mainly done in the manner of “fire fighting” that is it is complaint
based.
• Consumers want fast, accurate and cost-effective service.
• Consumer information service provides the following function for better service to the consumer:
1. Consumer information 9. Website Management
2. Account management
3. Service orders
4. Field service
5. New business
6. Meter reading
7. Service rates
8. Billing
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Geographical Information System (GIS)
• GIS stores distribution system records for the entire network or an area, which also gives the
Details of the age and position of sub-station, lines and cables.
• The main system operators will be aware of there equipment's and behaviors of their assets.
• Different topologies maps can be used for grid control, load analysis, cable lying, attending
consumer complaints.
• Integrating GIS into business support system provides further benefits for an organization.
• For example, emergency repair can be carried out more efficiently if the control room operators
could send the maps showing the location of faults or equipment with fault to the maintenance
staff.
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SCADA System
• SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA refers to a system that
collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant or in other remote locations and then sends
this data to a central computer which then manages and controls the data.
• The feedback control is initiated through remote terminal unit(RTU) or Programmable logic
controller (PLC), while the SCADA system monitors the overall performance.
• For example: A PLC may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process,
but the SCADA system may allow operators to change the set value for the flow, and enable alarm
conditions, such as loss of flow and high temperature, to be displayed and recorded.
• Most essentially the SCADA system consists of three fundamental components (i.e. Master station
(MS) or Central Monitoring System (CMS), Communication link and RTU or PLC).
• SCADA is not a specific technology or protocol but refers to any application where data is
collected and stored from a system in order to control that system.
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SCADA System
• Example of SCADA System
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Fig. 1 Example of SCADA System

SCADA System
• Block Diagram
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Fig. 1 Example of SCADA System
Fig. 2 Block of SCADA System

SCADA System
• How Does SCADA system looks like?
• Some available software :Tecna, Proficy, Sielco Sytem etc
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Fig. 3 Representation of SCADA in real time

PLC & SCADA
• PLC - Programmable logic controller. Its a hardware, directly in contact with field instruments. It
controls output according to the logic stored in PLC Memory.
• SCADA- Supervisory control and data acquisition. Its a software, shows the output and feedback
in Visual manner, that PLC can't do. It monitors or supervises the devices and parameters of the
system
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ADAVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS
ADAVANTAGES
• Data acquisition
• Permits fewer employees to be more productive
• Simple monitoring, maintenance and operation
• Remotely accessible
• Increases the efficiency of process
APPLICATIONS
• Power grids
• Industries
• Automation
• Billing
• Research
• Hospitals
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TECHNICAL FUNCTIONS OF SCADA:
• The CMS houses the Control Server and the communications routers via a peer-to-peer network.
The CMS collects and logs information gathered by the remote stations and generates necessary
actions for events detected.
• A remote station consists of either a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) or a Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) which controls actuators and monitors sensors.
• The SCADA system provides the following functions:
• Data acquisition: The basic information of the power system collected is called the Data
Acquisition. The data is collected by means of CTs, PTs and transducers. It provides the telemetry
measurement and status indication to the operator.
• Supervisory control: It enables the operator to remotely control the devices. For example open
and close of the circuit breaker.
• Tagging: It prevents the device from unauthorized operation. Means it authorizes the device to
perform the specific operation.
• Alarms: It informs the operator about the unnecessary events and undesired conditions.
• Logging (Recording): It logs all the operating entry, all alarms and other information. In other
words it keeps the record of all the events.
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TECHNICAL FUNCTIONS OF SCADA:
• Load shading: It provides both the automatic and manual control tripping of load during the
emergency.
• Trending: It plots the measurement on the selected time scale.
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ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF SCADA
• The SCADA system enables the operator to attain the complete knowledge of the system in a
single room by means of display.
• Almost all the SCADA systems are computer based (Digital computer). This computer is located in
the master unit. The master unit is the heart of the SCADA system, it comprises many of the i/p
and o/p equipment's to receive and send the control message from and to the RTU.
• All the data of operations of RTU are transmitted to the master control nd after collecting the
information the data are feed back to the RTU.
• Also master unit consists of several modems which are used to convert the digital into analog or
analog into digital message depending upon the requirement. The received information of the
master unit is displayed on VDU and then is printed for permanent record.
• In addition the SCADA system also comprises some more peripheral equipment such as control
console, VDU, Alarms, Printers, D/A converter and Recording instruments.
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ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF SCADA
• Visual Display Unit (VDU) replaces mimic board to represent one line diagram, tabular display,
bar charts, curves and event lists and used for entering commands to system.
• Modern system includes the color display which is used to distinguish b/w the different voltage
levels. Also different colors differentiate the operator to understand the open and close of CB, also
the flashing indication can be made which determines the change of the state of any device.
• The audible alarms can be used to alert the operator from the fault or condition. The printers are
used to have the permanent records of the events.
• The D/A converter are used to convert the digital information into the analog information, and
then the information is supplied to the indicating or the recording instruments. The recording
instruments are used to store the data of each remote station unit. unit a
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Energy Management
• AIM:
• For organizations to establish the systems and processes required to improve energy performance,
including energy efficiency and intensity which will contribute to reduction of costs through
systematic means in energy management in all types of organization.
• SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT:
• The process of managing the energy use in the organization to ensure that energy has been
efficiently use by adopting energy management system to achieve desired results and for continual
improvement
• Covers all aspects of energy and equipment in the daily operation of the plant.
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Energy Management
• One of management resources of a company
• Required due to its influence to operation and activities
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All activities to ensure
efficient use of energy
in the organization

Standards For Energy Management
MS 1525:2001
• Code Of Practice On Energy Efficiency And Use Of Renewable Energy For Non-Residential
Buildings
• Green Building Index
ISO 50001
• Energy Management System - soon to be introduced
VDI Standard 4602
• Energy Management
DIN ISO 9001
• Quality management
DIN ISO 14001
• Environmental Management
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Key Factors To Implement Energy Management
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External
Factors
INTERNAL
FACTORS

Internal Factors
• Reduce energy costs
• Improve competitiveness
• Apart of key performance indicators at all level
• Reduce service and maintenance costs
• Improve production and working conditions
• Improve operational safety
• Costs transparency
• Improve corporate image
• Contribute to environmental and climate protection
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External Factors
• Regulatory compliance
• Market demand for green/ environmental related policies/practices
• Certifications and standards requirements
• Government funding
• Uncertainty and increase in energy prices
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Key Players And Their Typical Interests
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Dealing With Key Players
• A huge challenge for the energy manager to convince every key player to consider and
implement energy measures in line of their duties
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Energy Management Process
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Demand side Management
• Actions that influence the quantity or pattern of use of energy consumed by end users.
World Bank
• Systematic utility and government activities designed to change the amount and/or timing of the
customer’s use of electricity for the collective benefit of the society, the utility and its consumers.
Forum of Regulators (India)
• “Demand Side Management” means the actions of a Distribution Licensee, beyond the customer's
meter, with the objective of altering the end-use of electricity - whether it is to increase demand,
decrease it, shift it between high and low peak periods, or manage it when there are intermittent
load demands - in the overall interests of reducing Distribution Licensee costs.
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What is Power Distribution Business
• Meet the demand with Efficiency and Reliability so that Demand and Supply on the electricity grid
will be in balance at all times
• Efficiency Means : Low power cost, low loss, low operational cost, best
customer services
• Reliability Means : Power Quality and Availability
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Supply
Renewable
Sources
Conventional
Sources
Demand
Residential
Commercial
Agricultural
Industrial

DSM objective and target setting
DSM objective
• Power shortage mitigation
• Seasonal peak reduction
• Cost effective energy savings
• Lowering the cost of electricity
• Reduction in emissions of GHG
DSM target setting
• Percentage reductions in load growth
• Savings in kW, kWh
• Savings as a percent of total resources / investment to meet load
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Key Consideration
1. National EE
objectives
2. Consistent with
BEE’s plan
Key Consideration
1. Load profile
2. Consumer mix
3. Technical potential

Benefits of DSM
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Expected outcome from the activities of DSM cell
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Supply side management
• Supply-side management (SSM) refers to actions taken to ensure the generation, transmission and
distribution of energy are conducted efficiently.
• This has become especially important with the deregulation of the electricity industry in many
countries, where the efficient use of available energy sources becomes essential to remain
competitive.
• Utility companies may look at means of modifying their load profile to allow their least efficient
generating equipment to be used as little as possible.
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Why it is necessary?
• To Ensure sustained availability of reliable energy
• To Meet increasing electricity demand
• To reduce environmental impact of energy production and supply
• Important point-There is balance between supply & demand side.
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Supply Side Management
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Primary Resource (Coal based)
Resource Preparation (Oil refining, coal washing,
supplies by pipeline and road)
Conversion to Electricity
Transmission and Primary
Distribution
Delivery to
End User
DSM Activities
Conventional Steam Plants, Gas Turbine,
Hydro Dam, Nuclear Reactor.
Overhead and Underground transmission lines,
transmission and Distribution transformer

SSM Constraints and Challenges
• Need of comprehensive information
• Balance between supplier and consumer
• Short term approach
• First cost decision making
• Lack of technical expertise
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Distributed or Dispersed Generation
• Various bodies have defined distributed or dispersed generation in other forms
but the concept is similar.
• Generally, distributed generation is defined as electric power generation that is connected
directly to the distribution network at distribution level voltages or connected to the customer side
of the meter.
• Distributed generation in simple term can be defined as a small-scale generation. It is active power
generating unit that is connected at distribution level.
• IEEE defines the generation of electricity by facilities sufficiently smaller than central plants, so as
to allow interconnection at nearly any point in the power system, as Distributed Resources.
• Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) defines distributed generation as generation from a few
kilowatts up to 50 MW.
• Distributed generation, also called on-site generation, distributed energy or district
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• There are quite a number of distributed generation technologies. A few of these have been
presented below:
• DG TECHOLOGIES
• DG technologies include both renewable and non-renewable energies.
• Renewable energy sources include:
• Solar photovoltaic
• Wind turbines
• Biomass, etc.
• Non-renewable energy sources:
• Micro-turbines
• Combustion gas turbines
• Fuel cells, etc.
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• Distributed generation allows collection of energy from many sources and may give lower
environmental impacts and improved security of supply.
• Distributed generation reduces the amount of energy lost in transmitting electricity because the
electricity is generated very near where it is used.
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How Distributed Generation Works ?
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• Distributed generation refers to a variety of
technologies that generate electricity at or near
where it will be used, such as solar panels and
combined heat and power.
• Distributed generation may serve a single structure,
such as a home or business, or it may be part of a
microgrid (a smaller grid that is also tied into the
larger electricity delivery system), such as at a major
industrial facility, a military base, or a large college
campus.
• When connected to the electric utility’s lower voltage
distribution lines, distributed generation can help
support delivery of clean, reliable power to additional
customers and reduce electricity losses along
transmission and distribution lines.

Advantages and Disadvantages of DG
• Distributed generation reduces the amount of energy lost in transmitting Electricity because the
electricity is generated very near where it is used, perhaps even in the same building. This also
reduces the size and number of power lines that must be constructed.
• Disadvantages of DG
• Power Quality
• Cost of Operation and Maintenance
• Long Term Reliability of the Units
• Interconnection
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Distributed Generation Applications
• Continuous Power
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
• Peaking Power
• Green Power
• Emergency Power System
• Standby Power System
• Transmission and Distribution Deferral (Energy storage for T&D upgrade deferral, also known as
T&D asset optimization, deals with ensuring that electricity transmission lines, substations, and
other equipment have enough bandwidth to handle peak demand and maximize reliability)
• Ancillary Service Power (a variety of operations beyond generation and transmission that are
required to maintain grid stability and security. These services generally include, frequency
control, spinning reserves and operating reserves)
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Thank You
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Distribution System Automation

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