1. "Building Assets for You"
Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd
Gurgaon, Haryana
SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
13/06/2016 - 13/07/2016
Submitted by :
Abhishek Singh
Naval Tej Singh Ahuja
Sahil Thakur
Swapnil Singh

2. 1
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the internship project report Construction of
Residential Township – Universal Aura is the bonafide work
of Abhishek Singh (500029234), Naval Tej Singh
(500030036), Sahil Thakur (500030087), Swapnil Singh
(500029949), IV Year B.Tech. in Civil Engineering with
specialization in Infrastructure Development of University of
Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun carried out
under my supervision during 13 June 2016 to 13 July 2016.
Place: Gurgaon Date: 13 July 2016
___________________________ _______________________________
Mr. Kapil Bhardwaj
Senior Manager - Projects
Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd
Gurgaon

3. 2
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge the contributions made by various people for the project and for
providing me a helping hand in the making of this particular project. I would like to mention the
work and hard work put in by our Mentor: Mr. Kapil Bhardwaj (Sr. Manager - Projects) for
his support and guidance.
Also I would like to thank Ms. Madhu Rathee (AGM – HR) who has given me this opportunity
to carry out the internship program.
I am also thankful to the Engineering Staff of Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd present on the site for
providing me full assistance on the site.

4. 3
TABLE OF CONTENT
DESCRIPTION PAGE
 Introduction to Company 04
 Introduction to Project 05
 Project Details 06
 Building Materials 13
 Reinforced Cement Concrete 20
 Plain Cement Concrete 22
 Formwork 28
 Ongoing Work 30
 Layout for Brickwork
 Masonry Wall Construction
 Wall Alignment Check
 Duties of Project Manager 34
 Conclusion 35

5. 4
Introduction to Company
Universal was founded in 2004 with presence spanning all the key segments of the Indian real
estate industry, namely the commercial, residential, retail and hospitality sectors. The
Company’s operations encompass various aspects of real estate development, such as land
identification and acquisition, project planning, designing, marketing and execution with the
customer as the focal point of the company.
Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd has an impressive portfolio of projects, which exhibits their strong
leadership status as a pioneer and trendsetter in the Real Estate Sector.
Within a span of 11 years, Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd has awarded many residential,
commercial, retail projects and many other business parks and tech parks. Some of the
appreciable projects of Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd include Universal Trade Tower, Universal
Aura, Universal Greens, Universal Pavilion, Universal Square and Universal Market Square.

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Introduction to Project
A new neighborhood as it takes shape is all set to redefine contemporary urban living in
Gurgaon. Universal Aura is an elegant compilation of the finest set of high-rise residences that
are a perfect blend of comfort and convenience. Ambitious, iconic & dynamic, these residential
towers provide a unique mix of style and perfection. With excellent connectivity to NH-8 & IGI
Airport and also the proximity of a Metro station ensures your home at Universal Aura is never
too far from anything. Spread over 11 Acres of carefully crafted landscape the complex ensures
an ecological twist to your urban living.
The premium residences are available in a choice of 2, 3 & 4 bedroom homes. Every home in
Universal Aura has been created with your needs in mind, with spacious living room, large
windows that allow maximum natural light and present stunning views of the landscape around.
With only 4 apartments on each floor, you can be rest assured of your privacy. Each home
affords itself with a secure car park as well. Imagine an iconic central plaza, just a few steps
across your home – the club house at Universal Aura is the perfect place to entertain your family
with a range of facilities like kids' play area, swimming pool, gymnasium, spa and several
outdoor sports facilities. Apart from the superior facilities of the clubhouse, there is a super
market, all offering a convenient and comfortable lifestyle.
With 24X7 power back-up and a 3 tier security system built as an integral part of the complex,
you can be assured that you are never left in the dark and you & your family is always safe. For
those who appreciate a lavish lifestyle surrounded by abundance of natural beauty, Universal
Aura offers an unparalleled value and choice.

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PROJECT DETAILS
Living/ Dining Room
Flooring/ Skirting
Matt finished stain and abrasion resistant vitreous tiles /
polished vitrified tiles.
Wall Finish Acrylic Emulsion on plaster.
Ceiling Oil bound distemper on plaster.
Lighting Standard makes and brands.
All Bedrooms
Flooring/ Skirting
Matt finished stain and abrasion resistant vitreous tiles /
polished vitrified tiles.
Wall Finish Acrylic Emulsion on plaster.
Ceiling Oil Bound Distemper on Plaster.
Toilets
Flooring Matt Finished / Anti-Skid ceramic tiles.
Wall Finish
Glazed/Matt finished Ceramic Wall tiles up to DADO level
(approx. 2100 mm).
Oil Bound Distemper on plastered surfaces above DADO
level.
Ceiling Finish Oil Bound Distemper on Plaster.

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Vanity Counter Indian Stone / Indian Marble.
Sanitary Ware
Wash basin and European water closet (EWC) of standard
makes & brands.
C.P. Fittings &
Basin mixer, shower mixer / diverter with bath spout and
overhead shower.
Accessories
Health Faucet along with necessary angle valves etc. of
standard makes and brands.
All toilet floors provided with suitable and adequate water
proofing treatment.
Provision for Installation.
Kitchen
Modular Kitchen Standard makes and brands.
Flooring/Skirting Matt finished ceramic tiles.
Wall Finish
2’ high Ceramic Tiles dado above counter. Oil Bound
Distemper over Plaster in remaining area.
Ceiling Oil Bound Distemper on Plaster.
Counter Polished Indian Granite or Marble.
Fixtures and Fittings
Stainless Steel Sink and mixer of standard makes and brands
Provision for installation of Geysers.

9. 8
Balconies
Flooring Matt finished/anti-skid Ceramic Tiles.
Wall Finish Exterior grade paint on plaster.
Ceiling Finish Exterior grade paint on plaster.
Handrail and Parapets
Combination of parapet walls and M.S. Handrails as per the
functional and elevation requirements.
External Wall Finish
External Wall Finish
External grade Anti-Fungal / Anti algal paint from reputed
makes & brands.
Servant room
Flooring Matt finished ceramic tiles.
Wall Finish Whitewash / Oil Bound Distemper on plaster.
Ceiling Finish Whitewash / Oil Bound Distemper on plaster.
Servant Toilet
Flooring Matt finished Ceramic Tiles
Wall Finish
Dado of glazed / matt finished Ceramic Wall Tiles.
(Whitewash / Oil Bound Distemper on plastered surfaces
above dado level for remaining areas.
Ceiling Finish Whitewash / Oil Bound Distemper on plaster.

10. 9
Sanitary Ware
Wash basin and Indian water closet (IWC / Orissa pan) of
standard makes.
C.P. Fittings & Accessories
Bib cock. Pillar Cock, Ablution tap along with necessary angle
valves etc. of standard makes and brands.
Staircase
Flooring
Polished Indian Stone/Indian Marble on Treads, Risers and
Landings
Railing Painted M.S. Handrails and balustrades
Wall Finish Oil Bound Distemper on Plaster.
Common Passage
Flooring Polished Indian Stone/Indian Marble
Wall Finish Whitewash / oil bound distemper on plaster
Ceiling Finish Whitewash / oil bound distemper on plaster
Doors And Windows
Main Entrance Door Polished Hardwood frame with Polished flush Door Shutters
Internal Door Painted Hardwood frame with painted Flush Doors
Hardware
Locks, Handles and Knobs (Mortise & Cylindrical Locks)
from reputed makes and brands.
High quality Steel / Brass Hardware.

11. 10
Windows & External Glazing
Powder Coated Aluminum Frame or UPVC frame Windows
with clear glass.
External Wall Finish
External Wall Finish
External grade anti-fungal / anti-algal paint from reputed
makes and brands
Electrical Wiring And Installation
Fixtures and Fittings
IS Compliant Modular Switches / Sockets, Distribution Boxes
and Circuit breakers from standard makes and brands.
Wiring
IS Compliant Copper wiring in Concealed conduits.
Adequate provision for light points, fan points, receptacles and
power in all rooms.
Points
Electrical points for Exhaust Fans in Kitchen & Toilets
Electrical points for Air-conditioners provided in appropriate
locations in Bedrooms and Living Room.
Plumbing
IS Compliant CPVC water supply pipes with standard valves and accessories IS Compliant PVC
waste pipes and traps. UPVC pipes are also used for solid waste & drain water pipe.
Fig. 1.1- Projected Plan

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Fig. 1.2- Floor Plan of Tower F

13. 12
Fig. 1.3- Door, Window and Shaft Schedule

14. 13
BUILDING MATERIALS
A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials are called as building materials.
The materials used in the building are on basis ofthe availability and cost. To construct a building the essential
building material areas follows:
Cement
The cement,often called themagic poweris afineground material consisting ofcompound of lime, silica,alumina
and iron. When mixedwith water it forms apaste which hardened and bindthe aggregates (sand,gravel,
crushed rock,etc.) together toform adurable mass called asconcrete.
Cementisthebinderthatholdsconcreteandmortars together. That is why it plays the mostcriticalrolein
giving strength and durability tothe building. Cement used for residential building is basically ofthree types :
Portland Slag Cement:
Conforming to IS:455, it is a combination of good quality blast furnace slag from the iron steel
industry with clinker.
Portland Pozzolana Cement:
Conforming to IS: 1489, it is acombination of fly ash(fromthermal power plant)with clinker andgypsum.
PozzolanacementispreparedbygrindingPortlandcementclinkerwithpozzolana.This type of cement is largely
used in marine structure.
Ordinary Portland Cement:
33 grade conforming to IS: 269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS:
12269. It is a combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland cement
is manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture of calcareous
(mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the product (i.e.
clinker) with small amount of gypsum into a fine power known as Ordinary Portland Cement.
 Ordinary Portland Cement of grade 43 has been used in all the works at the Aura
Site.
Good quality cement has the following features:
 Reduced water requirement
 Improve Workability
 Less permissible to moisture

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 Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
 Reduced heat ofhydration
 Easier tofinish
 Reduced shrinkage
 Reduced leaching problems because it has low content offree lime
Sand
Thesearecohesionlessaggregatesofeither,roundedsubrounded,angular,subangularorflatfragmentsof
moreorlessunalteredrockofmineralsconsistingof90%of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm andless than
2mm. Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion lessparticles of silica derived from the disintegration of
rock.Thesilt content insandsampleshould beless thanorequalto8%.These are ofthree types:
Coarse sand
It is one which contains 90%of particles ofsize greater than 0.6mm and less than 2mm
Medium sand:
It is one, which contains 90&of particles ofparticles size greater than 0.2mm and less than 0.6mm
Fine sand
It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 0.2 mm. Proper selection of
sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete mixture. It should be: Clear, angular and hard, free
from clay, mica and soft, flaky material graded, whichmeans itshould beamixoffine, mediumand coarsesand
free from contaminates. Contaminants such as sea salt are consistent inmoisture (water) contentwhich shouldnot
exceed 7%. When mixing concrete the moisture content must betaken into consideration.
The price ofsand includes three orfourcomponents-base cost, transportation handlingandnumberof
Intermediaries.Procuringsandinbulkdirectly from the source will becheaper.Your neighborhood dealer inthis
case is likely tobecostlier, except when you need smaller quantities.

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Building Stone
Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones are used into construct the foundation,
super structure and many of the building components. The various stones derived from these types of rocks are as
follows:
Principal stones from igneous rocks:
Granite, Basalt and Trap.
Principal stones from sedimentary rocks:
Sand stone, Shale, Lime stone.
Principal stones from metamorphic rocks:
Quartzite, slate and marble.
Properties or requirement of good building stone:
a goodbuildingstoneshouldpossessseveralcharacteristics suchas high strength(crushingstrength>1000kg/cm)
,highdurability,sufficienthardness (coefficientofhardness>14) ,highresistancetowear ,goodfireresistance
,specific gravity morethan 2.7 , crystalline structure, high impactvalue(toughness index>13) low
water absorption (percentage absorption after 24hour less than 0.6),weather resistance and better appearance.
Bricks
Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard brunt clay bricks come in the size
10"x5"x3".Modularbricks,rarelyusedbecausethey arenoteasily available, come in the size 200mmx100mm
x100mm(includingmortarthickness)Flyashbricks,sometimesalsocomeinmodularform.Conventional bricks
have a frog(depressed /raised portion) on one of the larger surface bearing the Manufacturer’s brand .
These also provide a good mechanical key for bonding (lock ability) with mortar. The modular bricks do
nothavethefrogonthem.Flyashbricksexhibitalmostsimilarmechanicalpropertiesasbruntclaybricks. Exposed
brickwork with precise pointing is possible if the shapes are perfect.
Bricks used for the project areof Class A ,size 230mm x115mm x75mm.

17. 16
Fig. 1.4 – Bricks used in constructing walls.
Aggregates
Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material, which when bounded
together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are naturally occurring aggregates such as
sand, crushed rock and gravel.
Aggregates for concrete aredivided into three categories:
Fine Aggregates:
Most ofwhich passes through 4.75mm I.S.sieve and retained on150micron.
Coarse Aggregates:
Most ofwhich passes through 63mm I.S.sieve and retained on4.75micron.

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All in Aggregate:
Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or river bed. It is sometimes used for unimportant work without
separating into different sizes.
Properties of Natural Aggregates:
Theproperties shouldcomplywith thenorms laiddown inIS:38-1970 Specificationfor C.A. and F.A. from
naturalsources for concrete. Aggregates should be chemicallyinert, strong, hard,durable, of limited porosity
(water absorption whenimmersed inwater for24hoursshould not bemorethan10%.),free from adherent
coating, claylumps, coaland coal residues and should containno organic orother admixture that maycause
corrosion of thereinforcementorimpairthestrengthordurabilityoftheconcrete.Theshape(rounded,irregular,
angular and flaky) and sizes ofthe aggregates should conform tothe strength and workability requirements.
Uses of the Aggregates:
Naturallyoccurringcrushedstoneaggregatescan be usedforproducing anytype ofgoodconcreteorR.C.C.for
constructionpurpose .Broken brick aggregatesis usedto produce plainconcrete but notsuitable forR.C.C. which
islighterthanbrokenstoneaggregate. Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig
iron,forms astronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has ahigh fire resistance.
RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity of theconcrete itis reinforced
withsteel barsof different diameters providedinan appropriatemanner. Suchconcreteiscalled reinforced
concreteandthebarsarecalledthereinforcement.Thesebarsareprovidedatvariouslocationstoresisttheinternalf
orces, which aredeveloped due to the loads acting onthe structure.

19. 18
Reinforcement Steel
Reinforcingsteelcontributestothetensilestrengthoftheconcrete.Concrete has lowtensile, buthigh compressive
strength. The tensile deficiency is compensated by reinforcing theconcrete mass throughinsertion oftwistedmild
steel bars. Bothbranded andunbranded bars areavailable.It is wiseto buygood brandsthe namesof whichare
markedon thesteel.During constructionmake sure thatsteelreinforcementis provided exactly as the engineering
design specification.
Fig. 1.5–Reinforcement andother fittings (MSFanBox,PVC Conduit) inslab
Precautions:
Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust. Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or
mechanically should be rejected. Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting .To avoid
laps, shorter bars must not be accepted Welded length of the bars should not beaccepted
 Fe 500 reinforcement steel has been used at Universal Aura Site.

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Water
The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of water mixed with it. Too much or too little
Water can adversely affect the strength of concrete. After concrete is cast, water is used to cure it
so that the temperature is controlled and concrete matures slowly. Itisvery important touse clean,
potablewaterinqualityconcreteproduction. Brackish or salty water must never be used. Contaminated water will
produce concrete mortars with lower durability, erratic set characteristics and inconsistent colour. The ph of the
water used for mixing of mortar/concrete should not have pH less than 6.
THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE PROPERTIES ON CEMENT CONCRETE
Concrete isa mixture ofcementitious material,aggregate and water. Aggregate iscommonlyconsidered inert
filler,which accountsfor 60to 80%of thevolume and70 to85% ofthe weightof theconcrete. Although
aggregate isconsidered inertfiller,it isa necessarycomponent that definesthe concretes thermalandelastic
properties and dimensional stability. Physical andmineralogical propertiesof aggregate mustbe known before
mixing concretetoobtainadesirablemixture.Thesepropertiesincludeshapeand texture, sizegradation moistu-
re content, specific gravity,reactivity, soundness, and bulk unitweight. Theseproperties along with water
/cementitious material ratiodeterminethe strength, workability anddurabilityof theconcrete. The shape
andtexture ofthe aggregateaffects theproperties offresh concretemorethan hardenedconcrete .Concreteids
moreworkablewhen smooth androundedaggregate is used instead ofrough angularor elongated aggregate.
Crushed stone producesmuch moreangular andelongatedaggregate, which have a higher surface tovolume ratio
betterbond characteristics but requiremore cementpaste toproduce aworkable mixture. The surface texture of the
aggregate can be either smooth or rough. A smooth surfacecan improve workability yeta rougher
surfacegeneratesastrongerbond betweenthe paste andthe aggregate creating ahigher strength. The grading
orsize distribution of aggregateis animportant characteristic becauseitdeterminesthepaste requirementfor
workableconcrete.Therequiredamountoftheconcretepasteisdependentupontheamountofvoidspacemu-
stbefilledandthetotalsurfaceareathatmustbecovered.Whentheparticlesareofuniformsizethespacing is the
greatestbut whenarange ofsizes isusedthe voidspacesarefilled, thelessworkablethe concrete becomes,
therefore,a compromise between workability and economy is necessary. The moisture content of an aggregateis
an importantfactor when developing theproperwater/cementitious materialratio. Thedensityof
the aggregate isrequired in mixture proportioning toestablish weight- volume relationships

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
Plain concrete is very strong in compression but itstensile strengthis only about 1/10ofthestrengthin the
compression. So,theuseoftheplainconcrete is limited to the structure in pure compression. Steel being equally
strong in compression and tension, is, therefore, used to reinforce the concrete in a suitable way sothat itcan
beused tobuildsupportingstructurewheretensionalso develops. Concrete,thusreinforced isknown as reinforced
concrete.This combination ismade becauselong steelbars candevelops itsfull strength where it
cannotcarryequalamountofcompressiveforceduetoitsbucklingwhichiscausedbytheslenderness.Thus,thec
ombinationofconcreteand steel bars has proved to be ideal, as the two material are used to resist the stresses for
which they aremost suitable.
Fig. 1.6-Columns of RCC at the AURA Site

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Properties of the reinforced cement concrete:
1) The concrete develops very good bond with the surface of the steel bars and, therefore the stresses are
transferred from one material tothe other which cannot resist individually.
2)The steelpossesses ahigh tensile strength, ahighmodulus of elasticity andsamecoefficientsof expansion
andcontraction asconcrete. Dueto equally nearcoefficients,no internal stresses are setupwithin reinforced
concrete due to variation in temperature.
3) The coating of cementgrout or paste onthe surface ofthe reinforcement protects it from corrosion andat the
same time it does not chemically react with the reinforcement.
Advantages of the reinforcement cement concrete:
It is overall economical in ultimate cost. Its monolithic character provides more rigidity to the structure. It ishighly
durable andfire resisting. It is notaffected by theverminstermites fungusorsuchotherinsects. Well-compacted
R.C.C. structure is impermeable to moisture penetration. Careandcostofmaintenanceof R.C.C.structureare
almost negligible.The fluidity ofthe concrete andflexibility ofreinforcementmake itto possibletomould the
R.C.C.members into variety ofshapes desired.
Designphilosophy
R.C.C. design of building is being carried out mainly by three methods of design. They are namely:
(1)Workingstressmethod (2) Ultimate load method and (3) Limit state method. The Limitstate method is
now is vogue in allgovernmentdesign office sand premier private consulting firms. The B.I.S. have
publishedI.S.: 456-2000incorporating the use of the Limit state method ofdesign. Thedesignershould
therefore get well versed with the theory ofLimit state method.
Limit State Method
is ajudiciousamalgamationofWorking Stress Method and Ultimate StressMethod,removingthe drawback
ofboth ofthe method butretaining theirgoodpoints.Itis alsobasedonsoundscientific principlesand backed by
25 yearofresearch .The LimitState Method has proved tohave an edgeover the Working Stress Method from the
economicpointofview.ConsequentlyweneednosticktoWorkingStress Method anymore. Besides analytical
part of the structural design,following factors should also be keptin mindwhiledesigning thestructure. a) Strength
of structure. b) Durability of structure. c) Serviceability of structure during construction as well as during design life
time of structure. d) Economy in building material and ease of constructions. e) Economy in centering and form
work. f) Aesthetics of structure.

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PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
Plain Cement Concrete is a composite material used for construction of various civil engineering structures. It is
obtained by mixing the basic ingredients such as cement, Fine aggregate (normally sand) and coarse aggregate
(normally stone pieces) in required proportions. Water is added in the required measure and the mixture is putinto
amechanical mixer toachieve concrete.Concrete ispoured into the formwork (mould made up of plywood, steel
plates and timber) to get the desired shape. It is then vibrated to achieve proper compaction (uniform denseness).
High temperature is generated through chemical reaction in this process. Curing (control of temperature) with
water is essential to achieve the desired strength of the concrete. Concrete gains compressive strength
progressivelywithtime.Thestrength achieved atthe end of the 28days is calledthe Characteristics Compressive
Strength of the concrete and is designed as a Grade. About 60% of this strength is achieved at the end of the 7 days
from the date of casting. Concrete continues to gain strength evenbeyond 28days, albeit marginally
.The form is subsequently removed.
DesignMixatUniversal Aura Site –
PCC ofGrades M-30,M-40andM-45were usedat the site with different designmix.
Fig. 1.7-Design Mix of M-40

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Properties of Cement concrete
Strength of concrete:-
It should be have high compressive strength. The tensile and shear strengths are generally about 8 to 12% and 8 To
10% of their compressive strength respectively .The compressive strength of concrete is affected by several factors
such as (a)Quality of thematerial and grading ofthe aggregates (b) Water(c) Water cement ratio
(d) Cement content (e)Age ofthe concrete (f) Method ofmixing placing compacting and curing.
Durability of concrete
The concrete possess a high durability value, as it is not much affected by atmosphericaction.On the
contrary,withtheage, the concretegoes on hardening,therebyincreaseinthestrength. Itisthisproperty, which
gives this material adistinct place among the building material.
Elasticity of concrete
The concrete isnot a truly elastic materialand elasticmodulus is effectby the strength, age, and moisture content of
the concrete and the type of the aggregate used. The concrete undergoes an extra strain in addition to instantaneous
strain onapplicationofaloadorstress,sufficient time.Thisextrastrainiscalled creepof concrete and ispermanent
in character not recovered onthe removal ofload.
Shrinkage of concrete
The concrete has a tendency to shrink under following conditions:-
(a)There is initial shrinkage ofcement concrete, which ismainly due toloss ofwater through forms, absorption by
surface of forms.
(b)Theshrinkageofcementconcreteoccursasitishardened.Thistendency ofshrinkageonone-hand causes
cracks in concrete, whileontheother, it grips thereinforcementtightly andhenceproperbondbetween concrete
and reinforcement when used in R.C.C.work.

25. 24
Fig. 1.8– Door frame fixed with the help of hold fast in a block of concrete in 1:3:6
Fire resistance of concrete
Concrete is good insulator and has afairly good fire resistance owing to thepresence ofpores and also water.

26. 25
Workability
Workability is the most elusive property of concrete. A concrete is said to be workable if it can be easily mixed,
Handled, transported,placedinpositionand compacted. Aworkable concreteshould notshowany segregation Or
bleeding.Thesegregationissaidtooccurwhenthecoarseaggregatetriestoseparate out from the finer material and
this result in concentration of coarse aggregate at oneplace and fine material at anotherplace in themassconcrete.
The segregation creates larger void sand reduces the durability and strength both. The bleeding of concrete is said
to occur when excess water comes up at the surface ofthe concrete. Thiscauses the undesirable small pores
through the massoftheconcrete. The workability of the concrete effected by many factors: -(a) Shape of the
aggregates(b) grading and size of the aggregates(c) ratio and coarse and fine aggregates(d) efficiency of mixing(e)
quantity of water and use of any mixture. For maximumstrength,the
desiredworkabilityoffreshconcretecanbeattained by the following measure: (i)The proportion of coarse
aggregatemaybe reduced,because the fineris thegrading,the greater willbe theworkability. (ii)The proportionof
coarse aggregate maybe reduced while on the other hand corresponding increases may be made inthatofthefiner
aggregates. (iii) The process of mixing concrete canbe repeated second time byuse ofthe vibrator.
Water cement ratio
Water cement ratio is the ratio of the water in a mix (excluding waterabsorbed already by the
aggregate) to the weight of cement their-in. water cement ratioisthemost importantfactorgoverning the strength
of concrete.The strength of the concrete depend mainly open the amount of cement and the amount of water in
it. The correct quantity of water cement ratio required for a particular mixdepends upon
variousfactorssuchas mix proportions,typeandgradingofaggregate, method of compaction applied and weather
condition.
On the other hand workability of a concrete mix increases as the water content or water cement ratio of mix
increased,becausethewaterlubricatethemixture. But, atthe sametime increases inwater content deceases
the strength. Excess ofwater, further weaken the concrete, produces shrinkage cracks and decreases density.
Manufacture of the PCC
In the manufacture ofconcrete, itis almostimportanttoensure thata concrete of predetermined proportion
is continuously placed in position in such away that eachbatch almost like the other batches asfar aspossible.
Batching of the concrete
After fixing the proportion of different ingredients ofconcrete for a particular work, thematerial C.A.,F.A.,
cementandwatermeasuredoutinbatchesfor mixing. The process is known as Batching. This process of
batching may becarried out byweight or byvolume.

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(i) Weight batching: -
The unit of weight, for material of concrete, is usually Kilogram.Thebatchingof materialby weightis
absolutely straightforward,the cement, sand and coarse aggregate being all weighed directly in Kilogram.
(ii) Volume batching: -
In batching by volume, all ingredient i.e. water, cement, sand and coarse aggregate are measured in liters, where
the resulting concrete (being) solid measured in cubic meters.
Mixing of concrete
Mixing of concrete may be carried out by hand or machine (by using a mechanical mixture) but the mixing by
machine is always preferred.
(i)Mixing by hand: - In this, mixingcarriedout by hand ona clean, hard andwatertight platform .Firstly
cement,sand,aggregatearemixed byhandwith the help of the shovel and a desired quantity of the water added to
it and mix properly. This type ofmixing carried out in the small work and unimportant work.
(ii) Mixing in machine:Themachineusedformixingconcreteisknownasmechanicalconcretemixer.There
are two main type ofconcrete mixer is commonly use namely:
Continuous mixers areusedinmassiveconstructionsuchasdams,bridges, etc., which involve the use of
large masses of concrete and also required the continuous flow of concrete.
Batch mixer is most commonly used and consisting of a revolving drum with bladesorbaffles insideit.
Inbatch mixer, allthe material ofdesired proportioned mix arefed into thehopper of the revolving drum on being
rotated at a certain speed mixes the material with the aid of a series of blades providing inside, the resulting mix is
finally discharged from the drum and conveyed for used.
Transporting the concrete
Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from the mixing plantto the
constructionsite.Keepinmindthatnotallconcreteis mixedonthe actualconstruction site and could requiresome
significant travel. This ismost common forready mixed concrete.The mainobjective in transporting concrete
istoensurethatthewatercementratio,slumporconsistency,aircontent,homogeneity are notmodified from there
intended states. The concrete is transported commonly bythe steel pipes.
Placing and finishing of concrete
Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete should be carefully coordinated with placing and finishing
operations. Concrete should not be deposited more rapidly thanit canbe spread, struck off, consolidation,
andbullfloated.Concrete should be deposited continuously asnearaspossibleto itsfinalposition.In slab
construction, placingshould be started alongthe perimeterat one end of the work with each batch placed against

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previously dispatched concrete. Concrete shouldnotbe dumpedinseparate pilesandthenleveled
and worked together; nor should the concrete bedeposited in large piles and moved horizontally into final position.
Consolidation
Insometypesofconstruction,theconcreteisplacedinforms,andthen consolidated by temp.Theconsolidation
compactsfreshconcretetomolditwithintheformsandaroundembeddeditemsandreinforcementandtoeliminat
estonepockets,honeycombandentrappedair.Itshouldnotremovesignificantamount ofintentionally entr- ained
air.
Vibration
Either internalor external isthemost widelyused methodfor consolidating concrete.When concreteis
vibrated,theinternalfrictionbetweentheaggregateparticlesis temporarilydestroyedand theconcretebehave like
a liquid; it settles in the forms under the action of gravity and the large entrapped air voids
rise more easily to the surface. Internal friction is re-established assoon asvibration stops.
Finishing
Concrete thatwill bevisible, suchasslablike driveway,highwayorpatiosoften needfinishing.Concrete
slabscanbefinished inmanyways,depending onthe intended serviceuse. Optionsinclude variouscolors
andtextures, suchasexposed aggregate or apatterned stampedsurface. Some surface may require only
strike off and screeding to proper contour and elevation, while for other surface a broomed, floated,
or troweled finish may be specified. In slab construction screeding orstrike off is theprocess of cutting off excess
concrete to bring the top surfaceof the slabto proper grade. Astraight edge is
moved acrossthe concrete with asawing motion and advanced forward ashort distance with eachmovement.
Bull floatingeliminateshighandlowspotsandembedslargeaggregateparticles immediately after strike off.
This looklike alonghandled straightedgepulledacross theconcrete.Joiningis required toeliminate
unsightlyrandom cracks.Construction joints are made withagroover orbyinserting strips ofplastic, wood,metal,
orperformedjoints materialinto the unhardenedconcrete.Saw cutjointscan bemade
aftertheconcreteissufficientlyhardorstrongenoughtopreventthereveling.Aftertheconcretehasbeenjointedits
houldbefloatedwithawoodormetalhandfloator with afinishingmachineusing float blades. This
embedsaggregateparticlesjustbeneaththesurface;removesslightimperfections,humps,and voids; and compacts
the mortar at the surface in preparation for addition finishing operations. Where a smooth, hard, densesurface
isdesired, floating shouldbefollowedbysteeltroweling.Trowelingshouldnotbedoneona Surface that has not
been floated; troweling after only bull floating is not an adequate finish procedure.A slipresistant surface canbe
producedby brooming before theconcrete hasthoroughly hardened butit should be sufficient hard to retain the
scoring impression.

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FORMWORK
‘Temporary Supporting Structures’ are those structures, which are temporarily required in building
construction either for supporting the laying of concrete till it gets matured, such as formwork or
forms or shuttering . As fresh concrete is in a plastic state, when it is placed for construction
purposes, so it becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support
the concrete, till it gains sufficient strength for self-supporting. The temporary structure is known
as Formwork or shuttering.
 Conventional Shuttering has been used at Universal Aura Site.
Fig. 1.9– Formwork and Shuttering provided at the Aura site

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Requirement of the formwork
Good forms for concrete structure should satisfy the following requirements; (1) It should be
strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of the fresh concrete and the superimposed
loads due to equipment, men etc. This requires careful design of formwork, because the
consideration of overloads will affects the economy whereas of under loads may cause failure of
the forms work.(2) It should be rigid enough to retain the shape without undue deformation.(3) It
must be made or constructed so light that it does not allow the cement paste to leak through the
joints.(4) The inside surface of the formwork should be smooth so as to give good appearance to
the resulting concrete surface. To achieve this, the inside surface of formwork is usually applied
with crude oil or soft soap solution. This also facilitates the removal of the formwork.(5) The
entire formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without causing the least injury
to the surface or edges of the concrete.(6) It should be made economical by reducing the
cost through proper design, construction and use of formwork.
Removal of the formwork
The period for which forms should be left in place depends upon the temperature of air, the
shape and position of structural member (i.e. horizontal vertical or inclined), the nature of the
loads likely to come and the character of the cement and cement paste. Generally, the use
of rapid hardening cement, higher temperatures, low water cement ratio and lighter loads, will
permit early removal of formwork. Under normal conditions where temperature is above20ºC
and ordinary cement is use, forms may be removed after the expiry of the period given below:
Particulars of the structural period of member removing of formwork (a) Vertical slides of slabs,
beams 24 to 48 hours columns and wall(b) Slabs (props or vertical supporting 3 days member
left under)(c) Beams soffits (props left under) 7 days(d) Bottom of slabs up to a span 7 days of
4.5 m.(e) Bottom of slabs above 4.5 m 14 days span, bottom of the beams up to 6 m span, and
bottom of arch ribs up to 6 m span(f) Bottom of beams over 6 m span 21 days and bottom of arch
ribs over 6 m span.

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ONGOING WORK
Layout of the Floor Partitions- Tower F 12th Floor Layout
Fig. 1.10– Layout for Partition Wall

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Masonry Wall Construction
Masonry walls are the most durable part of any building or structure. They provide strength,,
durability to the structure and also helps to control indoor and outdoor temperature. It separates a
building from outside world.
Masonry is the word used for construction with mortar as a binding material with individual
units of bricks, stones, marbles, granites, concrete blocks, tiles etc. Mortar is a mixture of
binding material with sand. Binding materials can be cement, lime, soil or any other.
The durability and strength of masonry wall construction depends on the type and quality of
material used and workmanship.
Mortar Ratio used for 4 Inches wall is 1:4 and for 9 Inches wall is 1:6.
Fig. 1.11– Masonry Wall Construction

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Fig. 1.12– Masonry Wall till Cill Level
Fig. 1.13– Masonry Wall completion

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Wall Alignment Check
Walls are checked for proper alignment angular or straight.
Fig. 1.13– Masonry Wall Alignment Check

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DUTIES OF PROJECT MANAGER
Residential construction site managers (RCSM) plan, organize, direct, control and evaluate
residential construction projects from start to finish according to a schedule, specifications and a
budget. This occupation includes coordinating the work of many skilled tradespersons and
suppliers. Residential construction site managers play a significant role in planning and
implementing quality control for home construction, jobsite safety and in ensuring current
building code requirements are followed. The scope of work is limited to wood frame non-
commercial buildings and residences up to four stories in height.
As the on-site representative of the prime contractor, the residential construction site manager is
responsible for ensuring safety protocols, conditions and practices are met in accordance with
current Occupational Health and Safety regulations, safety legislation and company policy.
The residential construction site manager implements a disciplined project management
approach to construction activities utilizing administrative reporting, budgeting and scheduling
skills to coordinate, track, report and monitor the activities and progress of construction projects.
The residential construction site manager’s responsive and positive working relationship with the
home owner throughout the construction process and possession turnover is an important role in
assuring homeowner satisfaction.
Fig. 1.14– Site Manager Instructing

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CONCLUSION
Under the guidance of Mr. Kapil Bhardwaj (Sr. Manager - Projects) as a mentor, we have got
opportunity to understand the technical and managerial aspect of residential housing project.
The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is constructed
within its desired properties. We got to know about the basic & advanced techniques of building
construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer have to face during
construction i.e. labor problems, cost management, environmental challenges etc. We cleared our
many doubts regarding building construction. Overall it must be said that the construction
methods and quality control on a residential project needs a very good coordination and
large quantities of man power, equipment and funds. During the period of 30 days all the site
staff helped us a lot to provide all the information about any query. So we are grateful to
Universal Buildwell Pvt. Ltd for giving us the opportunity to learn and grow.