agricultural development in dryland areas of India.
1. BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES.
TOPIC:- A YOUTH STRATEGY FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA.
PRESENTED BY:-
Rajesh kumar Yadav.
Satyendra kumar verma. GUIDED BY:-
Abhinav vivek. DR. D. K. MEENA,
Manish kumar. ASST. PROF.
Chetan panda. (AG. EXTENSION)
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5. • DRYLAND AGRICULTURE
“ Dryland Agriculture refers to growing of crops entirely
under rainfed conditons.”
Based on the amount of rainfall received, dryland agriculture can be
grouped into three categories:-
1. Dry farming.
2. Dry land farming.
3. Rain-fed farming.
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6. `
1. Dry farming-
Cultivation of crops in areas where average rainfall is
less than 750mm per annum.
2. Dryland farming-
Cultivation of crops in areas which receive rain fall from
750 to 1150 per annum.
3. Rainfed farming-
Cultivation of crops in areas which receive more then 1150
mm per annum.
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7. 8/11/2016
SL.NO PARTICULARS DRY FARMING DRYLAND
FARMING
RAINFED
FARMING
1. Rainfall/annum(mm) <750 750-1150 >1150
2. Moisture Acute shortage Shortage Enough
3. Crop growing season <75 75-120 Days >120 Days
4. Growing region Arid Semi- arid Humid
5. Cropping system Single
crop/inter
cropping
Single
crop/inter
cropping
Single
crop/multi
cropping
6. Dry spells Most common Less frequent No occurence
7. Crop failure More frequent Less frequent Rare
7
8. AICRP on dry land agriculture is
started in 1971.
ABERRANT WEATHER CONDITION IN DRY LAND
AREAS
1. Inadequate and uneven distribution of rainfall.
2. Long gap of rain fall.
3. Late onset of monsoon.
4. Early onset of monsoon.
5. Early cessation of rains/Early withdrawal of RF.
6. Prolonged dry spells.
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9. 1. Inadequate and uneven distribution of rainfall
In general rainfall is low and highly variable which results
in uncertain crop yield. Besides its uncertainty, the
distribution of rain fall during the crop period is uneven,
receiving high amount of rain, when it is not needed.
a) Cultivation of low water requiring crop.
b) Grow short duration crops.
c) Providing life saving irrigation 8/11/2016 9
10. 2. Long gap of rain fall
Increase the seed rate
Spraying the urea solution
Providing life saving irrigation
Weeding and inter cultural operations
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11. 3. Early onset of monsoon
Cultivate pearlmillet, sesamum etc.
4. LATE ONSET OF MONSOON
Due to late onset of monsoon, the sowing of crops is delayed
resulting poor yields.
a) Alternate crop and varieties Castor (Aruna),greengram,cowpea
sunflower
b) Dry sowing.
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12. ……
c) Seed soaking /treatment.
d) Complete weed control.
e) Most suitable crop for this conditions is sunflower.
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13. 5.Early cessation of rains/early
withdrawl of RF
Select short duration varieties.
Using mulching.
Life saving irrigation is required .
Decrease the plant population.
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14. ANTI-TRANSPIRANTS
1. STOMATAL CLOSURE TYPE
2,4-D.
Atrazine
PMA
Potassium metabisulphate
2. FILM FORMING TYPE
THIN= cetylalcohol,
THICK= waxol, S-800 ,Silicon
3.REFLECTANT TYPE
Koline,
China clay, ca bicarbonate,Lime water
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15. Some important points:-
Area under dryland agriculture in India is about 60 per cent, whereas its
contribution of dryland agriculture to India economy is 40 per cent.
Rainfall is the main factor which will decide the time of sowing in dry land.
Arid climate means extremely dry climate with the annual average
precipitation
During drought condition Mg deficiency occurs in cotton leaves.
Percentage reduction in the yield of food grains due to drought – 15(%).
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16. …
In INDIA, 60(%) cultivated area under the rainfed conditions.
40(%) of rural population and 60(%) of cattle are living in dry lands.
In Farm production.
Food Grains 42 %
Oil seed 75 %
Dicot < grams sorghum,
groundnut 90 % Dry land and rainfed conditons
Catton 70 %
Paddy 61.7 %
In India, 84 districts are rainfed.
In Karnataka, 75-85 (%) cultivated area is under rainfed farming.
Rajasthan comes 1st in total dry land area followed by Karnataka .
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18. YOUTH
As per United Nations, persons between the ages of 15 and 34 years
are categorised under youth population.
In 2013, Global youth unemployment reached 73.4 million,
representing a youth unemployment rate of 12.6(%) with young people
almost 3 times more likely than adults to be unemployed.
But, the young people with better educational, technical &
entrepreneurial skills and more diversified social networks than their
elders are proving to be dynamic change agents in agriculture.
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19. OUR GOAL-
To engage youth in creating their future in agriculture by –
benefitting from dynamic, innovative agricultural development processes
that enhance young women and men’s access to and control of agricultural
assets, technologies, services, products, income and decision making power
in dryland livelihood systems,
thereby improving the status, influence & commitment of young farmers,
agro-entrepreneurs and professionals to develop profitable farm, agri-related
and agro-processing enterprises as well as service enterprises that are
environmentally and economically sustainable and socially just.
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20. CONSTRAINTS FACED BY YOUTH IN
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE-
Shortage of production resources – land, finance.
Negative attitude about agriculture.
Limited agricultural knowledge and skills as well as leadership and managerial
skills.
Limited youth groups and associations/cooperatives.
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21. ……
Youth involvement in decision-making still low.
Attraction of quick gains especially from white collar jobs.
Lack of youth policies.
Lack of support from elders for youth in agriculture
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22. Retaining youth in dryland
agriculture:-
Establishing and developing market networks through youth club.
Need based quality training to the rural youth.
Attitude of rural youth should be changed by many ways like incentives &
sensitizing about potential of agriculture products.
Providing processing and grading facilities.
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23. ……
Development of entrepreneurship spirit in rural youth and promoting
commercialisation.
Promotion of agriculture through contract farming and co-operative farming.
Development of Infrastructure facilities in rural areas.
Stress on subsidy occupations of farming like Dairy, Horticulture etc.
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26. ……
Livestock farming systems.
Improved methods for soil conservation to combat land degradation through
harnessing youth knowledge, labour roles/skills and incentives.
Improved post-harvest, storage and processing technologies developed/tested
by young women and men, especially for crops, vegetables, fruits, and dairy,
and constraints to adoption identified/addressed.
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27. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT:-
The term “watershed” was introduced in 1920 & strictly refers to the divide
separating one drainage basin from another.
A watershed is defined as any surface area from which runoff resulting from
rainfall is collected and drained through a common point.
Watershed management is a “rational utilization of land and water resources
for optimum & sustained production with minimum hazard to natural
resources”.
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29. AIMS:-
To harvest total quantity of runoff water throughout the year for irrigation
and drinking purposes.
To reduce the peak rate of runoff for minimizing soil erosion and sediment
yield or to increase ground water charge.
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30. MAIN COMPONENTS:-
Soil and water conservation.
Water harvesting and water management.
Alternate land use system.
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31. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:-
IN TERMS OF PURPOSE
1. To increase infiltration.
2. To increase water holding capacity.
3. To prevent soil erosion.
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33. ……
4.Construction of check dams.
5.Construction of farm ponds.
6.Construction of diversion.
7.Gully controlling structure.
-Rock dam.
-Establishment of permanent grass and vegetation.
8.Providing vegetative and stone barriers.
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34. RAIN WATER HARVESTING:-
It means collection and storage of rainwater by some mechanism to make
water available for future use.
An appreciable amount of precipitation which is generally lost as surface flow,
can be harvested and stored for useful purposes like for livestock
management, providing supplementary irrigation to the crops.
They are usually effective in arid & semi arid regions that are prone to
droughts and minimize the effects of seasonal variations.
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35. PRECISION FARMING:-
Farming for efficient resource use site specific crop management with precise
uses of resources through spatial and temporal variations in soil-plant-
atmosphere system.
This practice will comprise information acquisition related to variability in
environmental and biophysical parameters, their interpretation for resource
use, evaluation and control.
Tools like Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System
(GIS), Simulation Modeling for Decision Support System (DSS) etc. will help
improve resource use efficiency, economy and sustainable use of natural
resources.
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38. LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEM:-
Some of the activities that can bring prosperity to the dryland youth with the
help of livestock are as follows:-
FODDER BANK:-The fodder bank (FB) concept, whereby a forage legume is
established and properly managed in a concentrated unit, can provide useful
dry-season supplementation for the most responsive animals in an average
herd.
SEMEN BANK:- To maintain first position in milk production and meet future
demand there is need of superior male germplasm. In India, the additional
demand of male germplasm is 91 million straws.
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39. GOAT FARMING:-Goat is also called as "poor man's cow". Goat has been
considered as dairy and meat animal.
Goat farming needs minimum input and is considerable source of income and
employment to the youth.
Goats require low initial investment as compare to cattle and buffalo. Goat
provides more meat and milk per unit live weight per year than cattle,
sheep and camel.
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40. They are 130 percent more economical than cattle and 135 percent more
than sheep.
SHEEP FARMING:- Sheep do not need expensive buildings to house and require
less labour. The foundation stock is relatively cheap and the flock can be
multiplied rapidly.
Sheep are economical converter of grass into meat and wool. The
production of wool, meat and manure provides three different sources of
income to the shepherd.
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41. Vanishing diversity-increasingly
vulnerable livelihoods.
A major part of India’s indigenous breeds of livestock such as cattle, goats
and sheep are threatened and showing declining trends, according to India’s
fourth National Report to the convention on biological diversity(june 2009)
NBAGR contribution.
There are about 140 listed breeds of livestock and poultry in India(30 of
cattles,10 of buffalos,42 of sheep,20 of goat,6 of horses and pony,8 of
camels, 18 poultry).
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42. ……
But over the years, animal husbandry has intensified in India, with widespread
introduction of exotic breeds.
This has led to the reduction in total genetic variability and population size of
mane local breeds.
14 breeds of cattle,3 of buffaloes,9 of sheep,4 of goat and almost all breeds
of horse and poultry are showing declining trends in the country.
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43. The relentless decline:-
Drastic decline of bullocks post the eighties, with share of farm animals in
power supply declining from 71% in 1961 to less than 23% in 1991-92.
The 59th round of the NSSO reports that working cattle in rural areas declined
by 25% between 1991-92 and 2002-03.
Shift in composition of the bovine population from cattle to buffaloes .
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44. Livestock development policies:-
Pre 1990s-
Dairy to replace draught and multipurpose animals.
Dairying with exotic breeds and graded Murrah buffaloes.
High producing sheep and goat breeds.
Industrial poultry production.
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45. ……
No policy plans to multipurpose use of animals and meeting fodder req.
Post 1990s-
Policies dictated by projections of livestock revolution.
Push to single species, industrial production system, contract arrangements,
technologies that increase productivity.
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46. Strategies:-
Land use policies that will favour and support a primarily grazing-based
livestock rearing system.
Encourage vegetation cover that provides fodder, food, fibre ,firewood.
Resist the privatisation of resources (water, energy, forests, biodiversity,
genetic resources).
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47. ……
Enhance public investment in services that are decentralised and people
owned/driven.
Link local producers to local markets and strengthen local markets.
Priorities of women especially of marginal communities needs to determine
plans.
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Introduction
What is soil conservation-:
Soil conservation is the prevention of soil
from erosion or reduced fertility caused by
overuse, acidification, salinization or other
chemical soil contamination.
slash-and-burn and other unsustainable
methods of subsistence farming are practiced
in some lesser developed areas. A sequel to
the deforestation is typically large scale
erosion, loss of soil nutrients and sometimes
total desertification.
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What is Dry land Farming-:
Dryland farming or Dry farming is
an agricultural technique for non-irrigated cultivation
of Dryland farming is used in the Great Plains,
the Palouse plateau of Eastern Washington, and other
arid regions of North America such as in
the Southwestern United
States and Mexico (see Agriculture in the Southwestern
United States and Agriculture in the prehistoric
Southwest), the Middle East and in other grain growing
regions such as the steppes of Eurasia and Argentina.
Dryland farming was introduced to southern Russia and
Ukraine by Russian Mennonites under the influence
of Johann Cornies, making the region
the breadbasket of Russia.[1]
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Soil Conservation Practises
Involved-:
Contour Tillage-:All agricultural operations such as
ridging, ploughing, harrowing, sowing, trenching, etc.,
are recommended to be done on the contour wherever
possible or at least generally across the direction of the
slope where holdings are very smallit plays a major role
in retarding the process of soil erosion through runoff
Dead Furrows-:When all tillage operations are
complete, it is advisable to leave a deep dead furrow
at every 10 m interval. This should remain in position
until the crop is harvested. Dead furrows aid in
reducing the runoff velocity and they also conserve
water.
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Process Of Dry Land Farming-:
Dryland farming has evolved as a set of techniques and
management practices used by farmers to continually
adapt to the presence or lack of moisture in a given
crop cycle. In marginal regions, a farmer should be
financially able to survive occasional crop failures,
perhaps for several years in successionDryland farming
involves the constant assessing of the amount of
moisture present or lacking for any given crop cycle
and planning accordingly. Dryland farmers know that to
financially succeed they have to be aggressive during
the good years in order to offset the dry years.
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Contd.
Mulching-: Mulches are ground covers that prevent the
soil from being washed away, reduce evaporation,
increase infiltration, and control growth of unwanted
weeds. Mulch can be organic crop residue, pebbles, or
materials such as polythene sheets. Mulching prevents
the formation of hard crust after each rain. Organic
mulches add plant nutrients to soil upon decomposition
Indigenous technical knowledge-: Local technologies
evolved by people over generations of experience
should be used before any new recommendation is
made.
