A thorough presentation on Solid Waste Management. Divided in three parts: Overview - covers basic terms and definitions, Managing Solid Waste - discusses some of the treatment methods and finally SWM in India - presents some data and current scenario.
4. The impact of solid waste around us may not
be visible but it undoubtedly affects us in the
long run. Not only us but all other creatures
on the planet are impacted by it despite their
negligible contribution to solid waste.
It should be our responsibility to learn,
manage and free Earth from this illness.
Introduction
5. Background
Early waste disposal
Waste management were in system even before the
industrial era. In ancient Rome, property owners
were responsible for cleaning the streets fronting
their property.
What is solid waste?
Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid
materials generated from human activities in
residential, industrial or commercial areas.
6. organic material, glass, metal,
plastic, paper etc
Contents
toxic, non-toxin, flammable,
radioactive, infectious etc
Hazard potential
Categorisation
domestic, industrial,
commercial, construction or
institutional
Origin
on the basis of its
7. Municipal Solid Waste
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris (CnD), sanitation residue,
and waste from streets, generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes. As per
the MoEF it includes commercial and residential waste generated in municipal or notified
areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including
treated bio-medical wastes
Solid Waste Types
depending on their source
8. Industrial Solid Waste
In a majority of cases it is termed as hazardous waste
as they may contain toxic substances, are corrosive,
highly inflammable, or react when exposed to certain
things e.g. gases
Biomedical Waste or Hospital Waste
It is usually infectious waste that may include waste
like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical
waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical
wastes, etc., usually in the form of disposable
syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human
excreta etc
9. Solid Waste
Management
Definition
The descipline associated with control of generation,
storage, collection transport or transfer, processing and
disposal of solid waste materials
How it is managed?
• Centralised method
This involves collection of municipal waste from all over the
local area and by means of landfilling, dump outside the
city/nagar panchayat limits
• De-centralised method
The waste is collected ward-wise and is segregated at source
into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable
13. i. Sanitary Landfill
Is a method of disposing of
refuse on land without creating
nuisances or hazards to public
health or safety. Careful
preparation of the fill area,
including the use of clay and/or
synthetic liners and control of
water drainage are required to
ensure proper landfilling.
14. i. Disadvantages of SL
- Requires top daily cover which
might be costly
- Water and air pollution,
breeding places for vectors of
disease if improperly managed
A Sanitary Landfill in Addis Ababa
15. ii. Incineration
Is a controlled combustion process
for burning solid, liquid, or gaseous
combustible waste to gases and
residue containing little or no
combustible material when
properly carried out. High-
temperature incineration is carried
out at 3000 °F to 3400 °F (1649 to
1871 °C)
16. ii. Advantages & Disadvantages
The Okhla plant in Delhi is one of India's four functional
waste-to-energy plants, but people in nearby areas have
moved court saying the stench is unbearable
Advantages
- Can be effective
- Decreases waste volume
- Source of energy such as stream
Disadvantages
- Air pollition
- Expensive to operate
17. iii. Composting
Is the controlled biological
decomposition of organic solid
waste under aerobic (in the
presence of oxygen) conditions.
Organic waste material are
transformed in to soil
amendments as humus or
mulch.
18. iii. Composting Needs
Air, water and food (organic material - brown category, green category)
Brown Category
- Dry and dead plant material e.g. straw, leaves, sawdust etc
- Need to be moistened before composting
Green Category
- Fresh, green animal/plant residue e.g. green leaves, vegetable scraps,
manure etc
19. iii. What to Compost?
Grass/lawn clipping
Hay
Kitchen wastes
Leaves
Manure
Straw
Weeds and other garden
wastes
Wood chips and sawdust
20. iii. Composting Systems
One Bin Systems
Two Bin and Three Bin
Systems
Rotating or Tumbling
Systems
Sheet or Trench Systems
Commercially Available Bin
System
23. WHAT NUMBERS
SAY?
• On the daily basis, the country produces more than 1.50 lakh metric tonne
of solid waste
• Of the total collected waste, only 20 percent (27,000 MT per day) is
processed and the remaining 80 per cent (1,08,000 MT) is dumped in
landfills sites
• Urban Waste > Rural Waste
24. Data as per May, 2020
(waste generation annually in lakh
tonnes)
TOP WASTE
GENERATING
CITIES
0 10 20 30 40
Delhi
Greater Mumbai
Chennai
Greater Hyderabad
Bengaluru
Ahmedabad
Pune/Surat
Kanpur
25. (in million metric tonnes per year)
MSW
GENERATED
ACROSS
INDIA
0 50 100 150 200
2001
2011
2021
2031
2041
26. PLASTIC
• India generates 26,000 tones of plastic per
day
• Massive classic collection drive have been
conducted and a booking 4024MT plastic
waste uses collected on 21 October 2019
• The ministries too with NHAI and ministry of
road transport encouraging use of plastic
waste in the construction of national highways
27. PLASTIC
• On World Environment Day on 5th June 2017
the Government of India announced a
"national strategy" to phase out all forms of
single use of plastic (e.g. cutlery, straw,
containers etc) by 2022
• A total of 18 states and date union territories
have been in post ban on plastic manufacture,
use of carry bags
28. WASTE
COLLECTION
AND
TRANSPORT
• The MoEFCC estimates state only
70-80 percent of total municipal
waste gets collected and only 22-28
precent gets processed
• A large portion of collected waste is
often dumped indiscriminately,
colling the drains and surface
systems
_______
30. ROLE OF
NGOS
During the recent years, NGOs (non-
govemmental organizations) have
taken up initiatives to work with local
residents to improve sanitation. They
have been playing an active role in
organizing surveys and studies in
specified disciplines of social and
technological sciences. In the field of
garbage management, such studies
are useful in identifying areas of
commercial potentials to attract
private entrepreneurs.
31. They can play an important role in segregation of waste, its collection and
handling over to local authorities.
A large number of NGOs are working in the field of solid waste
management such as Clean Ahmedabad Abhiyan, Ahmedabad, Waste-
Wise, Bangalore, Exnora, Chennai, Mumbai Environmental Action Group,
Mumbai, and Vatavaran and Srishti in Delhi. They are all successfully
creating awareness among the citizens about their rights and
responsibilities towards solid waste and the cleanliness of their city. These
organizations promote environmental education and awareness in schools
and involve communities in the management of solid waste.
32. SALIENT FEATURES
SWM RULES, 2016
1. The source segregation of waste has been mandated to channelize the
waste to wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle
2. Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste
in to three streams, Wet, Dry and domestic hazardous wastes and handover
segregated wastes to authorised rag pickers or waste collectors or local
bodies
33. 3. Generator will have to pay "User Fee" to waste collector and "Spot Fine"
for littering and Non-segregation
4. The concept of partnership in Swachh Bharat has been introduced. Bulk
and institutional generators, market associations, event organisers and
hotels and restaurants have been made directly responsible for segregation
and sorting the waste and manage in partnership with local bodies
34. PAN INDIA
MISSIONS
• Swachh Bharat Mission was launched by government of India onto
October 2014
• Swachh Survekshan - world's largest sanitation survey
36. 50
40
30
20
10
0
COVID-19 IMPACT
ON SOLID WASTE
Increase in amount of infectious and bio-medical waste
The amount of solid waste has decreased due to the closure of restaurants,
markets, malls etc. but waste collection efficiency was also reduced
37. CONCLUSION
?
1. The solid waste management system in India is in critical state and
initiatives have largely failed to manage solid waste efficiently
2. To enhance the efficiency of solid waste management in India, citizen's
participation should be promoted especially in source segregation and
treatment proccesses
