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Plastia Valvular Mitral
        Abel, Calloapaza Pari
              a1be2l@hotmail.com
   MR CIRUGIA DE TORAX Y CARDIOVASCULAR
                Septiembre 2012
Antecedentes
      • W. H. Cushing.
      • Propone la cirugía valvular
        cardiaca, hace mas de 100
        años.
Antecedentes (20/May/1923)
                                   • Dr. Elliott Carr Cutler,
                                     1923, realiza la primera
                                     valvulotomia mitral, en una
                                     paciente con estenosis
                                     valvular mitral de etiología
                                     reumática, mediante la
                                     incisión de la valva anterior
                                     de la mitral.



  1. Cardiotomy and valvulotomy for mitral stenosis. Experimental observations and clinical
  notes concerning an operated case with recovery. Boston Med. Surg J., 1923, 188, 1023-27.
Antecedentes (05/May/1925)
                             • Dr. Henry S. Souttar, en
                               Londres, 1925; realiza la
                               primera      comisurotomia
                               mitral transatrial.
                             • La paciente sobrevive
                               varios años.
                             • Este procedimiento no se
                               volvió a practicar hasta
                               1948.


     1. The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis. Brit. Med. J., 1925, 2, 603-06
Antecedentes (10/Jun/1948)
                             • Dr. Charles Philamore
                               Bailey, realiza valvulotomia
                               transatrial con éxito.
                             • Pese a los reveses:
                               Procedimiento           para
                               pacientes seleccionados.




  1. The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis (mitral commissurotomy). Dis
  Chest, 1949, 15, 377-397
Antecedentes (Jun/1948)
                            • Dr. Dwight Emary Harken.
                              Realiza la primera
                              valvuloplastia.




 1. The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis. 1. Valvuloplasty. New Engl. J.
 Med., 1948, 239, 801-09.
Antecedentes
• Este primer método de                        •   Brock,
  reparación de la válvula                     •   Dubost,
  mitral fue llevado a niveles                 •   Edwards,
  óptimos por cirujanos
                                               •   Logan,
  como:
                                               •   Smithy,
                                               •   Harken, y otros.




              1. Baker C, Brock R C, Campbell M. Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis: report of
              six successful cases. Brit Med J 1950;1:1283
Antecedentes
• Con el advenimiento de la
  Prótesis valvular mitral.
• Elevada mortalidad: 20 – 30%.
  (1960-1970)
• Reparación de la válvula
  mitral:
  – Ellis, McGoon, Kay, Gerbode,
    Frater, Wooler, Paneth, y
    Carpentier.
          1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
          Berlin.
Robert, Frater.
• “The patient with a mitral prosthesis is
  a patient for life”.

                     (The Lancet, 1962)
Alain Carpentier
                                                  • Desde 1980, Carpentier,
                                                    combina la reseccion de
                                                    los velos, la anuloplastia
                                                    con anillo y cirugia en las
                                                    cuerdas tendinosas; para
                                                    la reparacion de la valvula
                                                    mitral.




1. Cardiac valve surgery--the "French correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Sep;86(3):323-37.
Plastia Mitral
• En países desarrollados: Insuficiencia mitral de
  etiología degenerativa, e isquémica.
• En países en desarrollo: Estenosis de etiología
  reumática. (Comisurotomia, o técnicas de
  corrección de valvas y reemplazo de cuerdas
  tendinosas)
• Casos crónicos con calcificación, o EI: Reemplazo.


           1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
           Berlin.
Plastia Mitral
• En pacientes pediátricos, se prefiere la cirugía
  correctiva
• Insuficiencia mitral isquémica: Debate.
• Procedimientos mínimamente invasivos.




           1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
           Berlin.
Clasificación de Carpentier. 1




1. Cardiac valve surgery--the "French correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Sep;86(3):323-37.
1. Cardiac valve surgery--the "French correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Sep;86(3):323-37.
ANULOPLASTIA MITRAL
Consideraciones prequirúrgicas
• Ecocardiografia prequirurgica para el análisis del
  mecanismo de insuficiencia.
• La selección del paciente se hace en base a:
  – Etiología de la regurgitación.
  – Morfología de la válvula, condiciones del aparato
    subvalvular y características del VI.
  – Tipo funcional de la regurgitación.



           1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
           Berlin.
Objetivos de la Cirugía
• Efecto durable de la reparación.
• Evitar generar una estenosis valvular.
• Permitir una amplia y optima coaptación de los
  velos de la válvula mitral.
• El resultado de la reparación debe ser objetivado
  inmediatamente después de despinzar aorta.



           1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
           Berlin.
Anuloplastia Mitral
                                       • Dilatación.
                                       • Reduccion de la
                                         porcion dilatada.
                                       • La anuloplastia
                                         con anillo es
                                         efectiva en tipo I.



1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
Berlin.
Anuloplastia Mitral




1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
Berlin.
Anuloplastia Mitral
                                                 •   Mitral annuloplasty
                                                     rings.
                                                 •   a. St. Jude Medical–
                                                     Seguin.
                                                 •   b. Carpentier -
                                                     Edwards Physio.
                                                 •   c. Carpentier–
                                                     Edwards (rigid).
                                                 •   d. Cosgrove–Edwards




1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
Berlin.
Anuloplastia Mitral
Adjustable annuloplasty ring St. Jude Medical–Attune and
              Puig–Massana–Shiley (top)

                                                           • This ring offers symmetrical
                                                             adjustability by pulling both
                                                             purse-string-suture ends equally
                                                             or asymmetrical adjustability by
                                                             pulling one purse-string-suture
                                                             end more than the other.




                           1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
                           Berlin.
Anuloplastia Mitral
          • The      GeoForm       ring    is
            geometrically designed to treat
            mitral regurgitation caused by
            the enlargement of the left
            ventricle.        Anteroposterior
            distance of the mitral annulus is
            reduced and the P2 zone is
            elevated in the ring.
Anuloplastia Mitral




•   A novel annuloplasty ring design, Myxo-ETlogix (Edwards), is also aimed at
    prevention of systolic anterior motion (SAM) in patients with myxomatous leaflet
    degeneration (Barlow’s disease). This ring has a significantly longer
    anteroposterior diameter and saddle-like elevation in the area of P2.

                   1. McCarthy PM, McGee EC, Rigolin VH et al. (2008) Initial clinical experience with Myxo-
                   ETlogix mitral valve repair ring. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136:73–81
Estimación del tamaño de anillo




      1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
      Berlin.
Anuloplastia




Descenso e implante de anillo protésico.

                 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
                 Berlin.
Anuloplastia semicircular (Burr)




•   This suture annuloplasty technique is simple, fast and inexpensive, preserves
    flexibility of the annulus, and durability of the result is comparable to that of ring
    implantations.

                    1. Burr LH, Krayenbuhl C, Sutton MS (1977) The mitral plication suture: a new technique of
                    mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73:589–595
Plicatura anular (Wooler)




•   Wooler repair is presently justified in occasional situations only (long duration of
    cardiopulmonary bypass in complex procedures, elderly patients, difficult exposure
    of mitral valve due to deep chest, in reoperations, etc.).


                    1. Wooler GH, Nixon PG, Grimshaw VA et al. (1962) Experiences with the repair of the mitral
                    valve in mitral incompetence. Thorax 17:49–57
Resección valvar y reparación de cuerdas tendinosas.

PROLAPSO DE VALVA
POSTERIOR
Resección cuadrangular




  1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
  Berlin.
Plastia “Sliding”




1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
Berlin.
Plicatura longitudinal de valva
      posterior (Calafiori)




     1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer.
     Berlin.
“Respect rather than resect”
         (Tabata)




                                                                        (A) A double-armed
                                                                        suture is placed
                                                                        from the tip of
                                                                        prolapsed leaflet to
                                                                        the annulus. (B) A
                                                                        suture is tied to fold
                                                                        the leaflet down.


     1. Tabata M, Ghanta RK, Shekar PS et al. (2008) Early and midterm outcomes of folding
     valvuloplasty without leaflet resection for myxomatous mitral valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg
     86:1388–1390
Movimiento anterior sistólico
                                   • SAM: “Systolic anterior
                                     motion”.
                                   • Obstrucción de TSVI +
                                     RM.
                                   • Incidencia: 5%.
                                   • Tamaño mayor a 1.5cm
                                     de altura de valva
                                     posterior.


     1. Filsoufi F, Carpentier A (2007) Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. J Thorac
     Cardiovasc Surg 134:265–266
SAM
• Factores asociados:
  –   Excesiva flexibilidad de las valvas.
  –   Tamaño excesivo de la valva posterior.
  –   Anuloplastia de anillo pequeño.
  –   VI hipertrófico.
  –   Hipertrofia del septum IV.
  –   Circulación hipercinetica.




              1. Zegdi R, Carpentier A, Doguet F et al. (2005) Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve
              repair: an exceptional cause of late failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:1453–1454
Systolic anterior motion




Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2009; 137:320-325 (DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.018 )
Copyright © 2009 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery.
1. Zegdi R, Carpentier A, Doguet F et al. (2005) Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve
repair: an exceptional cause of late failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:1453–1454.
Elliptical excision at base of anterior mitral valve leaflet (left atrial view)




                    Quigley R. L.; Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:179-182




Copyright ©2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
“Edge to edge repair” (Alfieri)




      1. Alfieri O, Bonis M de, Lapenna E et al. (2004) “Edge-to-edge” repair for anterior mitral
      leaflet prolapse. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 16:182–187
Resección valvar y reparación de cuerdas tendinosas.

PROLAPSO DE VALVA
ANTERIOR
Resección triangular




 1. Roland Fasol and Elrina Joubert-Hübner. Triangular resection of the anterior leaflet for
 repair of the mitral valve. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:381-383
Plicatura de valva anterior
        (Fundaro)




    1. Fundaro P, Moneta A, Villa E et al. (2001) Chordal plication and free edge remodeling for
    mitral anterior leaflet prolapse repair: 8-year follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 72:1515–1519
Resección valvar y reparación de cuerdas tendinosas.

CUERDAS TENDINOSAS
Acortamiento de cuerdas
       tendineas




   1. Carpentier A (1983) Cardiac valve surgery: the “French correction.” J Thorac
   Cardiovasc Surg 86:323–337
Ruptura de cuerdas tendinosas




a.   Rupture of primary chord of anterior mitral leaflet.
b.   Placement of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) suture into the
     papillary muscle (artificial chord)



               1. Fattouch K, Bianco G, Sbraga F et al. (2007) Simple, safe and easy technique to ensure
               the correct length of artificial chordae in mitral valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg 83:1902–1903
Ruptura de cuerdas tendinosas

                                     • Anchoring and securing
                                       PTFE suture at the edge
                                       of the anterior mitral
                                       leaflet.




    1. Kasegawa H, Shimokawa T, Shibazaki I et al. (2006) Mitral valve repair for anterior leaflet
    prolapse with expanded polytetrafl uoroethylene sutures. Ann Th orac Surg 81:1625–1631
Resección de cuerdas
          • Sometimes the secondary
            chordae retract the midportion of
            the anterior leaflet (“seagull-sign”
            deformation of the anterior
            leaflet on echocardiography
            examination)       and     thereby
            worsen the degree of mitral
            regurgitation. Their resection, as
            a part of mitral valve repair,
            improves the anterior leaflet
            mobility toward the coaptation
            zone
Plicatura de músculos papilares




      1. Ishikawa S, Ueda K, Kawasaki A et al. (2008) Papillary muscle sandwich plasty for
      ischemic mitral regurgitation: a new simple technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 135:1384–
      1386
Aproximación de los músculos
 papilares anterior y posterior




    1. Tanemoto K (2005) Surgical treatment of ischemic mitral valve regurgitation. Ann Thorac
    Cardiovasc Surg 11:228–231
Comisurotomía
Aumento del velo anterior con parche
          de pericardio

                                                                      •    Ring annuloplasty
                                                                           alone failed to
                                                                           correct rheumatic
                                                                           mitral insufficiency
                                                                           in all cases. AML
                                                                           augmentation
                                                                           improved the
                                                                           quality of the
                                                                           repair, and
                                                                           decreased the
                                                                           risk of
                                                                           reoperation.

       1. Acar C, Ibarra JS de, Lansac E (2004) Anterior leaflet augmentation with autologous
       pericardium for mitral repair in rheumatic valve insufficiency. J Heart Valve Dis 13:741–746
Aumento del velo anterior con parche
          de pericardio




       1. Aubert S, Flecher E, Rubin S et al. (2007) Anterior mitral leaflet augmentation with
       autologous pericardium. Ann Th orac Surg 83:1560–1561
•   The base of the anterior leaflet is           •    (1) The flat side of a ring obturator is
    detached and the length of the                     used to outline with a marker the
    incision (L) is measured. Sutures for              limits of the patch. (2) The obturator is
    prosthetic ring annuloplasty have                  flipped so as to obtain an ovoid
    been already placed.                               shape. The pericardium is then
                                                       tailored accordingly.
                   1. Aubert S, Flecher E, Rubin S et al. (2007) Anterior mitral leaflet augmentation with
                   autologous pericardium. Ann Th orac Surg 83:1560–1561
•    Prosthetic ring annuloplasty is
•    The piece of pericardium is sutured to the            performed according to a slight
    valve with a 5-0 Prolene running suture                downsizing so as to achieve a perfect
    (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) starting with the            leaflet coaptation.
    posteromedial commissure.


                      1. Aubert S, Flecher E, Rubin S et al. (2007) Anterior mitral leaflet augmentation with
                      autologous pericardium. Ann Th orac Surg 83:1560–1561
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Plastia mitral 2012

  • 1. Plastia Valvular Mitral Abel, Calloapaza Pari a1be2l@hotmail.com MR CIRUGIA DE TORAX Y CARDIOVASCULAR Septiembre 2012
  • 2. Antecedentes • W. H. Cushing. • Propone la cirugía valvular cardiaca, hace mas de 100 años.
  • 3. Antecedentes (20/May/1923) • Dr. Elliott Carr Cutler, 1923, realiza la primera valvulotomia mitral, en una paciente con estenosis valvular mitral de etiología reumática, mediante la incisión de la valva anterior de la mitral. 1. Cardiotomy and valvulotomy for mitral stenosis. Experimental observations and clinical notes concerning an operated case with recovery. Boston Med. Surg J., 1923, 188, 1023-27.
  • 4. Antecedentes (05/May/1925) • Dr. Henry S. Souttar, en Londres, 1925; realiza la primera comisurotomia mitral transatrial. • La paciente sobrevive varios años. • Este procedimiento no se volvió a practicar hasta 1948. 1. The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis. Brit. Med. J., 1925, 2, 603-06
  • 5. Antecedentes (10/Jun/1948) • Dr. Charles Philamore Bailey, realiza valvulotomia transatrial con éxito. • Pese a los reveses: Procedimiento para pacientes seleccionados. 1. The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis (mitral commissurotomy). Dis Chest, 1949, 15, 377-397
  • 6. Antecedentes (Jun/1948) • Dr. Dwight Emary Harken. Realiza la primera valvuloplastia. 1. The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis. 1. Valvuloplasty. New Engl. J. Med., 1948, 239, 801-09.
  • 7. Antecedentes • Este primer método de • Brock, reparación de la válvula • Dubost, mitral fue llevado a niveles • Edwards, óptimos por cirujanos • Logan, como: • Smithy, • Harken, y otros. 1. Baker C, Brock R C, Campbell M. Valvulotomy for mitral stenosis: report of six successful cases. Brit Med J 1950;1:1283
  • 8. Antecedentes • Con el advenimiento de la Prótesis valvular mitral. • Elevada mortalidad: 20 – 30%. (1960-1970) • Reparación de la válvula mitral: – Ellis, McGoon, Kay, Gerbode, Frater, Wooler, Paneth, y Carpentier. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 9. Robert, Frater. • “The patient with a mitral prosthesis is a patient for life”. (The Lancet, 1962)
  • 10. Alain Carpentier • Desde 1980, Carpentier, combina la reseccion de los velos, la anuloplastia con anillo y cirugia en las cuerdas tendinosas; para la reparacion de la valvula mitral. 1. Cardiac valve surgery--the "French correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Sep;86(3):323-37.
  • 11. Plastia Mitral • En países desarrollados: Insuficiencia mitral de etiología degenerativa, e isquémica. • En países en desarrollo: Estenosis de etiología reumática. (Comisurotomia, o técnicas de corrección de valvas y reemplazo de cuerdas tendinosas) • Casos crónicos con calcificación, o EI: Reemplazo. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 12. Plastia Mitral • En pacientes pediátricos, se prefiere la cirugía correctiva • Insuficiencia mitral isquémica: Debate. • Procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 13. Clasificación de Carpentier. 1 1. Cardiac valve surgery--the "French correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Sep;86(3):323-37.
  • 14. 1. Cardiac valve surgery--the "French correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Sep;86(3):323-37.
  • 16. Consideraciones prequirúrgicas • Ecocardiografia prequirurgica para el análisis del mecanismo de insuficiencia. • La selección del paciente se hace en base a: – Etiología de la regurgitación. – Morfología de la válvula, condiciones del aparato subvalvular y características del VI. – Tipo funcional de la regurgitación. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 17. Objetivos de la Cirugía • Efecto durable de la reparación. • Evitar generar una estenosis valvular. • Permitir una amplia y optima coaptación de los velos de la válvula mitral. • El resultado de la reparación debe ser objetivado inmediatamente después de despinzar aorta. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 18. Anuloplastia Mitral • Dilatación. • Reduccion de la porcion dilatada. • La anuloplastia con anillo es efectiva en tipo I. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 19. Anuloplastia Mitral 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 20. Anuloplastia Mitral • Mitral annuloplasty rings. • a. St. Jude Medical– Seguin. • b. Carpentier - Edwards Physio. • c. Carpentier– Edwards (rigid). • d. Cosgrove–Edwards 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 21. Anuloplastia Mitral Adjustable annuloplasty ring St. Jude Medical–Attune and Puig–Massana–Shiley (top) • This ring offers symmetrical adjustability by pulling both purse-string-suture ends equally or asymmetrical adjustability by pulling one purse-string-suture end more than the other. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 22. Anuloplastia Mitral • The GeoForm ring is geometrically designed to treat mitral regurgitation caused by the enlargement of the left ventricle. Anteroposterior distance of the mitral annulus is reduced and the P2 zone is elevated in the ring.
  • 23. Anuloplastia Mitral • A novel annuloplasty ring design, Myxo-ETlogix (Edwards), is also aimed at prevention of systolic anterior motion (SAM) in patients with myxomatous leaflet degeneration (Barlow’s disease). This ring has a significantly longer anteroposterior diameter and saddle-like elevation in the area of P2. 1. McCarthy PM, McGee EC, Rigolin VH et al. (2008) Initial clinical experience with Myxo- ETlogix mitral valve repair ring. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136:73–81
  • 24. Estimación del tamaño de anillo 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 25. Anuloplastia Descenso e implante de anillo protésico. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 26. Anuloplastia semicircular (Burr) • This suture annuloplasty technique is simple, fast and inexpensive, preserves flexibility of the annulus, and durability of the result is comparable to that of ring implantations. 1. Burr LH, Krayenbuhl C, Sutton MS (1977) The mitral plication suture: a new technique of mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73:589–595
  • 27. Plicatura anular (Wooler) • Wooler repair is presently justified in occasional situations only (long duration of cardiopulmonary bypass in complex procedures, elderly patients, difficult exposure of mitral valve due to deep chest, in reoperations, etc.). 1. Wooler GH, Nixon PG, Grimshaw VA et al. (1962) Experiences with the repair of the mitral valve in mitral incompetence. Thorax 17:49–57
  • 28. Resección valvar y reparación de cuerdas tendinosas. PROLAPSO DE VALVA POSTERIOR
  • 29. Resección cuadrangular 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 30. Plastia “Sliding” 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 31. Plicatura longitudinal de valva posterior (Calafiori) 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  • 32. “Respect rather than resect” (Tabata) (A) A double-armed suture is placed from the tip of prolapsed leaflet to the annulus. (B) A suture is tied to fold the leaflet down. 1. Tabata M, Ghanta RK, Shekar PS et al. (2008) Early and midterm outcomes of folding valvuloplasty without leaflet resection for myxomatous mitral valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg 86:1388–1390
  • 33. Movimiento anterior sistólico • SAM: “Systolic anterior motion”. • Obstrucción de TSVI + RM. • Incidencia: 5%. • Tamaño mayor a 1.5cm de altura de valva posterior. 1. Filsoufi F, Carpentier A (2007) Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134:265–266
  • 34. SAM • Factores asociados: – Excesiva flexibilidad de las valvas. – Tamaño excesivo de la valva posterior. – Anuloplastia de anillo pequeño. – VI hipertrófico. – Hipertrofia del septum IV. – Circulación hipercinetica. 1. Zegdi R, Carpentier A, Doguet F et al. (2005) Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair: an exceptional cause of late failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:1453–1454
  • 35. Systolic anterior motion Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2009; 137:320-325 (DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.018 ) Copyright © 2009 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery.
  • 36. 1. Zegdi R, Carpentier A, Doguet F et al. (2005) Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair: an exceptional cause of late failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:1453–1454.
  • 37. Elliptical excision at base of anterior mitral valve leaflet (left atrial view) Quigley R. L.; Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:179-182 Copyright ©2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
  • 38. “Edge to edge repair” (Alfieri) 1. Alfieri O, Bonis M de, Lapenna E et al. (2004) “Edge-to-edge” repair for anterior mitral leaflet prolapse. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 16:182–187
  • 39. Resección valvar y reparación de cuerdas tendinosas. PROLAPSO DE VALVA ANTERIOR
  • 40. Resección triangular 1. Roland Fasol and Elrina Joubert-Hübner. Triangular resection of the anterior leaflet for repair of the mitral valve. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:381-383
  • 41. Plicatura de valva anterior (Fundaro) 1. Fundaro P, Moneta A, Villa E et al. (2001) Chordal plication and free edge remodeling for mitral anterior leaflet prolapse repair: 8-year follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 72:1515–1519
  • 42. Resección valvar y reparación de cuerdas tendinosas. CUERDAS TENDINOSAS
  • 43. Acortamiento de cuerdas tendineas 1. Carpentier A (1983) Cardiac valve surgery: the “French correction.” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 86:323–337
  • 44. Ruptura de cuerdas tendinosas a. Rupture of primary chord of anterior mitral leaflet. b. Placement of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) suture into the papillary muscle (artificial chord) 1. Fattouch K, Bianco G, Sbraga F et al. (2007) Simple, safe and easy technique to ensure the correct length of artificial chordae in mitral valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg 83:1902–1903
  • 45. Ruptura de cuerdas tendinosas • Anchoring and securing PTFE suture at the edge of the anterior mitral leaflet. 1. Kasegawa H, Shimokawa T, Shibazaki I et al. (2006) Mitral valve repair for anterior leaflet prolapse with expanded polytetrafl uoroethylene sutures. Ann Th orac Surg 81:1625–1631
  • 46. Resección de cuerdas • Sometimes the secondary chordae retract the midportion of the anterior leaflet (“seagull-sign” deformation of the anterior leaflet on echocardiography examination) and thereby worsen the degree of mitral regurgitation. Their resection, as a part of mitral valve repair, improves the anterior leaflet mobility toward the coaptation zone
  • 47. Plicatura de músculos papilares 1. Ishikawa S, Ueda K, Kawasaki A et al. (2008) Papillary muscle sandwich plasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation: a new simple technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 135:1384– 1386
  • 48. Aproximación de los músculos papilares anterior y posterior 1. Tanemoto K (2005) Surgical treatment of ischemic mitral valve regurgitation. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 11:228–231
  • 50. Aumento del velo anterior con parche de pericardio • Ring annuloplasty alone failed to correct rheumatic mitral insufficiency in all cases. AML augmentation improved the quality of the repair, and decreased the risk of reoperation. 1. Acar C, Ibarra JS de, Lansac E (2004) Anterior leaflet augmentation with autologous pericardium for mitral repair in rheumatic valve insufficiency. J Heart Valve Dis 13:741–746
  • 51. Aumento del velo anterior con parche de pericardio 1. Aubert S, Flecher E, Rubin S et al. (2007) Anterior mitral leaflet augmentation with autologous pericardium. Ann Th orac Surg 83:1560–1561
  • 52. The base of the anterior leaflet is • (1) The flat side of a ring obturator is detached and the length of the used to outline with a marker the incision (L) is measured. Sutures for limits of the patch. (2) The obturator is prosthetic ring annuloplasty have flipped so as to obtain an ovoid been already placed. shape. The pericardium is then tailored accordingly. 1. Aubert S, Flecher E, Rubin S et al. (2007) Anterior mitral leaflet augmentation with autologous pericardium. Ann Th orac Surg 83:1560–1561
  • 53. Prosthetic ring annuloplasty is • The piece of pericardium is sutured to the performed according to a slight valve with a 5-0 Prolene running suture downsizing so as to achieve a perfect (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) starting with the leaflet coaptation. posteromedial commissure. 1. Aubert S, Flecher E, Rubin S et al. (2007) Anterior mitral leaflet augmentation with autologous pericardium. Ann Th orac Surg 83:1560–1561
  • 54.

Notas do Editor

  1. 1. Dominic, Zacek. 2010. Heart valve surgery: An illustrated guide. Springer. Berlin.
  2. Management of 608 patients undergoing mitral repair for degenerative mitral valve disease (myxomatous disease, leaflet prolapse, or flail), focusing on postoperative systolic anterior motion (SAM). ICU, Intensive care unit; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography.