Typical and Atypical development in Children. Typical development in children gives a generic picture of progress compared to same-age peers. Atypical development appears when a child either lags behind or jumps ahead of typical peer progress, in any regard -- physical, cognitive, social or in adaptive life skills.” (Anita Holms, 2000).
2. 01
Child Development
and its Importance
Typical and Atypical
Development
Psychological
Development Theory
Cognitive Development
Theory
02
Child Development
Theories
03
Domains of
Development
Physical
Social and Emotional
Language
Cognitive
T a b l e o f
C o n t e n t s
Stages in Child
Development
04
04 05
Infancy
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
3. This chapter intends to help you develop the
following competencies
● Identify typical and Atypical milestones
in the various stages if child
development; and
● Differentiate typical and atypical
development of children in various
stages of their development
Objectives
4. Introduction
● Have you ever wondered how
children develop? Maybe at one time
you have compared your
development with the sibling or
cousin of yours.
● Children do not grow at the same
rate at the same time. Knowing their
capabilities can help you better as
their teacher. Find out more about
their development as this chapter
focuses on the typical and atypical
development among children from
infancy to adolescence.
5. I. CHILDREN
DEVELOPMENT AND
ITS IMPORTANCE
• To ensure that a child meets his/her
development milestones, it is crucial
to observe and monitor his/her
development. For others, checking
the milestones can help detect any
difficulties at a particular stage.
• Intervention can then be given which
can help in the development of a
child. Usually, it is the parents,
teachers, and pediatricians who use
the checklists.
6. During the early 20th century, interest in child
development began, specifically, that which
focused on detecting abnormalities. Certain
theories were discovered based on this
interest to appreciate the growth that children
experience from birth to adolescence.
II. CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
7. A . Psychosocial Development
Theory of Erik Erikson
• This is an eight-stage theory that describes the changes goes
through in a lifetime. The main focus of Erikson's theory is the
conflicts or crisis on experiences through social interaction.
• Starting from birth, each person is faced with a conflict that
needs to be resolved since it has an impact on the function of
the succeeding stages. If one successfully overcomes the crisis
of each stage, a psychological virtue emerges.
Stages of Psychosocial Development
• Infant
• Toddler
• Pre-schooler
• Grade-schooler
• Teenager
• Young adult
• Middle-age adult
• Older adult
8. B. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORY OF JEAN PIAGET
• This theory is concerned with the thought processes of a person and
how they are used to understand and interact with the environment.
Piaget's theory focuses on children's intellectual development and
has four stages.
A. Sensorimotor stage -
From birth to two year old, a child's
knowledge is limited to his or her use of
senses
B. Preoperational Stage -
From two to six years old, a child learns through
the use of language. However, mental
manipulation of information does not take place
yet.
C. Concrete Operational
Stage-
From 7 to 11 years old, a child begins to think
logically and have better understanding of
mental operations. How ever, abstract
concepts are still difficult to understand.
D. Formal Operational
Stage-
From 12 years old to adulthood, a person has
the ability to think in abstract concepts.
9. C. Sociocultural Theory of
Lev Vygotsky
• This theory believes that
children learn actively through
hands on experiences
Vygotsky highlights the
importance of other people
such parents, caregivers, and
peers in the development of
children. Culture plays an
integral role as well interaction
with others allows learning to
be integrated in the child's
understanding of the world.
• This theory believes that
learning takes place
through observation And
modeling. As a child
observes the actions of
the people in his or her
environment, new
information is acquired
and new skills are
developed
D. Social Learning Theory
of Albert Bandura
10. III. TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL
DEVELOPMENT
• The development of a child usually follows a predictable
pattern There are certain skills and abilities that are
observed to gauge a child's development are called
developmental milestones Examples of these sitting.
babbling, and following directions. However, each child is
unique. With this, not all reach a milestone at the same
time, thus the terms typical and atypical development
• The term typical development refers to the normal
progression where children grow by acquiring knowledge,
skills, and behavior called developmental milestones at a
certain time frame
• Atypical development is a term used when development
does not follow the normal course. More so, a child is
developing atypically when he/she reaches a milestone
earlier or later than other children his/her age.
11. There is no clear way to identify if a child is developing typically or
atypically. However, there are three commonly accepted principles of
child development that one should look into.
Rate of
development
differs among
children
2.
Development
occurs in a
relatively orderly
process
3.
Development
takes place
gradually
1.
12. ● The developmental milestones are categorized into four domain namely, physical, social and
emotional, language, and cognitive. changes such as size and strength. The development
occurs in both gross and if motor skills.
● The development at the senses and their uses are also part of the physical domain Which is
influenced by illness and nutrition. A child's experience, expression, and management of
emotions along with the ability to establish positive relationships with others refer to the
social-emotional domain. This includes both the intrapersonal and interpersonal processes
that take place in a child.
IV. DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
● The language domain refers to the process of acquiring language in consistent order without
the need for explicit teaching from the environment Construction of thought process which
includes remembering, problem solving and decision making refers to the cognitive domain.
13. ● Stages, along with age are used as ranges to
mark significant periods in a human development
timeline. In each stage, growth and development
occur in the four domains mentioned above.
V. STAGES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT
The stages are as follows:
A. Infancy (birth to 2 years)
B. Early Childhood (3 to 8 years)
C. Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years)
D. Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
14. Pause and
Ponder
Before we go to the typical and atypical developmental
milestones. let us pause and ponder about the
following questions below.
1. Do you have a baby brother or sister? What was
he/she like while growing up?
2. When you were in grade school, what were the
similarities and differences between you and your
classmates?
3. As an adolescent, what are the changes that you
have noticed within you?
17. Typical and Atypical development during middle
childhood
Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years) is a stage that brings various changes in a child's life. Independence is a
characteristic that children in this stage asserts. Developing friendships is another milestone that is evident.
In stage, children should be given tasks to develop their sense of responsibility to further their growing
independence.
18. • Adolescence (12 to 18 years) is the period where puberty begins. By the end of this
stage, most will have completed puberty. The child is now called a teen during this
stage. The teen is becoming more vocal about his/her opinions due to the
development of a unique personality. Peer pressure, however, will be present, which is
why guidance from parents and guardians is very much needed.
19. Behaviors that are atypical
should be observed keenly
and recorded carefully. At
times, the recorded
observations might just be
isolated events with no
significant impact on later
development. However, they
might also be early warning
signs of needs. The observed
patterns will be useful to
confirm if there is such a
need.
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22. CREDITS: This presentation template was created
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infographics & images by Freepik.
Please keep this slide for attribution.
1. State the various child
development theories and
discuss each one with a partner.
Review
2. What are the various child
development theories in
relation to the different
milestones of each stage?
3. Enumerate and discuss the various
domains of development.
Reflect
