Different types of addresses in IP v4 networks:
1. Network Address
2. Broadcast Address
3. Network Address
Unicat, Multicast, and Broadcast (directed and limited) addresses.
Multicast Addresses:
1. Reserved link local addresses.
2. Globally scoped addresses.
3. Administratively scoped addresses.
Public addresses: designated for use in networks that are accessible on the Internet.
Private addresses: used for internal networks and not routable on the Internet.
Classful and classless addressing, VLSM (subnetting a subnet)
Overview of IP v6
Gen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdf
Network Fundamentals: Ch6 - Addressing the Network IP v4
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Network Fundamentals
Abdelkhalik Elsaid Mosa
abdu.elsaid@yahoo.com
http://abdelkhalik.staff.scuegypt.edu.eg/
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IP v4
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IP v4
32 Bits
255 255 255 255
Dotted Decimal Network Host
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
192 168 171 221
11000000 10101000 10101011 11011101
Maximum
Binary
Ex. Decimal
Ex. Binary
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Types of addresses in IP v4 network
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Types of addresses in IP v4 network
• Network address: The address by which we refer to the network,
all host bits are “0”.
• Broadcast address: A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network, all host bits are “1”.
• Host addresses: The addresses assigned to the end devices in the
network “values between network and broadcast”.
192 168 171 0
11000000 10101000 10101011 00000000
192 168 171 255
11000000 10101000 10101011 11111111
192 168 171 From 1 to 254
11000000 10101000 10101011 00000001 to11111110
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Types of addresses in IP v4 network
• Prefix Length: the number of bits in the address that gives us the
network portion. Ex: 192.168.171.221/24
• Subnet Mask: consists of 32 bits and uses 1s to represent
network portion and 0s to represent host portion.
Ex: 255.255.255.0
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Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast – Types of Communication
• Unicast: the process of sending a packet from one host to an
individual host “One-to-One”.
• Multicast: the process of sending a packet from one host to a
selected group of hosts “One-to-Many”.
Multicast clients: Hosts that wish to receive multicast data, and
must subscribe to a Multicast Group.
• Broadcast: the process of sending a packet from one host to all
hosts in the network “One-to-All”.
1.Directed Broadcast: is sent to all hosts on a specific network.
Ex: 192.168.171.255/24
2.Limited Broadcast: is used for communication that is limited to
the hosts on the local network. Ex: 255.255.255.255
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Reserved IP v4 address range
•Host Addresses: 0.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Within this range there are many addresses that are already
reserved for special purposes.
•Multicast Addresses (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255):
1.Reserved link local addresses: 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255.
Used for multicast groups on a local network.
2.Globally scoped addresses: 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255.
Used to multicast data across the Internet.
3.Administratively scoped addresses: 239.0.0.0/8 (limited scope).
Used by ISPs to send multicast data to their subscribers.
•Experimental Addresses: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 (RFC 3330).
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Public and Private addresses
• Public addresses: designated for use in networks that are
accessible on the Internet.
• Private addresses: used for internal networks and not routable
on the Internet.
The private address blocks are:
1. 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
2. 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
3. 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
NAT allows the hosts in the network to "borrow" a public
address for communicating to outside networks.
http://whatismyipaddress.com/
http://show-ip.net/
http://www.whatismyip.com/
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Public and Private addresses
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Special IP v4 Addresses
• Network and Broadcast Addresses:
Within each network the first and last addresses cannot be
assigned to hosts.
• Default Route: 0.0.0.0, all (0.0.0.0 /8) address block is reserved.
The default route is used as a "catch all" route when a more
specific route is not available.
• Loopback: 127.0.0.0 - to - 127.255.255.255.
Hosts use loopback to direct traffic to themselves.
• Link-Local Addresses: 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
Automatically assigned by OS where no IP config. is available.
• TEST-NET Addresses: 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0 /24).
is set aside for teaching and learning purposes.
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Special IP v4 Addresses
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Classful Addressing
Classful allocation of address space often wasted many addresses, which exhausted
the availability of IPv4 addresses. Classless Addressing solves this problem
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Fill in the information…
1. 192.168.1.3 Class ------- Default Mask: ---------------
Network: ------------------- Broadcast: -------------------
Hosts: ----------------------through-----------------------
2. 1.12.100.31 Class ------- Default Mask: ---------------
Network: ------------------- Broadcast: --------------------
Hosts: ----------------------through-----------------------
3. 172.30.77.5 Class ------- Default Mask: ---------------
Network: ------------------- Broadcast: -------------------
Hosts: ----------------------through-----------------------
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Who assigns the different addresses?
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), www.iana.net.
• IANA is the master holder of the IP addresses
• Registration companies, called Regional Internet Registries (RIRs),
manage the IP address space.
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ISPs
• Tier 1 ISPs provides reliability and speed.
• Tier 2 ISPs generally focus on business customers.
• Tier 3 ISPs is the retail and home markets in a specific locale.
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Overview of IP v6
• IPv6 is not merely a new Layer 3 protocol - it is a new protocol
suite, ICMPv6, and new routing protocols.
Large address space
No need for NAT/PAT
Improved Packet Handling through header simplification.
QoS Mechanisms.
Security
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Overview of IP v6
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ANDing- What is our network?
• The IPv4 host address is logically ANDed with its subnet mask to
determine the network address to which the host is associated.
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Basic Subnetting
• Subnetting: Creating multiple logical networks from a single
address block.
• No. of subnets: 2n where n = the number of bits borrowed.
Dividing networks based on:
1. geographic location
2. Purposes
3. ownership
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Basic Subnetting – Borrowing 2 bits (4-Subnets)
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Basic Subnetting – Borrowing 3 bits (8-Subnets)
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VLSM – Subnetting a subnet
• was designed to maximize addressing efficiency.
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Testing the local stack
• Ping: is a utility for testing IP connectivity between hosts.
Uses ICMP.
If the host Echo request, The destination responds with an
ICMP Echo Reply datagram.
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Traceroute (tracert) – Testing the path
• tracert: utility that allows us to observe the path between source
and destination.
generates a list of hops that were successfully reached along
the path.
• RTT (Round Trip Time): is the time a packet takes to reach the
remote host and for the response from the host to return.
An asterisk (*) is used to indicate a lost packet.
• If TTL=0 then
The router drops the packet and sends an ICMP Time Exceeded
message addressed to the originating host.
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ICMP v4
• ICMP is the messaging protocol for the TCP/IP suite.
• ICMP provides control and error messages and is used by the
ping and traceroute utilities.
• ICMP messages that may be sent include:
Host confirmation
Unreachable Destination or Service
0 = net unreachable, 1 = host unreachable, 2 = protocol unreachable,
3 = port unreachable
Time exceeded
Route redirection
Source quench