2. OVERVIEW
Introduction of Reference
Uses of References
Sources of References
Difference between Reference list and Bibliography
Different Styles of References Writing
Vancouver’s Reference writing from different sources.
Harvard style of References Writing.
American Psychological style
Summary
Bibliography.
3. INTRODUCTION
Referencing is the practise of acknowledging in
your own writing, the intellectual work of others;
that has been presented in some way into the
public domain.
Referencing style is a specific format for
presenting in-text references.
4. USE OF REFERENCES
To prove that substantial research has been done to
support our analysis.
Enables others to follow on our work.
Gives credit to other peoples work
Avoid charges of plagiarism
Required to support all significant statements
Used to indicate the origin of material and source for
research.
5. SOURCES OF REFERENCES
Books
Articles in journals
Websites
Newspaper Articles
Reports
Tables/Images
Video recordings
Personal communication like Letters, Email etc
6. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFERENCES LIST
AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
References list-
1) It is a list of sources we have cited in our text arranged in order they
have appeared within the text.
2) It usually put at the end of the work but can also appear as a
footnote(at the bottom of the page), or at the endnote(at the end of
each chapters).
Bibliography-
1) A separate list of resources we have consulted but not specifically
cited in our work including background reading.
2) It is arranged alphabetically by author’s surname.
7. DIFFERENT STYLES OF REFERENCE
WRITING
Vancouver style(Medical field)
Harvard style
American Psychological Association(APA)
Modern Language Association(MLA)
Chicago Manual of style
Campbell
8. VANCOUVER STYLE OF REFERENCE
WRITING
The Vancouver style/Numbered referencing style/
Uniform Requirements Style, is based on an American
National standard Institute(ANSI) standard adapted by the
National Library of Medicine(NLM) for databases such as
Pubmed.
It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by Editors of
Medical Journals.
This style is used in over 500 journals, such as British
Medical Journal, Canadian Medical Association and Journal
of American Medical Association.
9. HOW TO CITE WITHIN TEXT?
A number in the superscript format, e.g. ⁶ or enclosed in brackets(6),
placed in the text of the essay indicated relevant references.
Citations are numbered consecutively in the order in which appears in
the text.
Each citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing
publication information about the source in the reference list at the
end of the publication.
Once a source has been cited, the same number is used for all
subsequent references.
10. STANDARD FORMAT FOR CITING OF
BOOK(HARD COPY/PRINTED BOOK)
1. Author surname followed by Initial.
2. Title : Subtitle.
3. Edition if not First.
4. Place of Publication:
5. Publisher;
6. Year.
11. BOOK WITH SINGLE AUTHOR/EDITOR
Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in
biochemical. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH;2003.
Storey KB, editor. Functional metabolism:
regulation and adaptation. Hoboken(NJ):J. Wiley
& Sons; 2004.
13. STANDARD FORMAT FOR CITING JOURNAL
ARTICLES
1. Authors surname followed by initials.
2. Title of the article.
3. Title of the Journal(Abbreviated according to
style used in Medline).
4. Year of Publication;
5. Volume number( and issue/part):
6. Page number.
14. EXAMPLE
Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine
sufferers. Headache . 2005;45(6):653-6.
15. FOR MORE THAN SIX AUTHORS
Gillespie NC, Lewis RJ, Bourke ATC, Holmes MJ,
Bourke JB, Joffe JK, et al. Ciguatera in Australia:
occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and
management. Med J Aust. 1986;145:584-90.
16. ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.
Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in
participants with impaired glucose tolerance.
Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86.
17. E-BOOKS
1. Author’s surname followed by initials.
2. Title of the e-book.
3. Place:
4. Publisher;
5. Date of original publication[cited year abbreviated month
day]
6. Available from: Source.
7. URL
For example- Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R.
Clinical interviewing. 3rd ed.New York:John Wiley & Sons;
2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: NetLibrary.
18. E-JOURNALS
1. Author’s surname followed by initials.
2. Title of the Article
3. Title of the Journal
4. Year(cited year abbreviated month day]
5. Volume(Issue)
6. Page Numbers
7. Available from: name of the database
8. URL
For example- Leroy EM, Telfer P, Kumulungui B, Yaba P, et al. A
serological survey of Ebola virus infection in central Africa
nonhuman primates. J infect Dis. 2004 [cited 2005 Jun
30];190(11):1895. Available from: ProQuest,
http://www.umi.com/proquest/.
19. WRITING REFERENCES FROM NON BOOK
FORMAT
Video recording/Television Programe-
1. Name of the Person, His responsibilities.
2. Title:
3. Subtitle.
4. Special credits.
5. Place of Publication:
6. publisher;
7. Year.
For example- Hillel J, Writer. Out of sight out of mind:
indigenous people’s health in Australia. Bendigo: Video
Education Australralasia; 2003
20. HARVARD STYLE OF REFERENCE WRITING
1. Authors Name followed by its Initials.
2. Years of Publications.
3. Article Title with single quotation mark followed by full stop.
4. Name of the journal in italic form.
5. Volume followed by a comma
6. Issue number in brackets
7. Page number with comma.
For Example-
Pedda, J.(2003)’Creative writing in coventry.Journal of writing
studies.3(2),44-59.
21. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
STYLE
1. Author’s name, followed by its initials.
2. Year of publication.
3. Article title.
4. Name of Journal in italic form,
5. Volume,
6. Page number.
For example-
Alverez, A.(1970). The savage god: A study of suicide. New York: Random House.
22. SUMMARY
We can summarize that there are many standard style of
referencing, we can use any one of them.
It gives us a standard format of reference writing.
Supports/significant statements and helps to know origin
of work.
Plagiarism can be avoided.
23. Bibliography
Different style of Writing References in a Reference report
by Caryn Anderson.
Research Methodology & Biostatistics by Suresh k. Sharma.
