Mechatronics students manual 2013 reg updated

ME6712 – MECHATRONICS
OBSERVATION NOTE BOOK

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mechatronics Lab Manual By Ashok Kumar. R (AP / MECH) 2
ME6712 –
MECHATRONICS
LAB MANUAL

ME6712 – MECHATRONICS LAB
LIST OF EXERCISES
I) INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS
1) Introduction to Mechatronics.
II) PNEUMATICS
2) Operation of Single Acting Cylinder Using DCV.
3) Operation of Double Acting Cylinder Using DCV.
4) Impulse Pilot Operation of Double Acting Cylinder.
5) Controlling the Speed of the Cylinder Using Metering In Valve Circuit.
6) Controlling the Speed of the Cylinder Using Metering Out Valve Circuit.
7) Operation of Double Acting Cylinder with AND Logic Circuit.
8) Operation of Double Acting Cylinder with OR Logic Circuit.
9) Single Cycle Automation of Double Acting Cylinder Using Limit Switch.
10) Multi Cycle Automation of Double Acting Cylinder Using Limit Switch.
11) Multi Cycle Automation of Multiple Cylinders in Sequence (A+
B+
A-
B-
).
12) Multi Cycle Automation of Multiple Cylinders Using Cascading Method (A+
B+
B-
A-
).

III) ELECTROPNEUMATICS
13) Operation of Single Acting Cylinder Using Single Solenoid Valve.
14) Operation of Double Acting Cylinder Using Single Solenoid Valve.
15) Operation of Double Acting Cylinder Using Double Solenoid Valve.
16) Single Cycle Automation of Double Acting Cylinder.
17) Multi Cycle Automation of Double Acting Cylinder.
B+
A-
B-
).
B+
B-
A-
).
IV) ELECTROPNEUMATICS USING PLC
20) Actuation of Single Acting Cylinder with ON Delay Timer Using PLC.
21) Actuation of Single Acting Cylinder with OFF Delay Timer Using PLC.
22) Control of Double Acting Cylinder with UP Counter Using PLC.
23) Control of Double Acting Cylinder DOWN Counter Using PLC.
24) Operation of Single Acting Cylinder with AND Logic Using PLC.
25) Operation of Single Acting Cylinder with OR Logic Using PLC.
26) Automation of Single Acting Cylinder Using PLC.
27) Automation of Double Acting Cylinder Using PLC.
28) Automation of Multiple Cylinders in Sequence (A+
B+
A-
B-
) Using PLC.
29) Automation of Multiple Cylinders in Sequence (A+
B+
B-
A-
) Using PLC.
V) HYDRAULICS
30) Operation of Single Acting Cylinder Using Single Solenoid Valve.
31) Operation of Double Acting Cylinder Using Double Solenoid Valve.

32) Operation of Hydraulic Motor Using Double Solenoid Valve.
33) Single Cycle Automation of Double Acting Cylinder Using Electrical Switch.
34) Multi Cycle Automation of Double Acting Cylinder Using Electrical Switch.
35) Simulation of Multi Cycle Automation of Multiple Cylinders in Sequence (A+
B+
A-
B-
) Using HYDROSIM Software.
B+
B-
A-
B+
C+
A-
B-
C-
B+
B-
A-
C+
C-
VI) DESIGN AND TESTING OF FLUID POWER CIRCUITS
39) Actuation of Hydraulic Cylinder and To Find out Pressure VS Force.
40) Actuation of Hydraulic Cylinder and To Find out Speed VS Discharge.
VII) SERVO MOTOR INTERFACING
41) Open Loop and Closed Loop Interfacing in DC Servo Motor.
VIII) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROG-RAMMING OF 8085
42) 8 Bit Addition
43) 8 Bit Subtraction
44) 8 Bit Multiplication
45) 8 Bit Division

46) Traffic Light Interface
IX) STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051 MICRO
CONTROLLER
47) Stepper motor interfacing with 8051 Micro controller for clockwise rotation.
48) Stepper motor interfacing with 8051 Micro controller for anticlockwise rotation.
49) Stepper motor interfacing with 8051 Micro controller for 360˚ clockwise rotation.
50) Stepper motor interfacing with 8051 Micro controller for 360˚ anticlockwise rotation.
X) IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
57) Study of image processing techniques.
XI) ADDITIONAL CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
58) Performance of PID controller on Pressure Process.
59) Performance of PID controller on Flow Process.
60) Performance of PID controller on Temperature Process.
61) Open Loop and Closed Loop Interfacing in AC Servo Motor.
STAFF IN CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
(R.ASHOK KUMAR Asst Prof) (Dr. M. BALASUBRAMANIAN PROF/HOD)

ME6712 – MECHATRONICS LAB
SYLLABUS
 Assembly language programming of 8085 – Addition – Subtraction – Multiplication –
Division – Sorting – Code Conversion
 Stepper motor interface.
 Traffic light interface.
 Speed control of DC motor.
 Study of various types of transducers.
 Study of hydraulic, pneumatic and electro-pneumatic circuits.
 Modelling and analysis of basic hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical circuits using
Software.
 Study of PLC and its applications.
 Study of image processing technique.

INDEX
EXPT
NO
DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
PAGE
NO
SIGN
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)

EXPT
NO
PAGE
NO
SIGN
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)

EXPT
NO
PAGE
NO
SIGN
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)

EXPT
NO
PAGE
NO
SIGN
57)
58)
59)
60)
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)
70)
Signature of Lab in Charge Signature of HOD

INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS SYSTEM
EXPT NO: 1 DATE:
AIM:
To study about the important features, about Mechatronics system.
INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS SYSTEM:
Mechatronics is one of the new and existing fields on the engineering landscape,
subsuming parts of traditional engineering fields and requiring a broader approach to the
design of system that we can formally call as Mechatronics system.
Many industries improving their works through automation which is based on the inter
connection between the electronic control systems and mechanical engineering.
Such control systems generally use microprocessors as controllers and have electrical
sensors extracting information from mechanical inputs through electrical actuators to
mechanical systems.
This can be considered to be application of computer based digital control techniques
through electronic and electric interfaces to mechanical engineering problems. Successful
design of Mechatronics can lead to products that are extremely attractive to customer in quality
cost-effectiveness.
MECHATRONICS DEFINITION:
Mechatronics may be defined as a multi-disciplinary field of study that implies the
synergistic integration of electronic engineering, electric engineering, control engineering

and computer technology with mechanical engineering for the design, manufacture, analysis
and maintenance of a wide range of engineering products and processes.
“Mechatronics brings together areas of technology involving sensors and measurement
systems, drive and actuation systems, analysis of the behavior of systems microprocessor
systems”.
The integration across the traditional boundaries of mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, electronics and control engineering has to occur at the earliest stages of the design
process if cheaper, more reliable; more flexible systems are to be developed.
APPLICATIONS OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING:
Mechatronics engineering finds application in the following fields.
 Electronic home appliances
 Electronic entertainment products
 Engine systems (cars)
 Large scale application

Schematic Layout of Hydraulic System

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:
Reservoir (or air tank):
A reservoir is an oil supply tank. It is provided to hold the hydraulic liquid
(usually oil).
Pump:
The pump is used to force the liquid into the system.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the pump.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control liquid direction, pressure, and flow rate.
Actuator:
An actuator is provided to convert the liquid energy into mechanical force or torque
to do useful work. The actuator is the actual working element of the system. The actuators
can be either cylinders (to provide linear motion) or hydro motors (to provide rotary
motion).
Fluid-transfer piping:
The hydraulic Piping is provided to carry the compressed liquid from one place to
another.

Schematic Layout of Pneumatic System

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:
Reservoir (or air tank):
An air tank is provided to store the compressed air required for the operations.
Compressor:
The compressor is used to compress the atmospheric air so as to increase the pressure
of the air.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the compressor.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control air direction, pressure, and flow rate.
Actuator:
An actuator is provided to convert the air energy into mechanical force or torque to
do useful work.
Fluid-transfer piping:
Piping is provided to carry the compressed air from one place to another.

BASIC SYMBOLS USED IN HYDRAULIS AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:
Symbols Description
LINES
-continuous line - flow line
-dashed line - pilot, drain
-envelope - long and short dashes around two or more
component symbols
CIRCULAR
-large circle - pump, motor
-small circle - Measuring devices
-semi-circle - rotary actuator
SQUARE
-one square - pressure control function
-two or three adjacent squares - directional control
DIAMOND
-diamond - Fluid conditioner (filter, separator,
lubricator, heat exchanger)
MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS
-Spring
-Flow Restriction
TRIANGLE
-solid - Direction of Hydraulic Fluid Flow
-open - Direction of Pneumatic flow
PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS
Fixed Displacement Hydraulic Pump
-unidirectional
-bidirectional
Variable Displacement Hydraulic Pump
-unidirectional
Compressor
-Compressor

Symbols Description
MOTORS
Fixed Displacement Hydraulic Motor
-unidirectional
-bidirectional
Variable Displacement Hydraulic Motor
-unidirectional
-bidirectional
Pneumatic Motor
-unidirectional
-bidirectional
Rotary Actuator
- hydraulic
- pneumatic
CYLINDERS
Single Acting Cylinder
-returned by external force
-returned by spring or extended by spring force
Double Acting Cylinders
-single piston rod (fluid required to extend and retract)
-double ended piston rod
Cylinders With Cushions
- single fixed cushion
- double fixed cushion
- single adjustable cushion
- double adjustable cushion

Symbols Description
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
Directional Control Valve (2 Ports / 2 Positions)
-Normally closed directional control valve with 2 ports
and 2 finite positions.
-Normally open directional control valve with 2 ports
-Normally closed directional control valve with 3 ports
-Normally open directional control valve with 3 ports
-directional control valve with 4 ports and 2 finite
positions
positions
*-(center position can have various flow paths)
Directional Control Valve (5 Ports / 2 Positions) Normally A Pneumatic Valve
positions
Directional Control Valve (5 Ports / 3 Positions) Normally A Pneumatic Valve
positions
CONTROL METHODS
Manual Control
-general symbol (without showing the control type)
-pushbutton
-lever
-foot pedal
Mechanical Control
-plunger or tracer
-spring

Symbols Description
-roller
-roller(one direction only)
Electrical Control
-Solenoid (the one winding)
Pilot Operation
-pneumatic
-hydraulic
Pilot Operated Two-Stage Valve
-Pneumatic: Sol first stage
-Pneumatic: Air pilot second stage
-Hydraulic: Sol first stage
-Hydraulic: Hyd pilot second stage
CHECK VALVES, SHUTTLE VALVES, RAPID EXHAUST VALVES
-check valve -free flow one direction, blocked flow in
other direction
-pilot operated check valve, pilot to close
-pilot operated check valve, pilot to open
Shuttle Valve
-to isolate one part of a system from an alternate part
of circuit
Rapid Exhaust Valve/Pneumatic
-installed close to an actuator for rapid movement of
the actuator
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
Pressure Relief Valve(Safety Valve) Normally Closed
- Line pressure is limited to the setting of the valve,
secondary part is directed to tank

Symbols Description
Proportional Pressure Relief
- line pressure is limited to and proportional to an
electronic signal
Sequence Valve
- When the line pressure reaches the setting of the valve, valve
opens permitting flow to the secondary port. The pilot must be
externally drained to tank.
Pressure Reducing Valve
- pressure downstream of valve is limited to the setting
of the valve
FLOW CONTROL VALVES
Throttle valve
-adjustable output flow
Flow Control Valve
-with fixed output (variations in inlet pressure do not
affect rate of flow)
-with fixed output and relief port to reservoir with
relief for excess flow (variations in inlet pressure do
not affect rate of flow)
-with variable output
-fixed orifice
-metered flow toward right free flow to left
-pressure compensated flow control fixed output flow
regardless of load
-pressure and temperature compensated
-with variable output and relief port to reservoir
Flow Dividing Valve
-flow is divided equally to two outputs
SHUT-OFF VALVE
-Simplified symbol

Symbols Description
FILTERS, WATER TRAPS, LUBRICATORS AND MISCELLANEOUS
APPARATUS
Filter or Strainer
-filter
Water Trap
-with manual drain
-with automatic drained
Filter With Water Trap
-with manual drain
-automatic drain
Air Dryer
- refrigerant, or chemical removal of water from compressed air
line
Lubricator
-oil vapor is indected into air line
Conditioning unit
-compound symbol of filter, regulator, lubricator unit
-Simplified Symbol
RESULT:
Thus the important feature Mechatronics system was studied.

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DCV
EXPT NO: 2 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a single acting cylinder using the Directional Control Valve (DCV)
in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 FLUIDSIM Software
 Single Acting Cylinder
 3/2 Push Button Spring Return DCV
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
 Draw the circuit in FLUIDSIM software and check the connections.
 Connect the FRL unit to the main air supply.
 The various components are connected as per circuit.
 Block the valve openings if necessary.
 Check the leakage of air supply and correct it.
 Open the valve and operate the cylinder.
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder was operated using DCV in Pneumatic Trainer
Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DCV
EXPT NO: 3 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using the Directional Control Valve (DCV) in
Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Double Acting Cylinder
 5/2 Hand Levered Spring Return DCV
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder was operated using DCV in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

IMPLUSE PILOT OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
EXPT NO: 4 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using an impulse pilot valve in Pneumatic Trainer
Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Hand Levered Spring Return DCV
 5/2 Pilot Operated Spring Return DCV
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder was operated using an impulse pilot valve in

NORMAL POSITION

CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF THE CYLINDER USING METERING
IN VALVE CIRCUIT
EXPT NO: 5 DATE:
AIM:
To control the speed of double acting cylinder using Metering In valve circuit in
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 One Way Flow Control Valve
 5/2 Push Button & Spring Return DCV
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the speed of double acting cylinder was controlled using Metering In valve
circuit in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF THE CYLINDER USING
METERING OUT VALVE CIRCUIT
EXPT NO: 6 DATE:
AIM:
To control the speed of double acting cylinder using Metering Out valve circuit in
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Flow Control Valve
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the speed of double acting cylinder was controlled using Metering Out valve
circuit in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH AND LOGIC
CIRCUIT
EXPT NO: 7 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using AND logic circuit in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 5/2 Pilot Operated & Spring Returned DCV
 3/2 Push Button & Spring Returned DCV
 Two Pressure Valve
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder using AND logic circuit was operated in Pneumatic
Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH OR LOGIC
CIRCUIT
EXPT NO: 8 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using OR logic circuit in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 5/2 Pilot Operated & Spring Returned DCV
 3/2 Push Button & Spring Returned DCV
 Shuttle Valve
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder using OR logic circuit was operated in Pneumatic
Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING LIMIT SWITCH
EXPT NO: 9 DATE:
AIM:
To operate automatic operation of a double acting cylinder in a single cycle using
limit switch in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Roller Operated & Spring Return DCV
 5/2 Pilot Operated DCV
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the single cycle automation of double acting cylinder was operated by using
limit switch in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING LIMIT SWITCH
EXPT NO: 10 DATE:
AIM:
To operate automatic operation of a double acting cylinder in a multi cycle using limit
switch in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Roller Operated & Spring Return DCV
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the multi cycle automation of double acting cylinder was operated by using limit
switch in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE CYLINDERS IN
SEQUENCE (A+
B+
A-
B-
)
EXPT NO: 11 DATE:
AIM:
To operate multi cycle automation of multiple cylinders in sequence (A+
B+
A-
B-
) in
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Roller Operated Spring Return DCV
 3/2 Emergency Stop DCV
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the multi cycle automation of multiple cylinders was operated sequence (A+
B+
A-
B-
) in Pneumatic Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE CYLINDERS USING
CASCADING METHOD (A+
B+
B-
A-
)
EXPT NO: 12 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a multi cycle automation of multiple cylinders in cascading method
(A+
B+
B-
A-
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the multi cycle automation of multiple cylinders was operated by cascading
method (A+
B+
B-
A-

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING SINGLE
SOLENOID VALVE
EXPT NO: 13 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a single acting cylinder using the single solenoid valve in Electro
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 3/2 Solenoid Operated Spring
Return Valve
 FRL Unit
 Compressor
 Electrical connections
 Push Button
 Input / Output Relay Box
 Make Switch
 Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
 Connect the electrical circuit as per ladder diagram.
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder was operated using single solenoid valve in Electro

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING SINGLE
SOLENOID VALVE
EXPT NO: 14 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using the single solenoid valve in Electro
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FLUIDSIM Software
Single Acting Cylinder
5/2 Solenoid Operated Spring
Return DCV
FRL Unit
Compressor
Electrical connections
Push Button
Input / Output Relay Box
Make Switch
Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
Draw the circuit in FLUIDSIM software and check the connections.
Connect the FRL unit to the main air supply.
The various components are connected as per circuit.
Block the valve openings if necessary.
Check the leakage of air supply and correct it.
Connect the electrical circuit as per ladder diagram.
Open the valve and operate the cylinder.
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder was operated using single solenoid valve in Electro

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DOUBLE
SOLENOID VALVE
EXPT NO: 15 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using the double solenoid valve in Electro
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
5/2 Solenoid Operated DCV
FRL Unit
Compressor
Push Button
Make Switch
Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder was operated using double solenoid valve in Electro

NORMAL POSITION

USING ELECTRICAL SWITCH
EXPT NO: 16 DATE:
AIM:
electrical switch in Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FRL Unit
Compressor
Push Button
Make Switch
Valve Solenoid
Electrical Sensor Switch
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:

NORMAL POSITION

EXPT NO: 17 DATE:
AIM:
To operate automatic operation of a double acting cylinder in a multi cycle using
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FRL Unit
Compressor
Push Button
Make Switch
Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the multi cycle automation of double acting cylinder was operated by using

NORMAL POSITION

SEQUENCE (A+
B+
A-
B-
) USING ELECTROPNEUMATIC KIT
EXPT NO: 18 DATE:
AIM:
To operate multi cycle automation of multiple cylinders in sequences (A+
B+
A-
B-
) in
Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FRL Unit
Compressor
Push Button
Make Switch
Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
B+
A-
B-
) in Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

SEQUENCE (A+
B+
B-
A-
) USING ELECTROPNEUMATIC KIT
EXPT NO: 19 DATE:
AIM:
To operate multi cycle automation of multiple cylinders in sequences (A+
B+
B-
A-
) in
Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FRL Unit
Compressor
Push Button
Make Switch
Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
B+
B-
A-
) in Electro Pneumatic Trainer Kit.

NORMAL POSITION

ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH ON DELAY
TIMER USING PLC
EXPT NO: 20 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate the single acting cylinder with ON Delay Timer using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 3/2 Solenoid Operated DCV
 Single Acting Cylinder
 PLC
 Versa Pro Software.
PROCEDURE:
 Connect the pneumatic as per circuit diagram.
 Provide +24V and –24V from PLC trainer to panel.
 Open the versa pro software in desktop.
 Interface PLC with PC using RS232 cable.
 Draw the ladder diagram.
 Output of PLC (Q1) is direct connecting to input of solenoid coil.
 Following the opening procedure of versa pro software.
 Check the ladder diagram.
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit.
 Run the PLC.
 Sometimes delay the cylinder should be activated.
RESULT:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder with ON Delay Timer was done using
PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH OFF DELAY
TIMER USING PLC
EXPT NO: 21 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate the single acting cylinder with OFF Delay Timer using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Draw a ladder diagram.
 Run the PLC.
 Sometimes delay the cylinder should be activated.
RESULT:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder with OFF Delay Timer was done using
PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

CONTROL OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH UP COUNTER
USING PLC
EXPT NO: 22 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate the double acting cylinder with UP Counter using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Run the PLC.
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder is actuated with UP Counter using PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

CONTROL OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH DOWN
COUNTER USING PLC
EXPT NO: 23 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate the double acting cylinder with DOWN Counter using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Run the PLC.
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder is actuated with DOWN Counter using PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH AND LOGIC
USING PLC
EXPT NO: 24 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate the single acting cylinder with AND logic using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Run the PLC.
 When two inputs (1i, 2i) are high, the output is high.
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder is actuated with AND logic using PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH OR LOGIC
USING PLC
EXPT NO: 25 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate the single acting cylinder with OR logic using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Run the PLC.
 When any one input (1i, 2i) is high, the output is high
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder is actuated with OR logic using PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

AUTOMATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING PLC
EXPT NO: 26 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate the automatic sequence of single acting cylinder using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 Double Acting Cylinder
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Run the PLC.
 Observe the working of single acting cylinder is automatic reciprocating.
RESULT:
Thus the automation of single acting cylinder is done by using PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

AUTOMATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING PLC
EXPT NO: 27 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate the automatic sequence of double acting cylinder using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 Flow Control Valve
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Both Outputs of PLC (Q1 and Q2) are direct connecting to inputs of solenoid coils.
 Run the PLC.
 Observe the working of double acting cylinder is automatic reciprocating.
RESULT:
Thus the automation of double acting cylinder is done by using PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE CYLINDERS IN SEQUENCE
(A+
B+
A-
B-
) USING PLC
EXPT NO: 28 DATE:
AIM:
B+
A-
B-
) using
PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Open the versa pro software in desktop. Interface PLC with PC using RS232 cable.
 Both Outputs of PLC (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) are direct connecting to inputs of solenoid
coils.
 Following the opening procedure of versa pro software. Check the ladder diagram.
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit. Run the PLC.
 Observe the working of double acting cylinder is automatic reciprocating using the
circuit A+
B+
A-
B-
.
RESULT:
Thus the multi cycle automation of multiple cylinders is operated in sequence (A+
B+
A-
B-
) using PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE CYLINDERS IN SEQUENCE
(A+
B+
B-
A-
) USING PLC
EXPT NO: 29 DATE:
AIM:
B+
B-
A-
)
using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compressor
 FRL Unit
 PLC
PROCEDURE:
 Open the versa pro software in desktop. Interface PLC with PC using RS232 cable.
 Both Outputs of PLC (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) are direct connecting to inputs of solenoid
coils.
 Following the opening procedure of versa pro software. Check the ladder diagram.
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit. Run the PLC.
 Observe the working of double acting cylinder is automatic reciprocating using the
circuit A+
B+
B-
A-
.
RESULT:
Thus the single cycle automation of multiple cylinders is operated in sequence (A+
B+
B-
A-
) using PLC.

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING SINGLE
SOLENOID VALVE
EXPT NO: 30 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a single acting cylinder using single solenoid valve in Hydraulic Trainer
Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 HYDROSIM Software
 3/2 Solenoid Operated & Spring
Returned DCV
 Pump
 Push Button
 Make Switch
 Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
 Draw the circuit in HYDROSIM software and check the connections.
 Check the leakage and correct it.
RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder was operated using single solenoid valve in Hydraulic
Trainer Kit

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING DOUBLE
SOLENOID VALVE
EXPT NO: 31 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a double acting cylinder using double solenoid valve in Hydraulic Trainer
Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 4/3 Solenoid Operated DCV
 Pump
 Push Button
 Make Switch
 Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder was operated using double solenoid valve in
Hydraulic Trainer Kit

NORMAL POSITION

OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC MOTOR USING DOUBLE SOLENOID
VALVE
EXPT NO: 32 DATE:
AIM:
To operate a hydraulic motor using double solenoid valve in Hydraulic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Hydraulic Motor
 4/3 Solenoid operated DCV
 Pump
 Push Button
 Make Switch
 Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
 Open the valve and operate the motor.
RESULT:
Thus the hydraulic motor was operated using double solenoid valve in Hydraulic
Trainer Kit

NORMAL POSITION

EXPT NO: 33 DATE:
AIM:
electrical switch in Hydraulic Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Pump
 Push Button
 Make Switch
 Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:

NORMAL POSITION

USING LIMIT SWITCH
EXPT NO: 34 DATE:
AIM:
To operate automatic operation of a double acting cylinder in a multi cycle using
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Pump
 Push Button
 Make Switch
 Valve Solenoid
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the multi cycle automation of double acting cylinder was operated by using

NORMAL POSITION

SIMULATION OF MULTI CYCLE AUTOMATION OF MULTIPLE
CYLINDERS IN SEQUENCE (A+
B+
A-
B-
) USING HYDROSIM
SOFTWARE
EXPT NO: 35 DATE:
AIM:
To simulate a Multi Cycle Automation of Multiple Cylinders in Sequence (A+
B+
A-
B-
) using
HYDROSIM software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Pump
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the Simulation of Multi Cycle Automation of Multiple Cylinders in Sequence (A+
B+
A-
B-
)
Using HYDROSIM Software was done.

NORMAL POSITION

B+
B-
A-
) USING HYDROSIM
SOFTWARE
EXPT NO: 36 DATE:
AIM:
B+
B-
A-
) using
HYDROSIM Software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Pump
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
B+
B-
A-
)
Using HYDROSIM Software was done.

NORMAL POSITION

B+
C+
A-
B-
C-
) USING HYDROSIM
SOFTWARE
EXPT NO: 37 DATE:
AIM:
B+
C+
A-
B-
C-
) using
HYDROSIM Software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Pump
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
B+
C+
A-
B-
C-
) Using HYDROSIM Software was done.

NORMAL POSITION

B+
B-
A-
C+
C-
) USING HYDROSIM
SOFTWARE
EXPT NO: 38 DATE:
AIM:
B+
B-
A-
C+
C-
) using
HYDROSIM Software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Pump
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
B+
B-
A-
C+
C-
) Using HYDROSIM Software was done.

HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT

ACTUATION OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER AND TO FIND OUT
PRESSURE VS FORCE
EXPT NO: 39 DATE:
AIM:
To actuate the hydraulic cylinder and find out the Pressure VS Force.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Oil Tank
 Single – Phase Motor
 Gear Pump
 Pressure Relief Valve
 4/3 Double Solenoid Valve
 Load Cell
 Data Actuation Card than Lab View Software.
FORMULA:
P = F / A
A = ( π / 4) * D2
P Pressure Kg/cm2
F Force Kg
A Area cm2
D Diameter of Cylinder cm
Cylinder diameter = 50mm
Cylinder rod diameter = 30mm
Cylinder stroke length = 150mm

TABULATION:
S.No
Pressure
Kg/cm2
Displayed Force
Kg
Calculated Force
Kg
% of Error
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
MODEL CALCULATION:

Error = Displayed Force – Calculated Force / Displayed Force
% of Error = Error * 100
PROCEDURE:
 Switch on the electrical power supply with motor.
 Switch on the power supply to the control unit.
 Open the lab view software in the system.
 Inter face hydraulic trainer with system using RS-232.
 Open the force. Go to operate, click the run. Than power on (below).
 Now extend the system by pressing the up button.
 Load cell indicate the force value in the monitor.
 Now adjust the pressure regulator and set the maximum pressure as 25kg/cm2
.
 Retract the cylinder.
 Once again forward the cylinder; you have adjusted the pressure in pressure regulator.
 You have seen the force value in monitoring.
 Repeat the force value for different pressure.
GRAPH:
Pressure VS Force

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
The actuation of double acting cylinder was carried out and the curve between
pressure and force is been obtained.

HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT

ACTUATION OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER AND TO FIND OUT
SPEED VS DISCHARGE
EXPT NO: 40 DATE:
AIM:
To actuate the hydraulic cylinder and find out the Speed VS Discharge
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Oil Tank
 Single – Phase Motor
 Gear Pump
 Pressure Relief Valve
 4/3 Double Solenoid Valve
 Load Cell
 Data Actuation Card than Lab View Software.
FORMULA:
V = Q / A
Flow = Discharge
V = F / A
F = V * A
A = ( π / 4) * D2
V Velocity cm / sec
Q Discharge liters / sec
F Flow liters / sec
A Area cm2

TABULATION:
S.No
Velocity in
UP
Speed
cm / sec
Velocity in
DOWN
Speed
cm / sec
Discharge in
UP
Flow
Liters / sec
Discharge in
DOWN
Flow
Liters / sec
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
MODEL CALCULATION:

D Diameter of Cylinder cm
Cylinder diameter = 50mm
Cylinder rod diameter = 30mm
Cylinder stroke length = 150mm
PROCEDURE:
 Switch on the electrical power supply with motor.
 Switch on the power supply to the control unit.
 Open the lab view software in the system.
 Inter face hydraulic trainer with system using RS-232.
 Open the Speed. Go to operate, click the run. Than power on (below).
 Now extend the system by pressing the up button.
 Now regulate the flow control valve, contract the system by pressing down position.
After seen monitor in velocity cm/sec.
 Now adjust the flow control valves and set the maximum flow, to find the up and
velocity.
 Repeat the force value for different pressure.
GRAPH:
Speed VS Discharge

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
The actuation of double acting cylinder was carried out and the curve between speed
and discharge is been obtained.

OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP INTERFACING IN DC SERVO
MOTOR
EXPT NO: 41 DATE:
AIM:
To study the DC servo motor speed control using open loop and closed loop interfacing
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 DC Servo Motor
 PEC16M7 Module
 Micro-4011 kit
 34-pin FRC cable
 RS-232 cable
 15 pin connector
PROCEDURE:
 Switch ON power supply of the PEC16M7 module, Micro-4011and DC Motor.
 Switch ON the 12V DC ON/OFF switch.
 Switch ON the power ON/OFF switch in the PEC16M7 module.
 Press the reset switch in the PEC16M7 module and Micro-4011.
 LCD in the Micro-4011 displays as follows with a delay of few seconds.
 Select speed control.
 Select open loop.
 Set the duty cycle between (50 - 98) %
 Now the motor will start to run corresponding to the duty cycle.
 Then press the reset button.
 Add the load to the loading area and note down the speed in tabular column.

TABULATION:
S.No Load (Kg) Speed (Rpm)
OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

 Press reset button and select the closed loop.
 Select PID control
 Then set the speed of the motor
 Add the load to the loading area and note down the speed in tabular column.
GRAPH:
OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
Load VS Speed
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
Load VS Speed
RESULT:
Thus the DC servo motor speed control using open loop and closed loop interfacing was
done and the characteristics curves are obtained.

ADDITION OF THE TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
EXPT NO: 42 DATE:
AIM:
To write an assembly language for adding two 8 bit numbers by using microprocessor
kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 8085 Micro Controller Kit
ALGORITHM:
Step 1 : Start the microprocessor
Step 2 : Initialize the carry as ‘Zero’
Step 3 : Load the first 8 bit data into the accumulator
Step 4 : Copy the contents of accumulator into the register ‘B’
Step 5 : Load the second 8 bit data into the accumulator.
Step 6 : Add the 2 - 8 bit data’s and check for carry.
Step 7 : Jump on if no carry
Step 8 : Increment carry if there is a carry
Step 9 : Store the added request in accumulator
Step 10 : Move the carry value to accumulator
Step 11 : Store the carry value in accumulator
Step 12 : Stop the program execution.

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS OP CODE COMMENTS
4100 MVI C,00 0E 00 Initialize the carry as zero
4102 LDA 4300 3A 00 43 Load the first 8 bit data
4105 MOV, B,A 47
Copy the value of 8 bit data
into register B
4106 LDA 4301 3A 01 43
Load the second 8 bit data into
the accumulator
4109 ADD B 80 Add the two values
410A Loop JNC D2 0E 41 Jump on if no carry
410D INR C 0C
If carry is there increment it by
one
410E Loop STA 4302 32 02 43
Store the added value in the
accumulator
4111 MOV A,C 79
Move the value of carry to the
accumulator from register C
4112 STA 4303 32 03 43
Store the value of carry in
accumulator
4115 HLT 76 Stop the program execution
CALCULATION:

INPUT WITHOUT CARRY:
INPUT ADDRESS VALUE
4300 04
4301 02
INPUT WITH CARRY:
INPUT ADDRESS VALUE
4300 FF
4301 FF
OUTPUT WITHOUT CARRY:
OUTPUT ADDRESS VALUE
4302 06
4303 00 (CARRY)
OUTPUT WITH CARRY:
4302 FE
4303 01 (CARRY)
RESULT:
The assembly language program for 8 bit addition of two numbers was executed
successfully by using 8085 micro processing kit.

SUBTRACTION OF THE TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
EXPT NO: 43 DATE:
AIM:
To write an assembly language for subtracting two 8 bit numbers by using
microprocessor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
ALGORITHM:
Step 2 : Initialize the carry as ‘Zero’
Step 3 : Load the first 8 bit data into the accumulator
Step 4 : Copy the contents of accumulator into the register ‘B’
Step 5 : Load the second 8 bit data into the accumulator.
Step 6 : Add the 2 - 8 bit data’s and check for borrow.
Step 7 : Jump on if no borrow
Step 8 : Increment borrow if there is
Step 9 : 2’s compliment of accumulator is found out
Step 10 : Store the result in accumulator
Step 11 : Move the borrow value from ‘C’ to accumulator
Step 12 : Store the borrow value in accumulator
Step 13 : Stop the program execution.

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
4102 LDA 4300 3A 00 43 Load the first 8 bit data
4105 MOV, B,A 47 Copy the value of 8 bit data
into register B
4106 LDA 4301 3A 01 43 Load the second 8 bit data into
the accumulator
4109 SUB B 90 Add the two values
410A Loop JNC D2 0E 41 Jump on if no carry
410D INR C 0C If carry is there increment it by
one
410E Loop CMA 2F Compliment of 2nd
data
410F ADI, 01 C6 01 Add one to 1’s compliment of
2nd
data
4111 STA 4302 32 02 43 Store the result in accumulator
4114 MOV A,C 79
Move the value of borrow to
the accumulator from register
C
4115 STA 4303 32 03 43 Store the value of carry in
accumulator

INPUT WITHOUT BORROW:
INPUT ADDRESS VALUE
4300 05
4301 07
INPUT WITH BORROW:
INPUT ADDRESS VALUE
4300 07
4301 05
OUTPUT WITHOUT BORROW:
4302 02
4303 00 (BORROW)
OUTPUT WITH BORROW:
4302 02
4303 01 (BORROW)
RESULT:
The assembly language program for 8 bit subtraction of two numbers was executed

MULTIPLICATION OF THE TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
EXPT NO: 44 DATE:
AIM:
To write an assembly language for multiplication two 8 bit numbers by using
microprocessor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
ALGORITHM:
Step 2 : Get the 1st
8 bit number
Step 3 : Move the 1st
8 bit number to register ‘B’
Step 4 : Get the 2nd
8 bit number
Step 5 : Move the 2nd
8 bit number to register ‘C’
Step 6 : Initialize the accumulator as zero
Step 7 : Initialize the carry as zero
Step 8 : Add both register ‘B’ value as accumulator
Step 9 : Jump on if no carry
Step 10 : Increment carry by 1 if there is
Step 11 : Decrement the 2nd
value and repeat from step 8, till the 2nd
value
becomes zero
Step 12 : Store the multiplied value in accumulator
Step 13 : Move the carry value to accumulator
Step 14 : Store the carry value in accumulator
Step 15 : Stop the program execution

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
4102 LDA 4500 3A 00 45 Load the first 8 bit number
4105 MOV B, A 47
Move the 1st
8 bit data to
register ‘B’
4106 LDA 4501 3A 01 45 Load the 2nd
8 it number
4109 MOV C, A 4F
Move the 2nd
8 bit data to
register ‘C’
410A MVI A, 00 3E 00
Initialize the accumulator as
zero
410C MVI D, 00 16 00 Initialize the carry as zero
410E ADD B 80
Add the contents of ‘B’ and
accumulator
410F JNC D2 11 41 Jump if no carry
4112 INR D 14 Increment carry if there is
4113 DCR C OD Decrement the value ‘C’
4114 JNZ C2 0C 41 Jump if number zero
411A MOV A, D 7A
Move the carry into
accumulator
411B STA 4503 32 03 45 Store the result in accumulator
411E HLT 76 Stop the program execution

INPUT:
INPUT ADDRESS VALUE
4500 04
4501 02
OUTPUT:
4502 08
4503 00
RESULT:
The assembly language program for 8 bit multiplication of two numbers was executed

DIVISION OF THE TWO 8 BIT NUMBERS
EXPT NO: 45 DATE:
AIM:
To write an assembly language for division two 8 bit numbers by using microprocessor
kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
ALGORITHM:
Step 2 : Initialize the quotient as zero
Step 3 : Get the 1st
8 bit number
Step 4 : Move the 1st
8 bit number to register ‘B’
Step 5 : Get the 2nd
8 bit number
Step 6 : Compare both values
Step 7 : Jump if divisor is greater than the dividend
Step 8 : Subtract the dividend value by divisor value
Step 9 : Increment Quotient
Step 10 : Jump to step 7, till the dividend becomes zero
Step 11 : Store the result (Quotient) value in accumulator
Step 12 : Move the remainder value to accumulator
Step 13 : Store the result in accumulator
Step 14 : Stop the program execution

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
4100 MVI C,00 0E 00 Initialize the Quotient as zero
4102 LDA 4500 3A 00 45 Load the first 8 bit number
4105 MOV B, A 47
Copy the 1st
8 bit data to
register ‘B’
4106 LDA 4501 3A 01 45 Load the 2nd
8 it number
4109 CMP B B8 Compare the 2 values
410A JC (LDP) DA 12 41 Jump if dividend lesser than
divisor
410D LOOP 1 SUB B 90 Subtract the 1st
value by 2nd
value
410E INR C 0C Increment Quotient (410D)
410F JMP (LDP, 41) C3 0D 41 Jump to Loop 1 till the value
of dividend becomes zero
4112 LOOP 2 STA 4502 32 02 45 Store the value in accumulator
4115 MOV A,C 79 Move the value of remainder
to accumulator
1001
Subtraction 10 – I
111
10 – II
101
10 – III
11
10 – IV
1
–
Carry
Quotient 4
Carry 1

INPUT:
INPUT ADDRESS VALUE
4500 09
4501 02
OUTPUT:
4502 04 (Quotient)
4503 01 (Reminder)
RESULT:
The assembly language program for 8 bit division of two numbers was executed

TRAFFIC LIGHT INTERFACE
EXPT NO: 46 DATE:
AIM:
To write an assembly language for controlling the traffic light interface by using
microprocessor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Traffic light interface kit
PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS OP CODE
4100 START LXI H, DATA 21 00 45
4103 MVI C, 0C 0E 0C
4105 MOV A, M 7E
4106 OUT CNT D3 0F
4108 INX H 23
4109 LOOP 1 MOV A, M 7E
410A OUT APRT D3 0C
410C INX H 23
410D MOV A, M 7E
410E OUT BPRT D3 0D
4110 CALL DELAY CD 1B 41
4113 INX H 23
4114 DCR C 0D
4115 JNZ LOOP 1 C2 09 41
4118 JMP START C3 00 41

MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS OP CODE
411B DELAY PUSH B C5
411C MVI C, 05 0E 05
411E LOOP 3 LXI D, FFFF 11 FF FF
4121 LOOP 2 DCX D 1B
4122 MOV A, D 7A
4123 ORA E B3
4124 JNZ LOOP 2 C2 21 41
4127 DCR C 0D
4128 JNZ LOOP 3 C2 1E 41
412B POP B C1
412C RET C9

INPUT:
INPUT ADDRESS VALUE
4500 80 1A A1 64
4504 A4 81 5A 64
4508 54 8A B1 A8
450C B4 88 DA 68
4510 D8 1A E8 46
4514 E8 83 78 86 74
RESULT:
The assembly language program for traffic light interface was executed successfully by
using 8085 micro processing kit.

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #FF 7C FF
4102 START MOV DPTR, # LOOK UP 90 41 14
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4107 JO MOVX A, @DPTR E0
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
410C MOV DPTR, #FFCOH 90 FF C0
410F MOVX @DPTR, A F0
4110 DJNZ R4, CALL DC 06
4112 HLT SJMP HLT 80 FE
4114 LOOK UP DB 09H, 05H, 06H, 0AH 09 05 06 0A
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
411A DLY2 MOV R1, #FFH 79 FF
411C DLY1 MOV R1, #FFH 7B FF
411E DLY DJNZ R3, DLY DB FE
4120 DJNZ R1, DLY1 D9 FA
4122 DJNZ R2, DLY2 DA F6
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
4129 DJNZ R0, JO D8 DC
412B SJMP START 80 D5
412D END

STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051 MICRO
CONTROLLER FOR CLOCKWISE ROTATION
EXPT NO: 47 DATE:
AIM:
To write an assembly language program for driving the stepper motor in clockwise
direction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:
Thus the stepper motor was driven in clockwise direction.

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #FF 7C FF
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 0AH, 06H, 05H, 09H 0A 06 05 09
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

CONTROLLER FOR ANTICLOCKWISE ROTATION
EXPT NO: 48 DATE:
AIM:
To write an assembly language program for driving the stepper motor in anticlockwise
direction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:
Thus the stepper motor was driven in anticlockwise direction.

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #C8 7C C8
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 09H, 05H, 06H, 0AH 09 05 06 0A
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

CONTROLLER FOR 360˚ CLOCKWISE ROTATION
EXPT NO: 49 DATE:
AIM:
To write an assembly language program for driving the stepper motor in 360˚
clockwise direction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:
Thus the stepper motor was driven in 360˚ clockwise direction.

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #C8 7C C8
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 0AH, 06H, 05H, 09H 0A 06 05 09
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

CONTROLLER FOR 360˚ ANTICLOCKWISE ROTATION
EXPT NO: 50 DATE:
AIM:
anticlockwise direction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:
Thus the stepper motor was driven in 360˚ anticlockwise direction.

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #64 7C 64
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 09H, 05H, 06H, 0AH 09 05 06 0A
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

EXPT NO: 51 DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #64 7C 64
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 0AH, 06H, 05H, 09H 0A 06 05 09
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

EXPT NO: 52 DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #96 7C 96
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 09H, 05H, 06H, 0AH 09 05 06 0A
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

EXPT NO: 53 DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #96 7C 96
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 0AH, 06H, 05H, 09H 0A 06 05 09
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

EXPT NO: 54 DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #32 7C 32
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 09H, 05H, 06H, 0AH 09 05 06 0A
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

EXPT NO: 55 DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:

PROGRAM:
MEMORY
ADDRESS
LABEL MNEMONICS
OBJECT
CODES
4100 MOV R4. #32 7C 32
4105 MOV R0, #04 78 04
4108 PUSH DPH C0 83
410A PUSH DPL C0 82
4114 LOOK UP DB 0AH, 06H, 05H, 09H 0A 06 05 09
4118 CALL MOV R2, #03 7A 03
4124 POP DPL D0 82
4126 POP DPH D0 83
4128 INC DPTR A3
412D END

EXPT NO: 56 DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
RESULT:

STUDY OF IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
EXPT NO: 57 DATE:
AIM:
To study about image processing techniques.
INTRODUCTION:
Digital image processing is always an interesting field as it gives improved pictorial
information for human interpretation and processing of image data for storage, transmission,
and representation for machine perception. Image Processing is a technique to enhance raw
images received from cameras/sensors placed on satellites, space probes and aircrafts or
pictures taken in normal day-to-day life for various applications. This field of image
processing significantly improved in recent times and extended to various fields of science
and technology. The image processing mainly deals with image acquisition, Image
enhancement, image segmentation, feature extraction, image classification etc. The basic
definition of image processing refers to processing of digital image, i.e removing the noise
and any kind of irregularities present in an image using the digital computer. The noise or
irregularity may creep into the image either during its formation or during transformation etc.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
The term digital image processing generally refers to processing of a two-dimensional
picture by a digital computer. In a broader context, it implies digital processing of any two-
dimensional data. A digital image is an array of real numbers represented by a finite number
of bits. The principle advantage of Digital Image Processing methods is it versatility,
repeatability and the preservation of original data precision. The various Image Processing
techniques are:
 Image pre-processing
 Image enhancement
 Image segmentation
 Feature extraction
 Image classification

IMAGE PREPROCESSING:
In image preprocessing, image data recorded by sensors on a satellite restrain errors
related to geometry and brightness values of the pixels. These errors are corrected using
appropriate mathematical models which are either definite or statistical models. Image
enhancement is the modification of image by changing the pixel brightness values to improve
its visual impact. Image enhancement involves a collection of techniques that are used to
improve the visual appearance of an image, or to convert the image to a form which is better
suited for human or machine interpretation. Sometimes images obtained from satellites and
conventional and digital cameras lack in contrast and brightness because of the limitations of
imaging sub systems and illumination conditions while capturing image. Images may have
different types of noise. In image enhancement, the goal is to accentuate certain image features
for subsequent analysis or for image display. Examples include contrast and edge
enhancement, pseudo-coloring, noise filtering, sharpening, and magnifying. Image
enhancement is useful in feature extraction, image analysis and an image display. The
enhancement process itself does not increase the inherent information content in the data. It
simply emphasizes certain specified image characteristics. Enhancement algorithms are
generally interactive and application dependent. Some of the enhancement techniques are:
 Contrast Stretching
 Noise Filtering
 Histogram Modification
Contrast Stretching:
Some images (eg. over water bodies, deserts, dense forests, snow, clouds and under
hazy conditions over heterogeneous regions) are homogeneous i.e., they do not have much
change in their levels. In terms of histogram representation, they are characterized as the
occurrence of very narrow peaks. The homogeneity can also be due to the incorrect
illumination of the scene. Ultimately the images hence obtained are not easily interpretable
due to poor human perceptibility. This is because there exists only a narrow range of gray-
levels in the image having provision for wider range of gray-levels. The contrast stretching
methods are designed exclusively for frequently encountered situations. Different stretching

techniques have been developed to stretch the narrow range to the whole of the available
dynamic range.
Noise Filtering:
Noise Filtering is used to filter the unnecessary information from an image. It is also
used to remove various types of noises from the images. Mostly this feature is interactive.
Various filters like low pass, high pass, mean, median etc., are available
Histogram Modification:
Histogram has a lot of importance in image enhancement. It reflects the characteristics
of image. By modifying the histogram, image characteristics can be modified. One such
example is Histogram Equalization. Histogram equalization is a nonlinear stretch that
redistributes pixel values so that there is approximately the same number of pixels with each
value within a range. The result approximates a flat histogram. Therefore, contrast is increased
at the peaks and lessened at the tails
IMAGE SEGMENTATION:
Segmentation is one of the key problems in image processing. Image segmentation is
the process that subdivides an image into its constituent parts or objects. The level to which
this subdivision is carried out depends on the problem being solved, i.e., the segmentation
should stop when the objects of interest in an application have been isolated e.g., in

autonomous air-to-ground target acquisition, suppose our interest lies in identifying vehicles
on a road, the first step is to segment the road from the image and then to segment the contents
of the road down to potential vehicles. Image thresholding techniques are used for image
segmentation.
FEATURE EXTRACTION:
The feature extraction techniques are developed to extract features in synthetic aperture
radar images. This technique extracts high-level features needed in order to perform
classification of targets. Features are those items which uniquely describe a target, such as
size, shape, composition, location etc. Segmentation techniques are used to isolate the desired
object from the scene so that measurements can be made on it subsequently. Quantitative
measurements of object features allow classification and description of the image. When the
pre-processing and the desired level of segmentation has been achieved, some feature
extraction technique is applied to the segments to obtain features, which is followed by
application of classification and post processing techniques. It is essential to focus on the
feature extraction phase as it has an observable impact on the efficiency of the recognition
system. Feature selection of a feature extraction method is the single most important factor in
achieving high recognition performance. Feature extraction has been given as “extracting from
the raw data information that is most suitable for classification purposes, while minimizing
the within class pattern variability and enhancing the between class pattern variability”. Thus,
selection of a suitable feature extraction technique according to the input to be applied needs
to be done with utmost care.
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION:
The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm performs better with the total
transmission energy metric than the maximum number of hops metric. The proposed algorithm
provides energy efficient path for data transmission and maximizes the lifetime of entire
network. As the performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed between two metrics in
future with some modifications in design considerations the performance of the proposed
algorithm can be compared with other energy efficient algorithm. We have used very small

network of 5 nodes, as number of nodes increases the complexity will increase. We can
increase the number of nodes and analyze the performance.
Image classification is the labeling of a pixel or a group of pixels based on its grey
value. Classification is one of the most often used methods of information extraction. In
Classification, usually multiple features are used for a set of pixels i.e., many images of a
particular object are needed. In Remote Sensing area, this procedure assumes that the imagery
of a specific geographic area is collected in multiple regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
and is in good registration. Most of the information extraction techniques rely on analysis of
the spectral reflectance properties of such imagery and employ special algorithms designed to
perform various types of 'spectral analysis'. The process of multispectral classification can be
performed using either of the two methods: Supervised or Unsupervised. In Supervised
classification, the identity and location of some of the land cover types such as urban, wetland,
forest etc., are known as priori through a combination of field works and toposheets. The
analyst attempts to locate specific sites in the remotely sensed data that represents
homogeneous examples of these land cover types. These areas are commonly referred as
TRAINING SITES because the spectral characteristics of these known areas are used to 'train'
the classification algorithm for eventual land cover mapping of reminder of the image.
Multivariate statistical parameters are calculated for each training site. Every pixel both within
and outside these training sites is then evaluated and assigned to a class of which it has the
highest likelihood of being a member.
In an Unsupervised classification, the identities of land cover types has to be specified
as classes within a scene are not generally known as priori because ground truth is lacking or
surface features within the scene are not well defined. The computer is required to group pixel
data into different spectral classes according to some statistically determined criteria. The

comparison in medical area is the labeling of cells based on their shape, size, color and texture,
which act as features. This method is also useful for MRI images.

RESULT:
Thus the various process in image processing techniques were studied.

Mechatronics students manual 2013 reg updated

Mechatronics students manual 2013 reg updated

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