1. Dr. Ravinder Singh
Modernising Technology Programme Manager
Cabinet Office-Central Digital and Data Office
ravinder.singh@digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk

2. Open Standards, AI and Data
for better business decisions

3. Source: domo
CDDO

4. >2.6 quintillion bytes
Data Generated everyday
By 2025 : 463 exabytes per day
Instagram photos and videos : 95 million
Every day, 306.4 billion emails are sent, and 500 million Tweets are made.
Year Data Generated Change Over
Previous Year
2020* 64.2 zettabytes ↑ 23.2 zettabytes
2021* 79 zettabytes ↑ 14.8 zettabytes
2022* 97 zettabytes ↑ 18 zettabytes
2023* 120 zettabytes ↑ 23 zettabytes
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5. Every minute of the day:
• Number of Google Searches: 5.9mn
• WhatsApp Messages: 41.7mn
• TikTok Videos: 167 mn
• $3805 for mobile Apps
• On Facebook: 510 K comments are posted, 293 K statuses are updated, and 136 K photos are uploaded.
• Instagram photos: 55 K
• Twitter Tweets: 0.5 mn
• Youtube videos seen: 4.5 mn
• Instagram posts: 277 K
• Tinder: 1.4 mn Swipes
• 188 mn emails
• 103 mn spam mails
• 18 mn text messages
Every Day:
• 2.9 bn email users
• Number of Facebook users: 2.38 bn
• Facebook logon daily: 1.56 bn
• Mobile Facebook users: 1.74 bn
• Fake profiles: 83 mn
• Instagram users: 600 mn (400 mn active every day)
• 95 mn photos and videos shared in Instagram
• 100 mn use stories on Instagram
• 232 K skype calls

6. BI to AI

7. Image: University of Wisconsin

8. Ø Transparency and accountability:
AI-ML remains a black box
Ø Data Quality and Algorithm
Ø Data Availability and integrity
Ø Data privacy and security issues.
Ø Resource / lack of expertise
Ø Workforce development
Ø Regulations
Ø Legal and ethical considerations
Ø Security
Ø Legacy systems and Integration
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Current challenges

9. Ø Enhanced Efficiency and productivity
Ø Improved service delivery to citizens
Ø Data-Driven Decision Making
Ø Citizen Engagement and Participation
Ø Cost savings and resource optimization
Ø Enhanced transparency and accountability
Ø Policy Writing
Ø Writing Business case
Ø Writing Project reports
Ø Software coding to develop bespoke or
customisation of existing services
Ø Medical field
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Opportunities

10. $5bn to $30bn £1bn
China (2017-2030) UK, backed by £300mn of private investment
Beijing - $2bn
Tanjin $16bn
$1.8bn $ 1bn
France USA
47%
Employment opportunities taken by machines
It has been estimated that AI could add an additional USD $814 billion (£630bn) to the UK economy by 2035,
increasing the annual growth rate of GVA from 2.5 to 3.9%.
Estimated that AI has the potential to add $957 billion to India’s GDP by 2035 and boost India’s annual growth by
1.3 percentage points by 2035.
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11. CDDO
Stages of the
Machine Learning
Process

12. CDDO
Continuous ML Model and
Control Framework

13. Judgement Based
Rules Based
Programmed
Strictly Controlled
Contained
Transformational
Tactical
Business
Impact
Self-Learning
Autonomous
Unbounded
Automation
Platform
Foundation Automation
VB Scripts, Excel Macros,
Hotkeys, Unified
Desktop
Artificial Intelligence
Virtual Assistance
Robotics Process Automation
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14. “By 2021, The RPA Market value,
While Large, It's Only A Subset Of
The $48.5 Billion Broader AI
Cubicle Spend”, Forrester 2017
of the world’s leading
organizations will implement a
Chief Robotics Officer role
and/or define a robotics-
specific function within the
business by 2019.
IDC Worldwide Robotics 2017
Predictions-Jing Bing Zhang
30%
3M
workers globally will be
supervised by a “roboboss” by
2018, GARTNER
A world in which your organisation is 15% human and 85% robots?
$2.9B
of all customer
interactions will be
handled without a
human agent by
2020, GARTNER
85%
$9T
1/3
of the workforce
may be replaced by
robots by the year
2025, GARTNER
“Employment costs could be cut with AI-
enabled automation of knowledge work by
2020”, Everest, Bank of America

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16. CDDO
Generative AI and LLM
• A branch of AI/ML that focuses on creating or
generating new content, such as images, text,
audio, or even entire virtual worlds, based on
patterns and data it has been trained on.
• Unlike traditional AI systems that primarily focus
on recognizing patterns and making predictions
based on existing data, generative AI goes a
step further by generating new and original
content that closely resembles the data it has
learned from.
• Generative AI techniques typically rely on deep
learning models, such as generative adversarial
networks (GANs), variational autoencoders
(VAEs), or transformers.
• Generative AI has various applications across
different domains. It can be used for creative
purposes, such as generating artwork, music, or
storytelling
Image: BCV

17. Internet of Things (IoT)
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Three Key components
• Things/Devices: physical objects or
devices equipped with sensors,
actuators, and connectivity capabilities.
• Connectivity: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular
networks, low-power wide-area
networks (LPWAN), or other wireless
protocols.
• Cloud and Data Processing: The data
collected by IoT devices is sent to cloud-
based platforms or edge computing
systems, where it is processed,
analysed, and stored.
IoT
• Smart Homes
• Industrial IoT (IIoT)
• Healthcare IoT
• Agriculture IoT

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19. Interoperability

20. We support and encourage the use of
open standards in government
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21. "Open Standards" are standards made available to the general public
and are developed (or approved) and maintained via a collaborative
and consensus driven process.
"Open Standards" facilitate interoperability and data exchange among
different products or services and are intended for widespread
adoption.
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22. • Lower Costs, Vendor Neutrality and no Lock-in
• No boundaries, more choices and variety
• Interoperability and Collaboration
• Increases Innovation
• No Licence Management
• Easier portability of application
• Regular Updates and Quick Fixes
• Flexibility and easier customisation
• Robustness and durability
• Increased available skills
• Efficient use of existing resources
• Higher Quality Software
• More options provide more opportunities to optimise
Advantages of
using Open
Standard
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24. • Digital transformation engagement models
• Integration of applications, data and
systems
• Optimise channel performance while still
maintaining business continuity
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25. • Address disparity
• Take advantage of expertise of the back-
end systems -Increased productivity
• Enable innovation with data with more
accurate and trustworthy data
• Derive enterprise-grade artifacts
• Faster decision-making
• Cost-effectiveness
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26. • Legacy system integration
• Enterprise application integration (EAI)
• Third-party system integration
• Business-to-business integration

27. Ways to connect systems
• Middleware
• Webhooks and Message Queues
• Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
• Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
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28. System integration Approaches
• Point-to-point integration model (P2P) Star/Spaghetti
• Hub-and-spoke model
• Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) model
• Integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS)
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29. Application
Programming
Interface (API)

30. Why we need APIs
• Improved collaboration: The average enterprise uses almost 1,200 cloud
applications
• Easier innovation and flexibility: A company began as an API with just seven
lines of code. The company has since partnered with many of the biggest
enterprises in the world, diversified to offer loans and corporate cards, and was
recently valued at USD 36 billion
• Data monetisation: API economy initially free and then charge. When
AccuWeather launched its self-service developer portal to sell a wide range of API
packages, it took just 10 months to attract 24,000 developers, selling 11,000 API
keys and building a thriving community in the process.
• Added security: APIs create an added layer of protection between your data and
a server. Developers can further strengthen API security by using tokens,
signatures and Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption; by implementing API
gateways to manage and authenticate traffic
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31. How do APIs work
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32. Traditional integration architecture
Centrally provisioned and administered
Modern integration architecture
Fine-grained deployment, decentralized ownership,
and cloud native infrastructure
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33. Common API examples
• Universal logins
• Third-party payment processing
• Travel booking comparisons
• Google Maps
• Twitter
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34. • Open APIs are open source application programming interfaces you can access with the
HTTP protocol. Also known as public APIs, they have defined API endpoints and request and
response formats.
• Partner APIs are application programming interfaces exposed to or by strategic business
partners. Typically, developers can access these APIs in self-service mode through a public
API developer portal. Still, they will need to complete an onboarding process and get login
credentials to access partner APIs.
• Internal APIs are application programming interfaces that remain hidden from external
users. These private APIs aren't available for users outside of the company and are instead
intended to improve productivity and communication across different internal development
teams.
• Composite APIs combine multiple data or service APIs. These services allow developers to
access several endpoints in a single call. Composite APIs are useful in microservices
architecture where performing a single task may require information from several sources.
Types of APIs
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35. Types of API Protocol
• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is an API protocol built with XML, enabling users to
send and receive data through SMTP and HTTP. With SOAP APIs, it is easier to share
information between apps or software components that are running in different environments
or written in different languages.
• XML-RPC is a protocol that relies on a specific format of XML to transfer data, whereas SOAP
uses a proprietary XML format. XML-RPC is older than SOAP, but much simpler, and
relatively lightweight in that it uses minimum bandwidth.
• JSON-RPC is a protocol similar to XML-RPC, as they are both remote procedure calls
(RPCs), but this one uses JSON instead of XML format to transfer data. Both protocols are
simple. While calls may contain multiple parameters, they only expect one result.
• REST (REpresentational State Transfer) is a set of web API architecture principles, which
means there are no official standards (unlike those with a protocol). To be a REST API (also
known as a RESTful API), the interface must adhere to certain architectural constraints. It’s
possible to build RESTful APIs with SOAP protocols, but the two standards are usually viewed
as competing specifications.
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36. API Standard
Ten Commandments
• Have you considered whether the need for your API endpoint is most appropriately served
by a new API or an existing API (or extending existing functionality)?
• Have you got confidence that an external developer with no additional context can
understand and integrate with your API?
• Have you defined appropriate Authorisation requirements for your API?
• Have you considered the risks and potential impact associated with exposing your API?
• Have you established owners for the key processes required for your API?
• Have you built a mature understanding of volumetrics (or expected volumetrics) of your API
and what requirements you have to meet them?
• Have you comprehensively defined the performance metrics that your API needs
to capture?
• Have you defined Transaction Monitoring / Auditing events that are appropriate for
your API?
• Have you considered support model requirements for your API?
• Have you ensured that your API has been built with the expected level of technical quality?
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37. Government guidelines on APIs
• API technical and data standards - https://www.gov.uk/guidance/gds-api-technical-and-data-
standards
• API Catalogue: UK public sector APIs –
https://www.api.gov.uk/#uk-public-sector-apis
https://github.com/co-cddo/api-catalogue
• Governments border related Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/apis
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38. • ONS - Integrated Data Services
• UKRI – Administrative Data Research
• Amazon uses Big Data, and the warehouse closest to the customer is
selected and shipping costs to be considerably reduced by 10-40%
• 1.71 bn Facebook users- targeted marketing and influences
• Election result influence
• Open Data
• Open API
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39. Microservice Architecture
A microservices architecture consists of a collection of small, autonomous services. Each service is self-
contained and should implement a single business capability within a bounded context
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40. Big data architecture
A big data architecture is designed to handle the ingestion, processing, and analysis of data that is too large
or complex for traditional database systems

41. IoT architecture
Internet of Things (IoT) is a specialized subset of big data solutions. The following diagram shows a possible
logical architecture for IoT. The diagram emphasizes the event-streaming components of the architecture
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45. Thanks..
ravinder.singh@digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk