A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It's used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections.

1. URINE
TEST

2. Terminology
• Urination - It is the act by which urine is expelled from the
bladder. It is also called as micturation, voiding etc.
• Oliguria - Reduced amount of urine.
• Anuria - Complete lack of urine.
• Suppression - No urine is excreted by the kidneys is called
as suppression.

3. Conti..
• Retention of urine - When urine is produced, but not
expelled from the bladder is called as retention.
• Glycosuria - means glucose [ sugar ] in the urine.
• Albuminuria - means albumin [ protein ] in the urine.
Also called as proteinuria.

4. Conti..
• Retention with overflow - It means the patient voids small amount
of urine, but does not empty the bladder and the bladder eventually
becomes distended.
• Incontinence of urine - It is the inability to control the sphincter
which guards the bladder. [ uncontrolled urination].
• Dysuria - means painful urination.Polyuria - means an abnormally
large amount of urine.

5. Conti..
• Pyuria - means pus in the urine.
• Frequency - means the patient urinates often.
• Haematuria - means blood in the urine.
• Chyluria - Is the chyle in the urine giving it a milky appearance.
• Calculi - These are stones, formed from minerals, in the urine.

6. Examination of the urine
In wards urine is examined by two
ways
Physical
Examination
Chemical
Examination

7. Conti..
• In physical examination
Colour,
Appearance,
Volume,
Reaction,
Specific gravity, and
Odour is examined.
• In chemical examination
urine is tested especially
for
Sugar and
 Protein.

8. Articles
A tray containing –
• 1) Test tubes 4 to 6 on a test tubes stand,
• 2) Test tube holder,
• 3) spirit lamp and match box,
• 4) conical glass,
• 5) filter paper,
• 6) Red and blue litmus paper,
• 7) Urinometer,

9. Articles
A tray containing –
• 8) Kidney tray 2,
• 9) Duster,
• 10) Acetic acid 2%,
• 11) Nitric acid or sulphosalic acid.
• 12) Benedict's solution,
• 13) A fresh sample of urine.

10. Urinalysis
• Colour -Take a clean conical glass and pour urine into it and place
it on a table against light. Note the colour. Normally the colour is
pale yellow or amber colour.
• Appearance -Inspect the whole urine for the presence of sediments
or suspended particles. Normal urine is clear.
• Odour -While collecting urine, you will be getting the odour of
urine. Normal urine has aromatic odour.

12. Conti..
• Reaction -To test the reaction, dip one end of a litmus
paper into the urine. If the urine is acidic, blue litmus turns
into red. If the urine is alkaline, the red litmus turns into
blue. No change in both litmus papers indicates neutral
reaction. Normal urine is acidic in reaction.
• Volume --Take a pint measure and measure the urine.

13. Specific Gravity -Allow a
urinometer to float in the
urine freely. See that the
urinometer does not touch
the bottom and sides of the
conical glass. Read the
specific gravity at eye level.
Take the lower miniscus to
prevent error in reading.

14. Test for Sugar
Pour 5 ml of
Benedict's
solution into a
test tube Boil it
over the spirit
lamp.

15. Conti..
• If there is no colour change in the benedict's
solution, add 7 to 8 drops of urine to it with a
dropper. Boil it again.
• Allow the test tube to cool. Record the result as
follows.

17. Record the result as follows
Sugar Nil.
• Blue liquid
with no
deposits
Sugar 1 %.
• Greenish
deposits in a
greenish
liquid
Sugar 2%.
• Yellow
deposits
Sugar 3%.
• Orange
deposits with a
colourless
liquid
Sugar 5%.
• Brick red

18. Test for Albumin
• Pour 1/2 inch of nitric acid 2% into a test
tube.
• Then pour urine about 2 c.c. from the
sides of the test tube.
• If albumin is present a white opaque ring
will appear at the junction of urine and
nitric acid.
• Discard the urine and clean the test tube.
COL
D
TES
T

19. Hot test
• Take 3/4 part of urine in a test tube.
• Holding the tube from bottom, heat the upper part of the urine over the
flame of the spirit lamp.
• Rotate the test tube constantly. so that it will not break.
• If a cloudy layer appears in the hot urine it may be due to protein or
phosphates.
• Add nitric acid to it with a dropper.

20. Conti
• If the cloud disappears, it was due to phosphates. If the cloud still
remains, it indicates the presence of albumin.
• It will not disappear with acetic acid.
• Discard the urine and clean the test tube.
• The result will depend upon the cloudiness in the urine.
• Record the result on temperature chart and nurses record and sign.

21. HOT
TES
T

22. Scientific Principles of urine
testing
• Anatomy & Physiology
• The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the
urinary bladder and the urethra.
• The kidneys are the glandular organs that secrete urine from
the blood.
• The kidneys help to maintain the proper fluid and
electrolyte balance in the body.
• Ureters convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
• The bladder is a hollow muscular organ and serves as a
reservoir for urine.

23. Conti..
• It expels urine by contraction from the body through
urethra.
• The urethra is a small tube about one forth inch in diameter
and about one and one half inches long in female and eight
or nine inches long in male.
• The bladder is lined with mucous membrane which
continuous to the urethra, the ureters and the pelvis of the
kidney.
• When about 300 ml of urine is accumulated in the bladder,
there is a urge to void it.

24. Microbiology
• If an infection is present in the one part of urinary tract, it
may travel to another part because the mucous membrane is
continuous from the urethra upto the pelvis of the kidney.
• The urinary tract gives favorable condition to multiply the
micro-organisms, because the tract is dark moist and warm.
• Cystitis may occur due to highly concentrated urine or by
irritating drugs used in the irrigation and instillation, by
bacteria, by injury, or by obstruction of the flow of urine.

25. Conti..
• Colon bacillus commonly cause the urinary infection.
• The staphylococci, the streptococci, the gonococci, the
typhoid bacilli and the tubercle bacilli are responsible for
bladder infection.
• Patient's with typhoid fever excrete typhoid bacilli in the
urine, so disinfect the urine of these patients.
• Bedpans are sterilized between patients by steam in bedpan
sterilizers.
• Disinfect or wash the bedpans between uses by the same
patient.

26. Physics & Chemistry
• Paseal's principle states that increase in pressure on any portion
of a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of
the liquid.
• If a large quantity of urine collects in the bladder pressure on
adjacent organs may cause pain.
• Heat is carried to organs and tissues adjacent to the bladder by
conduction through tissues.
• The hot water bag may be applied over the lower abdomen or a
warm solution poured over vulva to give warmth.

27. Conti..
• Cold contracts tissue, so cool water should be used over the
vulva or putting the hands in the cold water will help in
contracting the bladder muscle to produce urination.
• Urine contains about 95 percent of water and 3.7 percent organic
and 1.3 percent inorganic wastes.
• The colour of the urine is due to urochrome.
• A brown colour of urine is due to an excess of bilirubin.
• The odor of fresh urine is faintly aromatic due to the presence of
urinod.

28. Conti..
• The specific gravity of urine is 1.010 to 1.025.
• It is measured by the urinometer.
• Reaction of the normal urine is slightly acidic pH below 7.
• Creatinin is found in the normal urine of adult.
• Some drugs may be excreted by the kidneys and found in the
urine.
• Hot water and some chemicals coagulate protein so urine is
heated for albumin test or nitric acid is used to test the urine for
albumin.
• Phosphates dilute in the acetic acid.

29. Conti..
• Benedict solution is used to test the urine for sugar.
• Chemical action takes place between sugar in the urine
and cupper sulphate.
• The formula of benedict's solution is sodium carbonate
100 gm, Sodium citrate 173 gm.
• CuSO4 17.3 gm. All dissolved in the 1000 ml distilled
water.

30. Conti..
Pharmacology –
• Drugs which increase the flow of urine are called diuretics.
• Drugs which decrease the flow of urine are called antidiuretics.
Psychology –
• certain psychic states greatly increase the tonicity of the muscles of
the bladder so that internal pressure and the desire to urination is
increased.
• Explain the purpose to the patient to get the co-operation.