This document outlines the five generations of computers from 1945 to the present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and machine code. The second generation used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The third generation saw the introduction of integrated circuits, time-sharing, and high-level programming languages. The fourth generation brought VLSI technology, PCs, networks, and the internet. The fifth generation focuses on parallel processing and artificial intelligence techniques like neural networks, robotics, and expert systems. The document also briefly discusses potential next generation optical storage technologies like holographic versatile discs that could hold over 1 terabyte of data.

4. I Generation : 1945 – 55
II Generation : 1955 – 65
III Generation : 1965 – 75
IV Generation : 1975 – 89
V Generation : 1989 to present

5. First Generation
•The period of first generation was 1946-1959.
•First generation of computers started with using vacuum
tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry
for CPU (Central Processing Unit).
•There were machine codes and electric wired board
languages used

7. Second generation of computer
•Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers.
•Though the transistor still generated a great deal of
heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a
vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
•Second-generation computers still relied on punched
cards for input and printouts for output

9. Third generation of computer
•The period of third generation was 1965-1971.
•In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing,
Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were
used.
•High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,
PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.) were used during
this generation.

11. • IC used
• More reliable and Faster
• Smaller size
• Generate less heat
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• A.C. needed
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Support high-level language

12. Fourth generation of computer
• VLSI technology used
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PC's
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No A.C. needed
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of
networks
• Computers became easily available

14. • The period of Fourth Generation was 1971-1980.
• In this generation, Time sharing, Real time, Networks,
Distributed Operating System were used.
• All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were
used in this generation.

15. Fifth generation of computer
• The period of Fifth Generation is 1980-
till date.
• This generation is based on parallel
processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software.
• AI is an emerging branch in computer
science which interprets means and
methods of making computers think
like human beings.

17. • All the higher level languages like C and C+
+, Java, .NET, etc., are used in this
generation.
• AI includes:
• Robotics
• Neural networks
• Game Playing
• Development of expert systems to make
decisions in real life situations.
•

21. Next Generation Optical Disk
The following formats go beyond the current
third-generation discs and have the potential
to hold more than one terabyte (1TB) of data:
• Holographic Versatile
Disc (3.9TB=850 DVDs)
• LS-R
• Protein-coated disc

22. Holographic Versatile Disc
• The Holographic Versatile Disc
(HVD) is an optical disc
technology still in the research
stage which would hold up to 3.9
terabytes (TB) of information
which is equivalent to around
850 DVDs.
• It was introduced in 2004.

24. Presenter Abdul Hameed
IX-O