1.
Understanding Chemical
Hazards
Safer Use and Storage

2.
Laboratory Regulations
OSHA

3.
Lab Standard & HAZCOM
Training
Written Plan
Laboratory
Standard
Prevent Exposure
HAZCOM
SDS
Communicate Hazards

4.
Cannot use lab
standard
Is chemical handling
designed to be
easily and safely
manipulated by 1 person?
Does lab
support or simulate a
production process?
Does the lab
produce materials
for commercial use?
Cannot use lab
standard
Cannot use lab
standard
Laboratory Scale
1910.1450(b)
Laboratory Use
1910.1450(b)
Are multiple
chemicals or
procedures used?
Are protective
practices and
equipment available?
OK to use
Lab Standard

5.
Hazard & Risk

6.
What is a Hazard?
› Simply stated, a hazard is a potential for harm
› It can be a condition or an activity
› Broadly grouped this includes natural phenomena, chemicals,
processes, sources of energy, situations and events
› Hazards left uncontrolled can result in injury, illness, loss of
property, and/or environmental damage – these are
consequences
› A hazard is an intrinsic property of the agent, condition, or
activity

7.
What is Risk?
› Risk is the probability or likelihood of an adverse
consequence occurring from an existing hazard
› Risk is not an intrinsic property
› There are 3 components to consider
– Likelihood
– Exposure
– Consequence severity

8.
Risk (cont.)
› Probability or likelihood - a measure of how likely the
occurrence of a complete sequence of events leading up to a
consequence is upon exposure to a hazard.
– This component is often associated with descriptors such as: rare;
unlikely; possible; likely; almost certain
› Exposure must consider the nature of the chemical and use
– Route of entry, chemical form, length of exposure, etc.
› Severity of consequence – first aid to death / $ $

9.
The terms hazard and risk are not synonymous.
Because hazards are an intrinsic property of a
substance or condition, they cannot be reduced
except by elimination.
By implementing appropriate controls, the risk
associated with identified hazards can be reduced or
eliminated.

10.
GHS
Globally Harmonized System

11.
GHS
A system designed to alert those who use
and transport chemicals to their hazards
while providing helpful information to
reduce the risk associated with the
hazards

12.
What is GHS?
› GHS is a system for classification and labeling of chemicals
› The development of the GHS was prompted by an International
Mandate in 19921
– “A globally harmonized hazard classification an compatible labelling system,
including material safety data sheets and easily understandable symbols,
should be available, if feasible, by the year 2000.”
› While the US, EU, CA, and the UN had quite extensive systems in
place, this was a way to provide a foundation for all countries to
develop comprehensive national programs which could ensure the
safe use of chemicals
› Sixty seven countries have implemented or are in the process of
implementation2
1The Purple Book 2UNECE

13.
Specific Anticipated Benefits of Implementation
› …enhance the protection of human health and the
environment by providing an internationally comprehensible
system for hazard communication;
› …provide a recognized framework for those countries without
an existing system;
› …reduce the need for testing and evaluation of chemicals; and
› …facilitate international trade in chemicals whose hazards
have been properly assessed and identified on an
international basis.
2003 GHS 1st Edition

14.
What’s New?

15.
Traditional Definitions GHS Definitions
Gas Takes both the shape and
volume of its container
[particles are far apart with
much empty space]
…a gas is a substance or
mixture which at 50°C
(122°F) has a vapor
pressure greater than 300
kPa (2.96 atm); or is
completely gaseous at
20°C (68°F) and a standard
pressure of 101.3 kPa (1
atm).
Liquid Has definite volume, but
takes the shape of its
container [particles are
close, but can move past
one another]
…a liquid is a substance or
mixture that is not a gas
and which has a melting
point or initial melting
point of (68°F) or less at
standard pressure of 101.3
kPa (1 atm).
Solid Rigid, posses definite shape
and volume [particles
tightly packed and cannot
move]
…a solid is a substance or
mixture that does not
meet the definitions of a
liquid or a gas.
STATES OF MATTER
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/state.html
http://sites.tenafly.k12.nj.us/~shilfstein/phase_diagrams.htm

16.
RECOGNIZED
HAZARDS
Physical Hazards
There are 16
recognized classes
of physical hazards
in GHS

17.
RECOGNIZED
HAZARDS
Health & Environmental
There are 10 health
hazards
GHS does not require that
manufacturers include
environmental hazards,
but most do.

18.
The Hazard Ranges
Range - Highest hazard to Lowest hazard
Explosives Unstable Explosive > Div 1.1 > Div 1.2 > Div 1.3 > [1.4 ? 1.5] > 1.6
Flammable Gases
(+Chemically Unstable)
Category 1 > Category 2
Category A > Category B
Flammable Aerosols Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3
Oxidizing Gases Category 1
Gasses Under Pressure
(classified by physical state when packaged)
Compressed gases, Liquefied gases, Refrigerated liquefied gases, Dissolved
gases
Flammable Liquids Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3 > Category 4
Flammable Solids Category 1 > Category 2
Self-Reactive Substances Type A > Type B > Types C & D > Types E & F> Type G
Pyrophoric Liquids Category 1
Pyrophoric Solids Category 1
Self-Heating Substances Category 1 > Category 2
Substances which, in contact with water emit flammable gases Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3
Oxidizing Liquids Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3
Oxidizing Solids Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3
Organic Peroxides Type A > Type B > Types C & D > Types E & F> Type G
Corrosive to Metals Category 1
Acute Toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation) Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3 > Category 4 > Category 5
Skin Corrosion/Irritation
Category 1 > Category 1A > Category 1B > Category 1C > (Skin Corrosion)
Category 2 > Category 3 (Irritation)
Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation
Category 1 (Serious Eye Damage)
Category 2A > Category 2B (Eye Irritation)
Respiratory or Skin Sensitization
Category 1 (substance is classified as)
Sub-Category 1A > Sub-Category 1B
Germ Cell Mutagenicity Category 1 (A & B) > Category 2
Carcinogenicity Category 1 (A & B) > Category 2
Reproductive Toxicology Category 1 (A & B) > Category 2 > Additional Category
Target Organ Systemic Toxicity – Single Exposure Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3
Target Organ Systemic Toxicity – Repeated Exposure Category 1 > Category 2
Aspiration Toxicity Category 1 > Category 2
Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment
Short-Term (Acute) - Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3
Long-Term (Chronic - Category 1 > Category 2 > Category 3 > Category 4
http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev05/05files_e.html

19.
SOME EXAMPLES
What does it really mean to
say that the hazard is a
Category 1 or Category 4?
This depends on which hazard
you are talking about and the
range from high to low for
that hazard
Manufacturers have to
designate their chemicals into
a category for each hazard
based on known information
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
Isopropyl alcohol; CAS 67-63-0
Range (worst is lowest #) What does it mean?
Flammable liquids
Category 2
Range 1 to 4
Flash point* ≥ 23°C (73°F)
and ≤ 60°C (140°F)
Eye irritation
Category 2A
Range 1, to 2(A,B)
(2) Reversible adverse effects
on cornea, iris, conjunctiva
(A) Irritant
Subcategory 2A
Reversible in 21 days
Specific target organ toxicity -
single exposure - Central
nervous system
Category 3
Range 1 to 3
Transient target organ effects
- Narcotic effects
*Flash Point – The lowest temperature at which a combustible liquid or solid produces sufficient
vapor near its surface to generate an ignitable mixture with air.
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
Nitric acid; CAS 7697-37-2
Range (worst is lowest #) What does it mean?
Oxidizing liquids
Category 3
Range 1 to 3
Any substance or mixture
which, in the 1:1 mixture, by
mass, of substance and
cellulose exhibits a pressure of
rise time ≤ that of a 1:1
mixture of 65% HNO3(aq) and
cellulose
Skin corrosion
Category 1A
Range 1, 1A to 1C
(2) Reversible adverse effects
on cornea, iris, conjunctiva
(A) Irritant
Subcategory 2A
Reversible in 21 days
Serious eye damage
Category 1
Range 1 to 2
Transient target organ effects
- Narcotic effects

20.
GHS uses “Label Elements” and a
standard format for “Safety Data
Sheets (SDSs)” to communicate
hazards

21.
Safety Data Sheets
› Use the 16 section
American National
Standards Institute (ANSI)
format
› OSHA Brief

22.
Label Elements
› Product Identifier
› Supplier Information
› Pictogram
› Signal Word
› Hazard Statements
› Precautionary Statements

23.
Product Identifier & Supplier Identification
› The product identifier refers to how the hazardous chemical is
identified
– Can be (but not limited to), the chemical name, a code such as the
CAS number, or some other code as defined by the manufacturer.
The assigned identifier must match on the label and in Section 1 of
the Safety Data Sheet.
› The supplier identification must include
– The name, address, and phone number of the manufacturer,
distributor, or importer.

24.
Pictograms

25.
Signal Words
› The purpose of the signal words is to provide the user with an
immediate indication of the severity of the hazard
› In GHS, there are only two signal words – “Danger” and
“Warning”
› Each label will carry only one signal word based on the
greatest hazard associated with the chemical

26.
Hazard Statements
› There are 72 individual and 17 combined Hazard statements that indicate a chemical has either a
physical, a health or an environmental hazard.
› Each statement has been assigned a unique alphanumerical code which consists of one letter
and three numbers as follows
– Each code carries the letter "H" for hazard statement
– The number designates the type of hazard
› "2" for physical hazards
› "3" for health hazards
› "4" for environmental hazards
› Two numbers corresponding to the sequential numbering of hazards arising from the intrinsic
properties of the substance or mixture, such as explosive properties (codes from 200 to 210),
flammability (codes from 220 to 230), etc.
› Each hazard code has an associated signal word, pictogram, and set of precautionary statements.
There are a few codes listed as “EUH” which are leftover from the European Union.

27.
Precautionary Statements
› There are 116 individual and 33 combined Precautionary
statements that tell the user how to protect themselves and the
environment from the related hazard(s).
› Each statement has been assigned a unique alphanumerical code
which consists of one letter and three numbers
– The letter "P" designates precautionary statement
– The first number designates the type of precautionary statement
› "1" for general precautionary statements
› "2" for prevention precautionary statements
› "3" for response precautionary statements
› "4" for storage precautionary statements
› "5" for disposal precautionary statements
– two numbers (corresponding to the sequential numbering of precautionary
statements)

28.
Information on Classification of Flammable Solvents
Flash Point
°C(°F)
Boiling Point °C(°F) NFPA 30 Class NFPA 704
Flammability
4 Class 1A materials, or those which will vaporize and/or disperse and burn readily in air
3 Class 1B and 1C materials, also readily ignited liquids and solids
2 Class II and IIIA materials, also solids and semi-solids that readily emit flammable vapors.
1 Class IIIB materials. Almost all combustible vapors. Materials that must be preheated before combustion
0 Materials that will not burn when exposed to temperature of 1500o F for > 5 minutes
GHS
Flammable Liquids
GHS
<23 (73) <38 (100) ≤ 35 (95) IA 4 1
<23 (73) ≥38 (100) > 35 (95) IB
3
2
≥23 (73)& <38 (100) any any IC
3
≥38(100) & <60 (140) any any II
2
≥60 (140) & <93 (199) any any IIIA 4
≥93 (199) any any IIIB 1 Not flammable
NFPA 704

29.
From the Sigma Aldrich
SDS for lead (II)nitrate

30.
Quiz
› Let’s take a moment to review some important concepts
covered so far. We have some poll questions for you to
participate in.

31.
Segregation Based on Hazard Classes
› Flammables (red)
› Oxidizers (yellow)
› Corrosives (blue)
– Acids
– bases
› Highly Reactive (yellow, white)
› Extreme Toxics/Regulated Materials (blue, green)*
› Low Hazard (black)
*Be careful with color schemes – they can vary from company to company or lab to lab

32.
Steps to Classification
› Check the label first to see what GHS is telling me. If it is an
older bottle, find a GHS SDS and check the Hcodes. Sigma
Aldrich has very good SDS sheets
› Note any special storage conditions based on incompatibilities
given in Section 10
› If more information is needed on compatibility, check NOAA’s
site – CAMEO Chemicals [Complete instructions on Computer
Aided Management of Emergency Operations can be found
here]
› Yet more information can be found at ChemIDPlus Advanced

33.
Flammables
Organic Acids
ethanol
methanol
aluminum chloride
calcium chloride
copper(II) chloride
copper(II) sulfate
ammonium chloride
magnesium
magnesium sulfate
High Toxicity Oxidizers
silver nitrate
calcium nitrate
nitric acid*
Inorganic Acids
Corrosives
Bases Acids
sulfuric acid
hydrochloric acid
potassium
hydroxide
sodium
hydroxide
acetic acid
barium chloride
lead(II) nitrate
zinc
W
Wood
General Storage
*nitric acid on the DHS list
lead(II) nitrate
aluminum chloride
copper(II) chloride
copper(II) sulfate
hydrochloric acid
Magnesium
zinc
calcium chloride
silver nitrate
ammonium chloride
calcium nitrate
barium chloride
lead(II) nitrate
magnesium sulfate
acetic acid
potassium hydroxide
nitric acid
sulfuric acid
ethanol
methanol
sodium hydroxide

34.
In General…
› Store chemicals in containers made from compatible materials
› Store chemicals in cool rooms – locked!
› Store chemicals with secondary containment when possible
› Label secondary containers well***
› Do not store chemicals in direct sunlight
› Check containers on a regular basis
› Maintain an up-to-date inventory and SDSs
› Do not store flammables in domestic refrigerators
› Do not store chemicals above eye level
› Do not buy more than you can use in a reasonable timeframe
› Do not accept chemical “donations” from the public

35.
Need Help?
› National Institute for Occupational Health & Safety (NIOSH) -
School Chemistry Laboratory Safety Guide
› American Chemical Society – Committee on Chemical Safety
› American Chemical Society – Chemical Health and Safety
Resources
› American Chemical Society – Guide for Chemical Spill
Response Planning in Laboratories
› American Chemical Society – Division of Chemical Health &
Safety (DCHAS)

36.
Professional Development
› To encourage K-12 teachers learn more about chemical safety
and allow them greater access to the DCHAS Workshops
presented at the ACS National Meetings, the DCHAS Executive
Committee has agreed to allow any K-12 teacher who is also
an active AACT member to attend a DCHAS workshop for a
reduced registration rate of $99
› Details will be available on the DCHAS Workshop page soon

37.
After the Rainbow
Statement of CSB Chairperson Rafael Moure-Eraso Statement of CSB
Chairperson Rafael Moure-ErasoWarning Against Use of Methanol During
Laboratory and Classroom Combustion Demonstrations, in the Wake of Reno, Nevada,
Museum Fire

38.
Quiz
› The 3 large groupings of recognized hazards are _______,
physical
_______, health and ______________.
environmental
› There are ____ 9
pictograms.
› There are ___ 2
signal words.
› H260 indicates some type of __________ physical
hazard.
› The product identifier on the chemical label must exactly
match the one in Section ___ 1
of the SDS.
› Section 2 of the SDS gives the________________ hazard information
for the
chemical.

39.
Download Presentation Slides
› http://ow.ly/BzfMO
Certificates of Attendance & Webinar Feedback
› http://ow.ly/BzgV4
Contact Information
› sigmannsb@appstate.edu

40.
Q&A