Satte Biswa Manab Kalyan" (Universal Welfare through The Divine Truth). This is a monthly magazine from Haqqani Anjuman - a non-political, non-governmental organization established by the world renowned Sufi Saint Hazrat Maulana Sufi Mufti Azangachi Saheb (R.A). www.haqqanianjuman.com

1. ˆj#l¢#l àë%îû ö†þî¡y Œ˜y/îy/Šîû þ›y†þ %îyöìlîû l)îûyl# îëûyl
ö†þyîûxyl ¤%§¬yöì¥îû xyöì¡yöì†þ ’þzîûö줆%þ¡ yöìëûë ¥Gëûyîû ˜¡#¡
‡%¡yæþyöìëû îûyö좘#l
ô%!ôl îÄ!_«îû lÄ xyÍÔy¥¥z ëöìíÜT
’þzl!î‚¢!•þ î£ìÅ
331 ¤‚‡Äy–
25ö¢ yl%ëûyîû# 2019

2. ’þzl!î‚¢!•þ î£ìÅ– 331 ¤‚‡Äy– þyl%ëûyîû# 2019
›!îe öôGëûy î,Çþ ëy ¤†þ¡ ¤ôëû öôGëûy îy xô,•þ ˜yl †þöìîû ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ 4éŸé5é
¤Á›y˜†þ#ëû ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ 6éŸé7
ˆj#l¢#l àë%îû ö†þî¡y Œ˜y/îy/Šîû þ›y†þ %îyöìlîû l)îûyl# îëûylƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ 8Ÿé9
ö†þyîûxyl ¤%§¬yöì¥îû xyöì¡yöì†þ ’þzîûö줆%þ¡ yöìëûë ¥Gëûyîû ˜¡#¡ ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ10ééŸé14
xyôyîû ˜,!ÜTöì•þ ¥yEþyl# ˜îûîyîû é ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ 15
‡%¡yæþyöìëû îûyö좘#l ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ16Ÿéé18
ô%!ôl îÄ!_«îû lÄ xyÍÔy¥¥z ëöìíÜT ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ 18

3. 4
›!îe öôGëûy î,Çþ ëy ¤†þ¡ ¤ôëû öôGëûy îy xô,•þ ˜yl †þöìîûÐ
†þ%îxû yl / xyÍyÔ ¥ ôylö% £ì îì û lÄ xl@% ýÌö¥ì îû ô™Ä öíö†ì þ ëy ‡ö% ¡ì
ö˜l–•þyöæþîyû îyîûö†þ’þzöl¥z~î‚!•þ!lëyîyî”û †þöîì lû – •þyö†þ’þz
ö²Ìî”û †þîöû •ì þ þ›yöîì lû ly !•þ!l îÄ•þ#•þÐ !•þ!l þ›îyû e«ô¢y¡#
²ÌKþyôëÐû ö¥ ôyl£% –ì ö•þyôyö˜ì îû ²Ì!•þ xyÍyÔ ¥îû xl@% ýÌ¥ ß¿î”û †þîÐû
xyÍyÔ ¥ îÄ•þ#•þ ~ôl ö†þyl ßÜË Ty xyöSì é !†þ– öë ö•þyôyö˜ì îöû †ì þ
xy¤ôyl G ëô#l öíö†ì þ !î!û ë†þ ˜yl †þöîì Úû !•þ!l îÄ•þ#•þ ö†þyl
’þþz›y¤Ä ly¥Ðz x•þ~î ö•þyôîyû ö†þyíyëû !æþöîì û ëyFSéÚ •þyîyû ë!˜
xyþ›lyöì†þ !ôíÄyîy˜# îöì¡– •þöìî xyþ›lyîû þ›)îÅî•þ#Å
þ›ëˆû Áîº ˆû ”ö†ì þG ö•þy !ôíÄyîy˜# î¡y ¥öëì !û Sé¡Ð xyÍyÔ ¥îû ²Ì!•þ¥z
ëyî•þ#ëû!î£ëì û²Ì•þÄyî!•þÅ•þ¥ëÐû ö¥ôyl£% –ì !lÙ‹þëûxyÍyÔ ¥îûGëyû ˜y
¤•þÄФ•% þîyû ‚þ›y!íîÅ #îlöëlö•þyôyö˜ì îöû †ì þ²Ì•þyî”û yly†þöîì Ðû
~î‚ ö¤¥z ²ÌîMéþ†þ öël !†þSé%ö•ì þ¥z ö•þyôyö˜ì îöû †ì þ xyÍyÔ ¥ ¤Á›ö†ì þÅ
²Ìî!Méþ•þ ly †þöîì Ðû ¢ë•û þyl ö•þyôyö˜ì îû ¢e x•þ~î •þyö†ì þ ¢e
þî*ûöþ웥z @ýÌ¥” †þîÐû ö¤ •þyîû ˜¡î¡ö†ì þ xy¥y´ l †þöîì û öël •þyîyû
y¥y§y¬ ô# ¥ëÐû ëyîyû †þ%æþîû †þöîì û •þyö˜ì îû ölì Ä îöû ëì öû Sì é †þö‘ì þyîû
xyëyîÐ xyîû ëyîyû {ôyl xyölì G ¤ê†þôÅ †þöîì –û •þyö˜ì îû ölì Ä
îöû ëì öû Sì é Çþôy G ô¥yþ›î% ßû ñyîÐû ëyö†ì þ ô¨†þôÅ ö¢yèþl#ëû †þöîì û
ö˜‡yölì y ¥ë–û ö¤ •þyö†ì þ ’þ_z ô ôölì †þöîì –û ö¤ !†þ ¤ôyl öë ô¨ö†ì þ
ô¨ ôölì †þöîì Ðû !lÙ‹þëû xyÍyÔ ¥ ëyö†ì þ ¥Fz Séy þ›í¼ÜT †þöîì lû ~î‚
ëyö†ì þ ¥Fz Séy ¤êþ›í ²Ì˜¢lÅ †þöîì lû Ð ¤•% þîyû ‚ xyþ›!l •þyö˜ì îû ölì Ä
xl•% þyþ› †þöîì û !löì ö†ì þ ™ç‚¤ †þîöû îì l lyÐ !lÙ‹þë¥û z xyÍyÔ ¥
yölì l•þyîyû ëy†þöìîûÐxyÍÔy¥¥zîyëû%ö²Ìîû”†þöìîûl–x•þ/þ›îûö¤
îyëû%öô‰ôy¡y¤Méþy!îû•þ†þöìîûÐx•þ/þ›îûxy!ô•þyô,•þè%þéŸé‡öìuþîû
!˜öì†þ þ›!îû‹þy!¡•þ †þ!îû– x•þ/þ›îû •þjµyîûy ö¤ è%þéŸé‡[þöì†þ •þyîû
ô,•%þÄîû þ›îû ¤O#!î•þ †þöìîû ö˜¥zÐ ~ô!lèþyöìî ¥öìî þ›%lîûaylÐ
ö†þ’þz ¤Á¿yl ‹þy¥zöì¡ ööìl îûy‡%†þ– ¤ôhßì ¤Á¿yl xyÍÔy¥îû¥z
lÄÐ •þyîû¥z !˜öì†þ xyöìîûy¥” †þöìîû ¤êîy†þÄ ~î‚ ¤ê†þôÅ •þyöì†þ
•%þöì¡ ölëûÐ ëyîûy ô¨ †þyöìëÅîû ‹þe«yöìhsý ö¡öìˆ íyöì†þ– •þyöì˜îû
öìlÄ îûöìëûöìSé †þöì‘þyîû ¢y!hßì •þyöì˜îû ‹þe«yhsý îÄíÅ ¥öìîÐ xyÍÔy¥
ö•þyôyöì˜îûöì†þ ¤,!ÜT †þöìîûöìSél ôy!þ öíöì†þ– x•þ/þ›îû î#ëÅ öíöì†þ–
•þyîûþ›îû †þöìîûöìSél ö•þyôyöì˜îûöì†þ ë%ˆ¡Ð ö†þyl lyîû# ˆèÅþ™yîû”
†þöìîûly~hsýyl²Ì¤î†þöìîûly—!†þv•þy„îûKþy•þ¤yöìîûÐö†þyl
îëûßñ îÄ!_« îëû¤ þ›yëû ly ~î‚ •þyîû îëû¤ ¥Éy¤ þ›yëû ly— !†þv •þy
!¡!‡•þxyöìSé!†þ•þyöìîÐ!lÙ‹þëû~þyxyÍÔy¥îûþ›öìÇþ¤¥ÐŒ¤%îûy
æþy!•þîû–xyëûy•þéŸé2éŸé11Š
¤¥#¥äô%¤¡#ô¢îû#æþ¥y˜#¤öíöì†þ¤Bþ!¡•þ/
¥ëîû•þxyî%àîûyëûîûyŒîûy/Šîöì¡l–îû¤%¡%ÍÔy¥¤yÍÔyÍÔyàxy¡y¥z!¥
Gëûy¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSél– þ›!îûþ›)”Å ô%!ôl íy†þy xîßiyëû ö†þyl îÄ!_«
öëlyëû ŒîÄy!èþ‹þyîûŠ !¡® ¥öì•þ þ›yöìîûlyÐ öëly†þyîû# ë‡l öëlyëû
!¡® ¥ëû •þ‡l ö¤ ô%!ôl íyöì†þ lyÐ ö†þyl îÄ!_« ô%!ôl íy†þy
xîßiyëû ‹%þ!îûöì•þ !¡® ¥öì•þ þ›yöìîû lyÐ öì†þyl îÄ!_« ô%!ôl íy†þy
xîßiyëû ô˜Ä þ›yöìl !¡® ¥öì•þ þ›yöìîû lyÐ ¥ëîû•þ xyî% àîûyëûîûy
Œîûy/Š ’þzþ›öìîûy_« ¢·=öì¡yîû ¤öìD ~ îy†þÄ!þG ¤‚ë%_« †þöìîûl–
ò!Sél•þy¥z†þyîû# ë‡l ²Ì†þy¢Ä !Sél•þy¥z †þöìîû– xyîû ö¡y†þ x¤¥yëû
G !lîû*þ›yëû ¥öìëû •þyîû !˜öì†þ Ö™% ˜,!ÜT !löìÇþþ›¥z †þöìîû íyöì†þ–
•þ‡lö¤Gô%!ôlíyöì†þlyÐ
¥ëîû•þ àëy¥zæþy Œîûy/Š †þ•,Åþ†þ î!”Å•þÐ !•þ!l îöì¡l– xyôyöì˜îû
îû¤%¡%ÍÔy¥ Œ¤y/Š ˜%!þ ¥y˜#¤ Ö!löìëûöìSélÐ ~îû ~†þ!þ îyhßìîy!ëû•þ
¥öì•þ xy!ô ö˜öì‡!Sé ~î‚ xþ›îû!þ îyhßìîy!ëû•þ ¥îyîû xöìþ›Çþyëû
îûöìëû!SéÐ !•þ!l xyôyöì˜îûöì†þ î”Åly †þöìîûöìSél— xyôyl•þ ôyl%öì£ìîû
xhsýöìîûîû ˆèþ#öìîû ¤‚îû!Çþ•þÐ x•þ/þ›îû †%þîûxyl ly!ë¡ ¥¡Ð
ôyl%£ì †%þîûxyl öíöì†þ !î!™ !î™yl xþ ¥öìëûöìSé ~î‚ îû¤%¡
Œ¤y/Š ¤%§¬y•þ öíöì†þG !¢Çþy @ýÌ¥” †þöìîûöìSéÐ x•þ/þ›îû îû¤%¡%ÍÔy¥
Œ¤y/Š xyôyöì˜îûöì†þ xyôyl•þ ’þzöì‘þ ëyîyîû îÄyþ›yöìîû î”Åly †þöìîû
îöì¡öìSél– ôyl%£ì ‰%!ôöìëû ëyöìî ~î‚ •þyöì˜îû ôl öíöì†þ xyôyl•þ
•%þöì¡ ölëûy ¥öìîÐ •þyîû ¤yôylÄ•þô ²Ìèþyî ö†þî¡ xî!¢ÜT
íy†þöìîÐ þ›%lîûyëû ôyl%£ì ‰%!ôöìëû ëyöìîÐ xyîyîû xî!¢ÜT xyôyl•þ
•þyöì˜îû xhsýîû öíöì†þ •%þöì¡ ölëûy ¥öìîÐ ~îûþ›îû µ¡hsý xDyîû
þ›yöìëû ¡yˆöì¡ öæþy¤†þy þ›’þüyîû lÄyëû !‹þ¥« ôye xî!¢ÜT íy†þöìîÐ
•%þ!ôöì•þy ö˜‡öìî ’þz„‹%þ !†þv ²Ì†,þ•þþ›öìÇþ ~îû öìèþ•þîû !†þS%é¥z öl¥zÐ
x•þ/þ›îû !•þ!l ~†þ!þ þ›yíîû †%þ!‹þ •%þöì¡ !löìëû !löìîû þ›yöìëûîû
Gþ›îû !˜öìëû ˆ!’þüöìëû !˜öì¡lÐ xyîû xîßiy ~ôl ¥öìî öë–
ö¡yöì†þîûy þ›îûß›îû ö†þly öî‹þy †þîûöìî !†þv •þyöì˜îû ö†þ’þz
xyôylöì•þîûö¥æþyë•þ†þîûöìîlyÐî¡y¥öìîxô%†þî‚öì¢~†þl
xyôyl•þ˜yîû ö¡y†þ îûöìëûöìSéÐ •þyîû ¤Á›öì†Åþ ~ †þíyG î¡y ¥öìî
ö¤ †þ•þ¥zly î%!kþôylœ †þ•þ¥z ly ‹þ•%þîûœ †þ•þ¥z ly îy¥y˜%îûœ xí‹þ
•þyîû xhsýöìîû ¤!îû£ìyîû ˜yly þ›!îûôy” {ôylG íy†þöìî lyÐ
î”Åly†þyîû# îöì¡l– xyôyîû Gþ›îû ~ôl ~†þ!þ ¤ôëû x!•þîy!¥•þ
¥öìëûöìSé öë– xy!ô ö•þyôyöì˜îû †þyöìîûy ¤yöìí ö†þly öî‹þy †þîûöì•þ
~•þ%þ†%þ !m™y †þîû•þyô lyÐ ö†þlly– ö¤ ô%¤!¡ô ¥öì¡ ¥z¤¡yô¥z
•þyöì†þ ²Ì•þyîû”y G ö™„y†þyîy! öíöì†þ îûÇþy †þîûöìîÐ xyîû ö¤
!î™ô#Å ¥öì¡ •þyöì˜îû ¢y¤†þ¥z ö™y„†þyîy! G !îÙ»y¤ èþD öíöì†þ
•þyöì˜îûîûÇþy†þîû•þÐ!†þvî•Åþôyöìlxîßiy¥öìFSé~þy¥zöë–xy!ô
xô%†þ xô%†þ îÄ!_« xíÅyê ¥yöì•þ öˆyly ˜% ~†þl ö¡y†þ îÄ•þ#•þ
†þyöìîûy¤yöìíö†þlyöî‹þyGö¡löì˜l†þ!îûlyÐ
¥ëîû•þ¥zîl’þzôîûŒîûy/Š†þ•,Åþ†þî!”Å•þÐlî#†þîû#ôŒ¤y/Šîöì¡l–
¥z¤¡yöìôîû ¤)‹þly ¥öìëû!Sé¡ ßºÒ¤‚‡Ä†þ ˜!îûo ô¥y!îûöì˜îû
myîûy¥zÐ x!‹þöìîû¥z •þy þ›)îÅyîßiyëû !æþöìîû xy¤öìîÐ •þy ’þzèþëû
ô¤!öì˜îûŒôEþyGô˜#lyŠôyVþyôy!Vþ~¡y†þyëû=!þöìëûxy¤öìî–
¤yþ›•þyîûˆöì•Åþîû!˜öì†þöëôl=!þöìëûxyöì¤Ð

4. 5
¥ëîû•þ¥y¤ylî¤äîû#Œîû¥/Šîûîy”#¤ô)¥/
•þyGîûyöì•þ xyöìSé– öë îÄ!_« xöìÒ •%þ!ÜT xèþÄy¤ †þöìîû– ö¤
þ›îûô%‡yöìþ›Çþ#lëûÐöëîÄ!_«ôyl%öì£ìîû¤‚ßËîöíöì†þô%_«¥öìëûöìSé
ö¤ îÄ!_«¥z ²Ì†,þ•þ •%þ!ÜT ¡yèþ †þöìîûöìSéÐ öë îÄ!_« læþ¤öì†þ î¢
†þöìîûöìSé– ö¤¥z ߺy™#lÐ öë !¥‚¤y •þÄyˆ †þöìîûöìSé– ö¤¥z î¦%þc
¡yöìèþîû öëyˆÄÐ ëyîû !¥‚¤y öl¥z– ö¡yöì†þ •þyöì†þ èþy¡îyöì¤ G
•þyîû î¦% c †þyôly †þöìîûÐ öë !†þS%é!˜l Œþ›y!íÅî #îöìlŠ ÷ì™ëÅ
™yîû” †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû– ö¤ xlhsý†þy¡ Œxy!‡îûyöì•þŠ ¤%öì‡ íy†þyîû
öëyˆÄ•þy¡yèþ†þöìîûÐ
öìë þ›ëÅhsý ¥*˜ëû †þíy ly î¡y þþ›ëÅhsý Kþyl# ö¡y†þ ‹%þþ› †þöìîû
íyöì†þlÐ ëy„yîûy Kþyl# G xyÍÔy¥öì†þ èþëû †þöìîûl •„þyîûy ¥*˜öìëû
xyÍÔy¥îû¥z¡¥yô¡yèþ†þöìîûlÐxyÍÔy¥îû¥z¡¥yô•„þyöì˜îû!¥îyëû
’þzF‹þy!îû•þ¥ëûôyeÐ
xyÍÔy¥ ö²Ì!ôöì†þîû !•þl!þ ¡Çþ” xyöìSé éŸé Œ†þŠ öë öë !î£ìöìëû
xyÍÔy¥•þyëûy¡y x¤v!ÜT– ~¤î !î£ìëû öíöì†þ !•þ!l
¥z!wëû=öì¡yöì†þ ¤‚ë•þ †þöìîû îûyöì‡lÐ Œ‡Š ëyöì•þ xyÍÔy¥îû
¥z¡¥yô•þy„öì˜îû!¥îyëû’þzF‹þy!îû•þ¥ëûôyeÐ
~†þ ô)¥)•Åþ†þy¡ ˜%!lëûyîû xly¤!_« ¥yyîû îSéöìîûîû öîûyëy
lyôyöìëîûö‹þöìëû’þz_ôÐ
ë‡l ôöìl †þîûöìî öë– ö•þyôyîû ôöì™Ä ²ÌîMéþly öl¥z– •þ‡l
þ›,!íî#îûëyî•þ#ëûîÝxöìþ›Çþy!l²Ìy”öì†þx!™†þèþy¡îy¤öìîÐ
~ôl ö†þyl ô¥ê îÄ!_« §Ã@ýÌ¥” †þöìîûl!l ~î‚ èþ!î£ìÄöì•þG
†þîûöìîl ly– !ë!l ôyl%!æþ†þöì˜îû ²Ì•þyîû”yîû èþöìëû èþ#•þG †þ!Á›•þ
llÐ
!•þ!l¥z ²Ì†,þ•þ ô%!ôl !ë!l xyÍÔy¥îû †þ¤ô †þöìîû î¡öì•þ þ›yöìîûl
öë–!•þ!lô%!ôlÐ
™#îû !ßiîû G x‹þMéþ¡ îÄ!_«¥z ²Ì†,þ•þ ô%!ôlÐ ëy ôöìl xyöì¤ •þy¥z
†þöìîûlly~î‚ô%öì‡ëyxyö줕þy¥zîöì¡llyÐ
!•þl îÄ!_«îû x¤yÇþyöì•þ !l¨y †þîûöì¡ ˆ#î•þ ¥ëû lyéŸé Œ1Š öë
ö¡yèþ# ²Ì!•þ– Œ2Š ¤îŘy öë x¤ê†þyöìëÅ !¡®– Œ3Š x•þÄy‹þyîû#
öl•þyÐ
þ›îû !l¨yîûîû ˆ#îöì•þîû lÄ xyÍÔy¥îû ˜îûîyöìîû Çþôy ²ÌyíÅly †þîûy
xî¢Ä †þ•ÅþîÄÐ ëyîû !l¨y †þîûy ¥ëû– •þyîû †þyöìSé Çþôy ö‹þöìëû þ›öìîû
xyÍÔy¥þ›yöì†þîû†þyöìSéÇþôy²Ìyí#Å¥öì•þ¥öìîÐ
˜%!lëûy˜yîû ö¡y†þ !•þl!þ xyöìÇþþ› !löìëû ¥z¥™yô •þÄyˆ †þöìîû éŸé
Œ1Š ™lyÅl G ™l ¤¥²Ìy!® ly þ›yGëûyîû ˜%/‡– Œ2Š xy¢y xþ›)”Å
íy†þyîû ˜îûl ôöìly†þÜT– Œ3Š þ›îû†þyöì¡îû þ›yöìíëû ¤!Méþ•þ ¥ëû !l
îöì¡èþëûÐ
ëyîû öîyVþy ¥y¡†þy ö¤ ô%!_« þ›yëûÐ xyîû ëyîû öîyVþy èþyîû#– ö¤
™ç‚¤²Ìy®¥ëûÐ
ëy„îûy ˜%!lëûyöì†þ ~†þ!þ xyôyl•þ îöì¡ ôöìl †þöìîûl– •þy„yöì˜îûöì†þ
xyÍÔy¥ Çþôy †þîûöìîlÐ •þy„îûy xyôylöì•þîû ôy¡ ôy!¡†þöì†þ
ŒxyÍÔy¥öì†þŠ öæþîû•þ !löìëû öîyVþy ¥yÍñy †þöìîû xlyëûyöì¤
þ›îû†þyöì¡îûþ›öìíëyey†þîûöìîlÐ
!ë!l þ›,!íî#îû xyîy¤ßi¡ öèþöìD •þyîû èþ@Àhß)ìöìþ›îû ’þzþ›îû
xy!‡îûyöì•þîû îy¡y‡yly !lôyÅ” †þöìîû ~î‚ ˜%!lëûyîû öôyöì¥
xy!‡îûyöì•þîû îy¡y‡yly ™ç‚¤ ly †þöìîû G xy!‡îûyöì•þîû ˆ,¥öì†þ
™ç‚¤ †þöìîû •þyîû èþ@Àyîöì¢îû myîûy ˜%!lëûyîû ˆ,¥ !lôÅy” †þîûöì•þ
¤!I•þ†þîûöì•þô_ly¥l–xyôyîûôöì•þ!•þ!l¥zî%!kþôylÐ
xyÍÔy¥öì†þ !ë!l ²Ì†,þ•þèþyöìî !‹þöìlöìSél– !•þ!l¥z •„þyîû ¤yöìí
èþy¡îy¤y ßiyþ›l †þöìîûöìSélÐ öë îÄ!_« Ö™% ˜%!lëûyöì†þ¥z !‹þöìlöìSé–
öì¤xyÍÔy¥•þyëûyîû¤yöìí¢e•þy†þöìîûöìSéÐ
ö•þyôyîû læäþ¤öì†þ öëôl †þ!‘þl ¢,Cöì¡ öî„öì™ îûy‡y xyî¢Ä†þ–
xlÄ ö†þyl vöì†þ¥z ö•þôl †þ!‘þlèþyöìî öî„öì™ îûy‡yîû ˜îû†þyîû
¥ëûlyÐ
öì•þyôyîû ô,•%þÄîû þ›îû ¤‚¤yîû ö•þyôyîû îÄyþ›yöìîû !†þîû*þ› ™yîû”y
†þîûöìî– •þy ë!˜ •%þ!ô ylöì•þ ‹þyG– •þy¥öì¡ xþ›öìîûîû ô,•%þÄîû þ›îû
•%þ!ô ô,•þ îÄ!_« ¤Á›öì†Åþ !†þ ™yîû”y öþ›y£ì” †þîû– •þy öèþöìî
ö˜‡öìîÐ
öì•þyôyîû þ›)îÅ þ›%îû£ìˆ” ~ þ›îûGëûyly Œ†%þîûxyl ¢îû#öìæþîûŠ ôëÅy˜y
îûÇþy†þöìîûöìSélЕ„þyîûyîûy!eöì•þö¤¤Á›öì†Åþˆèþ#îû!‹þhsýy†þîûöì•þl
~î‚ !˜öìl •þ˜l%ëyëû# xyô¡ †þîûöì•þlÐ ö•þyôîûy †%þîûxyl ô#˜
Ökþîû*öìþ›þ›’þü¤•þÄ–!†þvxyô¡xíÅyêö¤xl%¤yöìîû†þy†þîûSé
lyÐ Ö™% •þyîû î”Å G Ökþ †þöìîû !˜öìëûSé ~î‚ þ›%„!í þ›%hßìöì†þîû lÄyëû
ôöìlyöìëyöìˆîû ¤yöìí¥z þ›’þüSéÐ Œ!†þv •þyîû !¢Çþy !löìöì˜îû
#îöìl @ýÌ¥”†þîûSélyЊ
ëyöì†þ xyÍÔy¥ ö¥ëû G ‰,!”•þ †þöìîûöìSél– Ö™% ö¤ ˜%!lëûyîû ™l
¤Á›öì˜îû²Ì!•þxy¤_«íyöì†þÐ
öë ¥zFSéy †þöìîû öë– ö¡yöì†þ •þyîû xl%¤îû” †þîû†þ– ö¤ !löìîÅy™–
•þyîûxhsýîû¤!‘þ†þlëûÐ
öë îÄ!_« xþ›öìîûîû ö˜yöì£ìîû †þíy ö•þyôyîû †þyöìSé ²Ì†þy¢ †þöìîû– ö¤
!lÙ‹þëû¥z ö•þyôyîû ö˜yöì£ìîû †þíyG xþ›öìîûîû †þyöìSé ²Ì†þy¢ †þöìîû
íyöì†þÐ
öë lyôyë ôlöì†þ ¤‚ë•þ †þöìîû •þyöì•þ xyÍÔy¥•þyëûy¡yîû
ôyˆ!æþîûyöì•þîû¤½þyîly‡%î¥zöî¢#Ð
î!”Å•þxyöìSé–¥y¤ylî¤îû#ô%lyyöì•þî¡öì•þl–òòöì¥xyÍÔy¥•%þ!ô
xyôyöì†þ !lëûyô•þ ˜yl †þöìîûSé– !†þv xy!ô •þyîû †,þ•þKþ•þy Kþyþ›l
†þ!îû!lÐ •%þ!ô !îþ›˜ !˜öìëûSé– !†þv xy!ô ÷ì™ëÅ™yîû” †þ!îû!lÐ
ö¢y†þîû xy˜yëû †þ!îû!l îöì¡ •%þ!ô xyôyîû †þySé öìíöì†þ !lëûyô•þ
ö†þöì’þü !lGlyÐ ¤îîû ly †þîûyîû ˜îûl •%þ!ô xyôyîû !îþ›˜öì†þ
!‹þîûßiyëû# †þîû !lÐ ö¥ xyÍÔy¥ ö•þyôyîû ôyöìVþ ’þz˜yîû•þy G îû¥ô•þ
Séy’þüyxyîû!†þS%é¥zöl¥zÐ

5. 6
¤,!ÜTˆöì•þîû ö¤îûy #î •þíy xy¢îûyæ%þ¡ ôy‡¡%†þy•þ ¥öì¡G
ôylî y!•þîû ¤îöì‹þöìëû !îþ›˜l†þ !˜†þ ¥öì¡y !löìöì˜îû ôyöìVþ
!îöìèþ˜– ö×Ûþöìcîû x¥‚†þyîû ~î‚ ö¡yèþéŸé¡y¡¤yÐ xyîû
~=öì¡yöì†þ xyöìîûy öî!¢ ’þzöìßñ !˜öìFSé ¤yôy!†þ xly‹þyîû–
lyly™îûöì”îû †%þ¤‚ßñyîû– †%þþ›ô[%þ†þ•þy G xþ›¤‚ß,ñ!•þîû ¤ëû¡yîÐ
!îþ›íéˆyô# ö¡y†þöì˜îû myîûy ™öìôÅîû lyöìô x™ôÅ– ߺy™#l•þyîû lyöìô
öˆy¡yô#îû !!Oîû ¡y!ˆöìëû ôylî•þyîû xþ›ôyl– ¤ôy!†þ ²Ìíyîû
lyöìô x¤yôy!†þ †þyëņþ¡yþ›–xy¥zléŸé†þyl%öìlîû lyöìô öìîéŸéxy¥zl#
†þyëņþ¡yþ›– !îKþyöìlîû lyöìô x÷ìîKþy!l†þ þ›˜öìÇþþ›–
¤ôy•þöìsfîû lyöìô ¡yˆy•þyîû ö¢y£ì”– ™ôÅ!lîûöìþ›Çþ•þy G ô%_«
!‹þhsýyîû lyöìô xy !‹þhsýyîû ÷lîûyÄ– ™ôÅ¥#l•þy– !î¼y!hsý–
þ›y¢!î†þ•þy– †%þþ›ô[%þ†þ•þy G ¢ëû•þyl# †þy†þöìôÅîû Séëû¡yî îöìëû
ëyöìFSéÐ~¤î†þyîûö씤ôyöìîû!èþ•þþy¥zxyl’þüîöì’þüxîßiyöìl
~öì¤ ˜„y!’þüöìëûöìSéÐ ¤èþÄ•þy þ›!îû”•þ ¥öìëûöìSé ëy!sf†þ•þyëûÐ !îÙ»
!lîûyþ›_y •þy¥z †þ!‘þl ‹þÄyöì¡O G àô!†þîû ô%öì‡ þ›öì’þüöìSé ~î‚
!îÙ»ôylî•þyîûôôÅô)öì¡xyxy‰y•þ†þöìîû‹þöì¡öìSéÐ
þ›y¢yþ›y!¢ !î!èþ§¬ ¤sfy¤# •þêþ›îû•þy– ë%kþéŸé!î@ýÌ¥– ¥yly¥y!l– ‡îûy–
¤%lyô#– è)þ!ô†þÁ›– þöìlÅöì’þy– ‰)!”ÅVþ’þü ¥z•þÄy!˜ ²Ì†,þ!•þ†þ ˜%öìëyÅöìˆîû
†þyîûöì” xhsý¥#l ¤ô¤Äyëû Å!îû•þ xyöì†þîû þ›,!íî#Ð ¤îÅe¥z
!îîûy †þîûöìSé x¢y!hsý– xîûy†þ•þy– x•þÄy‹þyîû– %¡%ô– ö¢y£ì”–
þ›y¢!î†þ•þy G !lëûÅy•þlÐ y!•þöì•þ y!•þöì•þ ¤‚‰y•þéŸé¤‚‰£ìÅ–
‹þy!îû!e†þ !îþ›ëÅëû G ÷l!•þ†þ xîÇþëû ôylî#îlöì†þ †%þöìîû †%þöìîû
‡yöìFSéÐ ‹þyîû!˜öì†þ ˜%lÅ#!•þ– !¥‚¤y– !îöìm£ì– ¤‚‰£ìÅ– ë%kþ–
‰y•þéŸé²Ì!•þ‰y•þG²Ì!•þöì¢y™ß›,¥ySé!’þüöìëûþ›’þüöìSéÐ
þ›!îû!ßi!•þîû†þyîûöì”ôylî•þyxyþ›˜˜!¡•þG¡y!Nþ•þÐ!lîûþ›yëû
¥öìëû ôyl%£ì xy ~†þ%þ ¢y!hsý ‹þyëû– ~†þ%þ ô%!_«îû ¤%îy•þy¤ öìþ›öì•þ
‹þyëûÐ !îÙ» ôylî xy ™ôÅ!lîûöìþ›Çþ•þy– ¤ôy•þsf G ôylþüy
¤î™îûöì”îû ô•þîy˜ G ¤†þ¡²Ì†þyîû è%þ¡!‹þhsýy öíöì†þ þ›!îûey”
öþ›öì•þ ‹þyëûÐ !†þv ö¤¥z ¢y!hsý G ô%!_«îû þ›í öì†þyl!þÚ ö†þyl
!î£ìöìëûîû ‹þ‹Åþy †þîûöì¡ !îÙ» ôylî•þy xy ¢y!hsý G ô%!_« þ›yöìîÚ
ö†þyl !î£ìöìëûîû ‹þ‹Åþy †þîûöì¡ ôyl%£ì ¤îÅy!™†þ ¢y!hsý– ô%!_«– †þ¡Äy”
¡yèþ †þîûöìîÚ ôyl%öì£ìîû îÄ!_«ˆ•þ– þ›y!îûîy!îû†þ– ¤yôy!†þ–
îûy÷ìl!•þ†þ– xíÅ÷ìl!•þ†þ G xyhsÅýy!•þ†þ öÇþöìe ¢y!hsý ¡yèþ
†þîûöìîÚ
xy¢îûyæ%þ¡ ôy‡¡%†þy•þ ôylî y!•þîû ¤†þ¡ ¤ô¤Äyîû ¤ôy™yöìl
•þy¥z ô¥yl xyÍÔy¥þ›y†þ ¤ôëû ’þzþ›öìëyˆ# ôylîô%!_«îû ¤l˜
ô¥y@ýÌsi xy¡ ö†þyîûxyl ly!¡ †þöìîûöìSélÐ þ›!îe ö†þyîûxyöìl
ôylî#îöìlîû ö†þyl ¤ô¤Äy ~î‚ ¤½þyîlyîû †þíyëû îy˜ ö˜l!l
xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡yÐ ~¤Á›öì†Åþ ߺëû‚ xyÍÔy¥ îöì¡l韟Ÿéòxy!ô ö†þyl
!î£ìöìëûîû¤ôy™yl~¥z!†þ•þyöìîŒxy¡ö†þyîûxyöìlŠîy˜!˜¥z!lóÐ
ô¥y!îöìÙ»îû ¤ôôÅëû !lëûsf†þ– !‹þîûhsýl G !‹þîûO#î– ô¥yô¥#ô–
þ›%•þéŸéþ›!îe–¤îÅ_!îîûyôyl–ö²Ìôôëû–ô¥yþ›îûye«ô¢y¡#–þ›îûô
†þîû”yôëû– ¤îÅKþyl#– ô¥yl%èþî ¤,!ÜT†þ•Åþy x!îlÙ»îû ~†þ !‹þîû™Êî
÷îKþy!l†þ ô¥y¤_yÐ !•þ!l ¤,!ÜT ˆöì•þîû ¤îÅöì×Ûþ ¤,!ÜT îy
xy¢îûyæ%þ¡ ôy‡¡%†þy•þ !¥öì¤öìî ôylî y!•þöì†þ ¤öìîçÅy‹þ ôëÅy˜y
!˜öìëûöìSélÐ
•þî%G ¤yîûy ˜%!lëûyëû ôyl%£ì xy ¥yly¥y!l– !¥‚¤y– !îöìm£ì–
ߺyíÅþ›îû•þy– ˜yDyéŸé¥yDyôy¤¥ ™ç‚¤yd†þ †þyëņþ¡yöìþ› !¡® ¥öìëû
!löìöì˜îû ôëÅy˜yöì†þ ö†þî¡ Ç%þ§¬¥z †þîûöìSé ly韟Ÿéôyl%öì£ìîûy¥z
xyöì†þ ˜%!lëûyîû ‹þy!îû!˜öì†þ x¢y!hsýîû î# îþ›” †þöìîû ‹þöì¡öìSéÐ
æþöì¡ îÄ!_«– þ›!îûîyîû– ¤ôy– îûyÜTÉ G xyhsÅýy!•þ†þ þ›!îûô[þöì¡
‹þîûô ¥•þy¢y G x¢y!hsýþ !îîûyôylÐ ôyl%£ì xy !˜ö좥yîûy G
þ›í¼ÜT ¥öìëû lyly è%þ¡ þ›öìí S%éöìþ ‹þ¡öìSéÐ æþöì¡ y!•þîû †þ¡Äy”
¥Gëûyö•þy˜)öìîûîû†þíy²Ì!•þ!˜lö¤lylyèþyöìî!îþ›˜@ýÌßi¥öìFSéÐ
öë †þyîûöì” ’þzþ›ô¥yöì˜öì¢îû !î!¢ÜT †þyöìô¡ G¡# ¥ëîû•þ ôyG¡yly
xyylˆySé# Œîû¥/Š Œ1828éŸé1932Š xyhsÅýy!•þ†þ
‡Äy!•þ¤Á›§¬– !îÙ»öì†þyöì£ì ’þz!ÍÔ!‡•þ– îàþ›%hßì†þ G þ›!e†þyëû
þ›!îû!‹þ•þ ë%öìˆîû ô¥y¤‚ßñyîû†þ– ô¥yl ¤%æþ# ¤y™†þ– ‹þyîû •þy!îû†þyîû
xyþ †þyöìô¡ ¤)æþ# G¡#ëûyô öôyîûö좘lyîû xl%¤y!îû G æþöìëû
²Ìy®– ¥ëîû•þ Gôîû æþyîû†þ Œîûy!/Š éŸé~îû î‚¢™îû– ¤†þ¡
ô¥y¤y™†þ öëôl ¥ëîû•þ xy·%¡ †þyöì˜îû !¡yl# Œîû¥/Š G ‡yy
ô{l%!jl !‹þ¢•þ# Œîû¥/Š ²Ìè,þ!•þ ôl#£ì#ˆöì”îû ô•þ !löìîû ¤ô@ýÌ
#îl– !ô˜yîû# •þíy yléŸéôy¡ ¤ôhßì !†þS%é¥z y!•þ éŸé™ôÅéŸéî”Å
!l!îÅöì¢öì£ì ô¥y!îöìÙ»îû ôylîy!•þîû ¤îÅôëû ¤%‡éŸé¢y!hsý G ôylî
†þ¡Äyöì”îû ’þzöìjöì¢Ä èþyîûöì•þîû ö†þy¡†þy•þyîû îyˆôyîû#îû ˆèþ#îû
Dö졤y™ly†þyîû#¤•þÄéŸé¤%¨îû!îÙ»y¼y•,þî!îÙ»ôylî•þyîûx•þw
²Ì¥îû# !¥öì¤öìî !¤!kþ¡yèþ †þöìîûlÐ x•þ/þ›îû !•þ!l òòöì¥ ²Ìè%þ
ö•þyôyîû ¤ôhßì ¤,!ÜTîû ˆ•þ G !îߺôylîy!•þîû ’þzþ›îû ö†þëûyô•þ
!îÙ»¢y!hsý– ¤Á±#!•þ G ôylî†þ¡Äy”¥z !îÙ»l#l ²ÌyíÅly¤èþyîû ¡ÇþÄ
¤Á›y˜†þ#ëû

6. 7
þ›ëÅhsý ö•þyôyîû xþ›yîûéŸéxæ%þîûhsý †þîû”y î,!kþ †þöìîû ˜yGóóÐ ~¥z
!‹þîû†þ¡Äy”ôëû ö˜yëûyîû ôy™Äöìô !îÙ»l#l þþ²ÌyíÅly ¤èþy xyîû
!îÙ»%öì’þü !îÙ»l#l ö†þyîûxyléŸé¥y!˜¤ ¢îû#æþ ¤Á¿•þ îû!îîyöìîûîû
ô¥yö†þyîûxyl†Ïþyöì¤îû•þíy¤yÇþyꤕþÄéŸé¤%¨îû–lÄyëûéŸé†þ¡Äy”G
l%öìîûîû ô!¡¤– G!æþy ~î‚ ¥yEþyl# xyO%ôyl ²Ì!•þÛþy ¥z•þÄy!˜îû
²Ìî•Åþl†þöìîûlÐ
•„þyîû¥z ²Ì!•þ!Ûþ•þ ¥yEþyl# xyO%ôyöìlîû î•Åþôyl ˆj#l¢#l Œ˜y/
îy/Š y!•þ– ™ôÅ– î”Å– !l!îÅöì¢öì£ì ¤yîûy ˜%!lëûyîû ¢y!hsý G ôDöì¡îû
!l!ôöì_ ¤!•þĆþyîû !îÙ»l#l !îÙ» ¼y•,þöìcîû ô¥yl ¤,!ÜT†þ•Åþy ²Ìè%þ
G •þyîû ¤†þ¡ öì²Ì!îû•þ lî#ˆ” †þ•,Åþ†þ ôöìlyl#•þ ~†þ ²ÌyíÅly ¤èþy
²ÌîÅ•þl †þöìîûöìSélÐ î•Åþôyöìl !îöìÙ»îû ¥•þy¢yöì†þ †þy!þöìëû ’þzöì‘þ
†þ¡Äyöì”îû!˜¢y¡yöìèþîûlÄ¥z~¥z²ÌyíÅly¤èþy!˜öì†þ!˜öì†þxy
¢y!hsýîûx!ôëû™yîûy!î•þîû”†þöìîû‹þöì¡öìSéÐ
~¥z xþ›ôyll†þ ˜%˜Å¢y öíöì†þ ô%!_« öþ›öìëû xyöì¡y!†þ•þ þ›öìí
¤%‡éŸé¢y!hsýG¤ô,!kþîûöìlÄ¥öìlÄ¥öìëû’þzöì‘þöìSéÐ!†þv•þyîûöìlÄ
‹þy¥z ~†þ!þ ¤!‘þ†þ ˆy¥z’þ¡y¥zlÐ þ›!îe ö†þyîûxyl%¡ †þ!îûô ö¤¥z
ˆy¥z’þ¡y¥zl ¥öì¡G xöìlöì†þ þ›!îe ö†þyîûxyöìlîû
xyö옢éŸé!löì£ì™öì†þ þ›y¢ †þy!þöìëû !î†þÒ þþ›öìí ¢y!hsýîû xö짺£ì”
†þîûöìSéÐ ôylî y!•þîû ~¥z ˜%˜Å¢y ö˜öì‡ ë%öìˆ ë%öìˆ ¢y!hsý G
¤yöìôÄîû ˜#® ô¢y¡ !löìëû xy™Äy!d†þ ˆöì•þîû x¤‚‡Ä
²Ì!¢Çþ”²Ìy® †þyöìô¡ G ¤)æþ#éŸé¤y™†þ þ›ë%Řhßì ôylî ¤ôyöì
xly!î¡ ¢y!hsý ²Ì!•þÛþy†þöìÒ xyˆôl †þöìîûlÐ •„þyöì˜îû ôyöìVþ
¥z¤¡yöìôîû !m•þ#ëû ‡!¡æþy ¥ëîû•þ Gôîû æþyîû†þ Œîûy!/Š ~îû
37Lô î‚¢™îû ~î‚ ¥yEþyl# xyO%ôyöìlîû ²Ì!•þÛþy•þy ‡yö졤
ô%_y†þ#l– ë%öìˆîû ô¥y¤‚ßñyîû†þ– ¥ëîû•þ ôyG¡yly ¤)æþ# ô)æþ•þ#
xyylˆySé# Œîû¥/Š xlÄ•þô î%ë%ň îÄ!_«cÐ 1876 ¤yöì¡ !•þ!l
xyylˆy!Sé öíöì†þ †þ¡†þy•þyëû xyˆôl †þöìîûl ~î‚ ¥yEþyl#
˜îûîyîû ¢îû#æþ †þyöìëûô †þöìîû ôylîy!•þîû ôyöìVþ îûy¤%öì¡ †þyîû#ô
Œ¤y/Š ~îû ’þz_ô xy˜¢Å •þíy ö†þyîûxyl G ¤%§¬y¥îû ²Ì†,þ•þ
!¢Çþyöì†þ ²Ì‹þyîû †þöìîûl ~î‚ ¤ô¤Äy@ýÌhßì ôyl%£ìöì˜îûöì†þ ¥•þy¢yîû
¥y•þöíöì†þîûÇþy†þöìîû!‹þîû¢y!hsýG†þ¡Äyöì”îûþ›í²Ì˜Å¢l†þöìîûlÐ
•„þyîû ²Ì!•þ!Ûþ•þ ¥yEþyl# xyO%ôyöìlîû ôy™Äöìô ¢y!hsýîû ™ôÅ
¥z¤¡yöìôîû ¤yîûôôÅ=!¡ ôyl%öì£ìîû ôyöìVþ ²Ì‹þyîû †þöìîû ~îû
öÄy!•þòîû myîûy ôylî ¥*˜ëûöì†þ xyöì¡y!†þ•þ G þ›!îe †þöìîû
ö•þyöì¡lÐ
•„þyîû ~¥z ²Ì˜!¢Å•þ þ›í xl%¤îû” †þöìîû î•Åþôyl ˆj#l¤#l à%îû
ö†þî¡y Œ˜y/ îy/ŠéŸé~îû !löì˜öìÅì¢ !îÙ»¢y!hsý G †þ¡Äy” †þyôlyîû
ôy™Äöìô ¢y!hsý ²Ì!•þÛþy ~î‚ ôylî•þyîû ô%!_«îû ¡öìÇþ ¥yEþyl#
xyO%ôyl î‚y¡yö옢 ²Ìöì•þĆþ îSéîû 1¡y !’þöì¤Áºîû ²Ìíöìô y•þ#ëû
ö²Ì¤†Ïþyî !ô¡lyëû•þöìl– •þyîûþ›îû G¤ôyl# ß¿,!•þ !ô¡lyëû•þl G
y•þ#ëû y˜%‰îû ²Ì™yl !ô¡lyëû•þöìl !îÙ»l#l ²ÌyíÅly ¤èþyîû
xyöìëûyl †þöìîû ~öì¤öìSéÐ •þyîû¥z ™yîûyîy!¥†þ•þyëû ‹þ¡!•þ îSéîû
1¡y !’þöì¤Áºîû “þy†þyîû îûôly þ›y†Åþ ¤‚¡@À ¥zl!ސþ!þ’þz¢l
¥z!O!lëûyŤ îy‚¡yö옢 Œ xy¥z¥z!î èþîlŠ !ô¡lyëû•þöìl 18•þô
!îÙ»l#l ²ÌyíÅly ¤èþyîû xyöìëûyl †þöìîûöìSéÐ xy¤%l xyôîûy
!îÙ»ôylîy!•þîû†þ¡Äyöì” ßËÜTyîû !l†þþ xl%@ýÌ¥ ²ÌyíÅly †þ!îûéŸé òöì¥
xyÍÔy¥¤†þ¡¤,!ÜTîû’þzþ›öìîûxyþ›lyîûîû¥ô•þîy!’þüöìëû!˜lóÐ

7. 8
~¥z ô!¡¤ †þ•þ æþyëû˜yîû– †þ•þ îîû†þöì•þîû– •þy xyôyîû
éKþyöìlîû îy¥zöìîûÐ ôyG¡yly îû*ô# Œîû¥/Š îöì¡öìSél– öë îÄ!_«
ö‹þyö쇆þyöì¡y‹þ¢ôy þ›öìîûöìSé•þyîû†þyöìSé~¥z’þzy¡yˆ•þ
†þyöì¡y ¥öìëûöìSéÐ ö•þy èþy¥z ú îû†þô l)öìîûîû ¤yôöìl ~öì¡
†þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy þ›îûy ö¡yöì†þîû †þyöìSé l)îûG †þyöì¡y ¥öìëû ëyëûÐ
xyôîûy †þöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy þ›öìîû xy!SéÐ •þy¥z ’þzþ›¡!¸þ †þîûöì•þ
þ›yîû!Sélyxyôîûyö†þyíyëû~öì¤!SéІþyöì¡y‹þ¢ôyþþ›öìîûxySé–
•þöìî !lîûy¢ ¥öìëûy lyÐ †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy ö‹þyöì‡ xyöìSé îöì¡¥z
’þzy¡yˆ•þö˜‡öì•þþ›yFSélyÐö•þyôyîû†þyöì¡y‹þ¢ôy‡%öì¡
ú†þyöì¡y‹þ¢ôyîû þ›!îûî•Åþl†þöìîûl•%þl‹þ¢ôyþ›îûyîyîûlÄ
îà G¡#ŸéxyÍÔy¥ ˜%!lëûyöì•þ ~öì¤öìSélÐ xy¢y îûy‡ lî#îû
Gëûy!îû¤ !†þëûyô•þ þ›ëÅhsý ö¤¥z þl)îû !löìëû íy†þöìîÐ ö¤¥z l)îû
ölGëûyîû ë!˜ ¥zFSéy íyöì†þ– ö¤¥z îÄ!_«îû ¤¦þyl †þîûÐ ö¤¥z
îÄ!_«îû •þy¡y¢ †þîû ëyîû †þyöìSé l)îû xyöìSéÐ •þy¥z xyÍÔy¥
†þy¡yô þ›yöì†þ ö‰y£ì”y †þîûöì¡l– öë {ôyl˜yîû {ôyl
~öìlöìSé– !îÙ»y¤ †þöìîûöìSé xyÍÔy¥öì†þ– !†þv ö¤¥z îÄ!_« l)îû
þ›y¥z!l ö‹þyöì‡îû †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôyþy ~‡lG ö‡yöì¡!lÐ xyÍÔy¥
ôyòî%˜– ô%¥yÁ¿˜ Œ¤/Š xyÍÔy¥îû lî# ~î‚ ¤)æþ# xyylˆySé#
Œîû¥/Š †þy!ô¡ ô%îû!¢˜ ~¥z †þíy !îÙ»y¤ †þöìîû!SéÐ •þöìî
†þy!ô¡ G¡#îû †þyöìSé ly ëyGëûy þþ›ëÅhsý ö•þyôyîû ö‹þyöì‡îû
†þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy ö‡y¡y ëyöìî lyÐ xyÍÔy¥ Séy’þüy xyîû ö†þyl
ôyòî%˜ ly¥z– xyîû ô%¥yÁ¿˜ Œ¤/ŠxyÍÔy¥îû ö²Ì!îû•þ îû¤%¡– ~¥z
†þíy!îÙ»y¤†þöìîû!Sé~¥z!îÙ»yöì¤ìîûlyô¥z¥öì¡y{ôylÐ
xyôyîû ö‹þyöì‡ öë þ›˜Åy þ›öì’þüöìSé– ’þy_«yöìîûîû †þyöìSé ë‡l ëyî–
ö‹þy‡ þ›îû#Çþy †þöìîû ë‡l xþ›yöìîû¢l †þîûöìîy– •þ‡l ¥öìî
xyôyîû xy¥zl%¡ ~†þ#lÐ xy¥zl%¡ ~†þ#l ë‡l ¥öìî ô%îû!¢˜
ö†þî¡y Œîû¥/Š •þ‡l ö•þyôyöì†þ ¥†þ†%þ¡ ~†þ#öìlîû ôöì™Ä ‘„þy¥z
!˜öìîlÐô™%‡%î!ô!ÜT~þym#öì¡îû!îÙ»y¤Ð~‡lë!˜ö•þöì•þy
îöì¡y– ö¤ !îÙ»y¤ †þîûöìî lyÐ ~¥z ô™% ~öìl ö˜‡yöìly ¥öìFSé
~¥z ö˜‡ ô™%Ð ~¥zîyîû •þyöì†þ ë!˜ !‹þ!lîû ¢îûî•þ ˜yG– ö¤
!îÙ»y¤ †þîûöìî lyÐ ô™% ¥öì¡y xy¥zl%¡ ~†þ#l xyîû ô%öì‡
ö˜Gëûyîû þ›îû ¥öì¡y •þy ¥†þ†%þ¡ ~†þ#lÐ ~¥zîyîû •þyöì†þ ë!˜
ö†þöìþ öæþ¡y ¥ëû xyîû î¡y ¥ëû ô™% ¤y˜y– ö¤ ߺ#†þyîû †þîûöìî
lyÐ ö¤¥z ô™% ö‡öìëû!Sé¡ ¤y¥yî#ˆ”Ð •þy¥z •þyöì˜îûöì†þ ö†þöìþ
%þ†þöìîûy %þ†þöìîûy †þöìîû öæþ¡y ¥öìëû!Sé¡Ð •þî% ¤•þÄöì†þ •þyîûy
•þÄyˆ †þöìîûl!lÐ ôyG¡yly îû*ô# Œîû¥/Š îöì¡öìSél– ë‡l
ö•þyôyîû ö‹þyöì‡îû †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy ‡%öì¡ öæþ¡y ¥öìî– •þ‡l •%þ!ô
’þzy¡y ˆ•þ ö˜‡öì•þ þ›yöìîÐ ö•þyôyîû †%„þöì’þü‰öìîû íy†þöì•þ
þ›yîûöì•þ lyÐ ~‡l ö•þyôyöì†þ îy¡y‡yly ö˜Gëûy ¥öì¡yÐ
îy¡y‡yly ë‡l öþ›öì¡ ö¤¥z èþ@À †%þ!þöìîûîû †þíy xyîû ôöìl
íy†þöìî lyÐ !‘þ†þ ö•þôl¥z ~¥z lÙ»îû ˆöì•þ lî# Œ¤/Š ë‡l
ö•þyôyîû †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôyþy ‡%öì¡ öæþ¡öì¡lÐ ~†þ ¤y¥yî#
x•þÄhsý ˆîû#îÐ xyî% y¥¡ î¡öì¡y– xy!ô ö•þyôyöì†þ
îûyîy!’þü ö˜î– •þ%!ô lî# Œ¤/ŠéŸé~îû ¤D •þÄyˆ †þîûÐ ö¤ •þy
‹þy¥z¡ lyÐ •þyîû †þyîû”– lî#Œ¤/Š ú ¤y¥yî#îû ö‹þy‡ ¥öì•þ
†þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy ‡%öì¡ !˜öìëû!Séöì¡lÐ ú ¤y¥yî#îû lyô ¥ëîû•þ
xyöìôly Œîûy/ŠÐ xyî% y¥öì¡îû ö‹þyöì‡ †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy !Sé¡Ð
¤y¥yî# Öl¡ ly xyî% y¥öì¡îû †þíyÐ xyî% y¥¡ î¡öì¡y–
lî#îûŒ¤/Š†þíySéy’þülöì‹þêö•þyôyîû#îlö¢£ì†þöìîûö˜îÐ
ö¤ î¡öì¡y– #îl ëyëû ëyöìî– •þî% lî#îû ¤D •þÄyˆ †þîûöì•þ
þ›yîûöìîy lyÐ xyî% y¥¡ •þ‡!l 2 þy ’þzþ xylöì¡l xyîû ú
2þy ’þzöìþîû þ›yöìëûîû ¤!¥•þ ¤y¥yî#îû ˜%öìþy þ›y öî„öì™ ’þzþ
˜%öìþyöì†þ !îþ›îû#•þ !˜öì†þ ‹þy¡yöì¡y xyîû ¤y¥yî#îû ö˜¥
‹)þ”ÅéŸé!î‹%þ”Å ¥öìëû öˆöì¡yÐ •þíy!þ› !•þ!l lî# Œ¤/ŠéŸé~îû
†þyöì¡ôy Séy’þüöì¡l lyÐ •þyîû ßf#G ö¤‡yöìl ’þzþ›!ßi•þÐ
•þyöì†þG †þyöì¡ôy Séy’þüöì•þ î¡y ¥öì¡yÐ !•þ!lG Séy’þüöì¡l lyÐ
•„þyöì†þG xyî% y¥¡ !lôÅôèþyöìî ¥•þÄy †þîûöì¡yÐ •þyöì˜îû
~†þþy öSéyþÆ ¤hsýyl ö¤‡yöìl ’þzþ›!ßi•þ !Sé¡Ð •þyîû ¤yôöìl
~¥z¤î †þy[þ ‰öìþöìSéÐ xyî% y¥¡ •þyöì†þ î¡öì¡y– ö•þyôyîû
xyîçy G ôy•þyîû !†þ ¥öì¡yœ îöì¡y– •%þ!ô ~îyîû †þyöì¡ôy
Séy’þüöìî !†þlyÐ ë!˜ ly Séy’þü ö•þyôyîû îyþ› G ôyöìëûîû ô•þ
xîßiy ö•þyôyîûG ¥öìîÐ ö¤ î¡öì¡y– xyôyîû xyîçyéŸéxyÁ¿y
y§¬yöì•þ !ˆöìëûöìSél xy!ôG öëöì•þ ‹þy¥zÐ •þî% †þyöì¡ôy
Séy’þüöì¡llyÐxyî%y¥¡•þyöì†þG¥•þÄy†þîûöì¡yÐ
èþy¥z– ö†þôl ‹þ¢ôy ~îûy þ›öìîû!Séöì¡lÐ xyôîûy ö¤¥z ‹þ¢ôy
þ›îûyîû lÄ ~‡yöìl ~öì¤!SéÐ †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy ö‹þyöì‡ xyöìSé
îöì¡¥z xyôîûy î%Vþöì•þ þ›y!îû lyÐ †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy ‡%¡öì•þ þ›y!îû
ly¥z– •þy¥z î%Vþöì•þ þ›yîû!Sé ly ö†þôl ô!¡¤ ~þyÐ ~‡yöìl
öë l)öìîûîû ˆ•þ ‹þ¡öìSé ë%¡ôyöì•þîû ‹þ¢ôy þ›öìîû xy!SéÐ
x•þ~î– ~‡yl†þyîû öë †þy •þy ö†þôl †þöìîû î%VþîÐ ö¤¥z
ˆj#l¢#l àë%îû ö†þî¡y Œîû/Šîû þ›y†þ %îyöìlîû l)îûyl# îëûyl
Ÿé Gôîû xy!¡ ¥y¡˜yî

8. 9
î%Vþöìî öë †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy ‡%¡öì•þ þöìþ›öìîûöìSéÐ xíÅyê ëyîû m#¡
þ›!îûßñyîû– ö¤ î%Vþöì•þ þ›yîûöìSé îy ö˜‡öì•þ þ›yöìFSé ~þy ôy!l†þ
•þ¡yîû îyyîû lëû– l)öìîûîû îyyîû– ~‡yöìl xyÍÔy¥îû ~ôl
‡y¤ îy¨y xyöìSél– ëyîû þ›yöìëûîû ™)öì¡y ö‹þyöì‡ þ›’þüöì¡ ö‹þy‡
l)îû¥öìëûëyöìîІþyîû”–~þyl)öìîûîûîyyîûÐxyÍÔy¥îûôy¥î%î
îy¨yîû ôöì™Ä xyÍÔy¥îû l)îû íyöì†þÐ ~‡yöìl l)öìîûîû †þy
‹þ¡öìSéÐ xyôîûy ¤î †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy þ›öìîû ~‡yöìl ~öì¤!Sé xyîû
þ›öì†þöìþ ~öìl!Sé †þ•þ†þ=öì¡y ¥z„˜%öìîûîû îyFSyÐ ˜îûîyöìîû ëy!FSé
!î!îîû lÄ %•þy– öSéöì¡îû lÄ yôy ~¥z¤î ¥öì¡y ¥z„˜%öìîûîû
îyFSéyÐ ~¥z¤î !löìëû xyôîûy ˜îûîyöìîû ~öì¤!SéÐ xyôîûy
‡yö졤 xyÍÔy¥îû lÄ xy!¤!lÐ •þöìî ö†þôlèþyöìî m#¡
þ›!îûßñyîû ¥öìîÐ ’þy_«yöìîûîû †þyöìSé öˆ¡yôÐ ö‹þy‡ xþ›yöìîû¢l
†þîû¡yô lyÐ •þöìî ö‹þy‡ ö†þôlèþyöìî þ›!îûßñyîû ¥öìîÐ
¥zîîûy¥#ô xy˜¥yô î¡öì‡îû îy˜¢y¥Ð •þyöìîûöì‡þ ˜%!lëûy ¥öìëû
‹þöì¡ ëyöìFSélÐ !•þl !˜l ‡yGëûy ¥öì¡y lyÐ ¢ëû•þyl î¡öì¡y–
ö†þôl ¥öìFSé îy˜¢y¥Ð !¤‚¥y¤öìl †þ•þ ¢y!hsýöì•þ !Séöì¡–
~‡l îûyÄ •þÄyˆ †þöìîû ‹þöì¡ ~öì¤ †þ•þ¥z †þöìÜTîû ôöì™Ä þ›öì’þü
öˆöìSéyÐ ëyG !æþöìîû ëyG– !¤‚¥y¤l þ›öì’þü xyöìSéÐ ¥zîîûy¥#ô
xy˜¥yô î¡öì¡l– ö¥ xyÍÔy¥œ ö•þyôyîû lÄ ¤î •þÄyˆ
†þöìîû!Sé– •%þ!ô ‡yîyöìîûîû îÄîßiy †þöìîûyÐ xyÍÔy¥ îöì¡l– ö¥
¥zîîûy¥#ôœ ö•þyôyîû þ›öì†þöìþ ~†þþy ߺ”Å ô%oy xyöìSé– Gþy
öæþöì¡ ˜yGÐ ¥zîîûy¥#ô •þy öæþöì¡ !˜öì¡lÐ ¤öìD ¤öìD
xyÍÔy¥îû •þîûæþ ¥öì•þ ¤y¥yëÄ ~öì¤ öˆöì¡yÐ xyôîûy ‡yö졤
xyÍÔy¥îû lÄ ô%îû!¢˜ ö†þî¡y Œîû¥/ŠéŸé~îû ˜îûîyöìîû ëy!FSéÐ
ö‹þyöì‡îû †þyöì¡y ‹þ¢ôy ö‡y¡yîû lÄ– !¥˜yöìëûöì•þîû lÄÐ
xyôyîûô%îû!¢˜öël†þyöì¡y‹þ¢ôy‡%öì¡l)öìîûîû‹þ¢ôyþ›!îûöìëû
ö˜lÐ ~¥z ¥zîûy˜y †þöìîû ~öì¡ ô%îû!¢˜ ö†þî¡y Œîû¥/Š ~¥z ˜¢
!˜öìl xyôyöì˜îû m#¡ þ›!îûßñyîû †þöìîû ö˜öìîlÐ G¡#öì†þ
xyÍÔy¥ ö‹þöìllÐ xyÍÔy¥îû †þÁºöì¡îû !èþ•þîû “þy†þyÐ öë
xyd¤ôþ›Å” †þöìîû xy¤öì•þ öþ›öìîûöìSé ú “%þ¡% “%þ¡% ö‹þyöì‡îû
†þyöìSéÐ ú lëîû ë!˜ ö†þyl öˆyly¥ˆyöìîûîû ’þzþ›îû þ›öì’þü ö¤
{ôyl˜yîû ¥öìëû ëyöìîÐ öë ö†þyl †þy!æþîûöì†þ {ôyl˜yîû †þöìîû
ö˜öìîÐ
~†þl ‡,ސþyl öSéöì¡îû ¤!¥•þ ôyG¡yly îû*ô# î¦%þc
†þöìîû!Séöì¡lÐ ôyG¡yly îûô#Œîû¥/ŠéŸé~îû öSéöì¡ ~†þ!˜l
•þyöì†þ xylöì•þ öˆöì¡lÐ ö¤¥z ‡,ސþyl öSéöì¡ ¢yô¤%•þ
!•þî!îûë#öì†þ î¡öì¡y– àë%îûœ xyôyîû lÄ ~†þ%þ öì˜yGëûy
†þîûöìîlÐ ¥ëîû•þ ¢yô¤%•þ !•þî!îûë# î¡öì¡l– ëyGœ
ö•þyôyöì†þ †%þ•%þî †þöìîû !˜¡yôÐ xyôîûy ö†þyl yëûˆyëû
~öì¤!Sé xyôîûy î%!Vþ lyÐ xyôyöì˜îû Kþyöìlîû îy¥zöìîûÐ †þy!ô¡
ô%îû!¢˜ ö†þî¡y Œîû¥/Š !†þ öë †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûl– ö¤ ™yîû”y
xyôyöì˜îûly¥zÐô%îû!¢˜ö†þî¡yŒîû¥/Š‹þy¥zöì¡xyöìl†þ!†þS%é
†þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûlÐ !•þ!l ô%‡ öíöì†þ ëy î¡öìîl •þy¥z ¥öìîÐ
¥z„˜%öìîûîû îyF‹þy=öì¡y ly !löìëû ëy!˜ ~‡yöìl ~öì¤ ˜%¥z îûy†þy•þ
læþ¡ lyôyë þ›’þüy ëyëû– ô%îû!¢˜ ö†þî¡y Œîû¥/Š •þyöì†þ ly
!löìëû y§¬yöì•þ ëyöìîl lyÐ ëyîûy ö¡öìlGëûy¡y •þyîûy þ›öì†þþ
èþöìîû ¤†þ¡ !lëûyô•þ ô%îû!¢˜ ö†þî¡y Œîû¥/ŠéŸé~îû ˜îûîyîû
¥öì•þ !löìëû öˆöì¡yÐ xyîûy þ›öì†þöìþ †þöìîû ¥z„˜%îû îyFSéy ~öìl!Sé–
•þy¥z!†þS%é!löìëûöëöì•þþ›yîû¡yôlyÐ

9. 10
’þzîûö줆%þöì¡îû îÄy‡Ä / ’þzîû¤ xyîûî# ¢· xíÅ / öì˜yGëûy– ¤yGëûyî
öîû¤yl#– ‡%¢# ¥z•þÄy!˜ Œ!ô¤îyà¡ l%ˆy•þ 555þ›,/Š xyîû †%þ¡ xíÅ
¤†þ¡¤%•þîûy‚’þzîûö줆%þ¡x퍆þöì¡îûlÄö˜yGëûy–¤†þöì¡îûlÄ
‡%¢# G ¤yGëûyî öîû¤yl# öë xyôöì¡îû ôy™Äöìô #!î•þ ô,•þ ¤†þöì¡îû
lÄ öì˜yGëûy †þîûy ¥ëû ~î‚ !¨y ô)˜Åy ‡%¢# ¥ëû ~î‚ ô,•þ îÄ!_«îû
xydyîû ôyˆ!æþîûy•þ †þyôly †þîûy ¥ëû •þyöì†þ ’þzîûö줆%þ¡ î¡y ¥ëûÐ
’þzîû¤¢·!þ¤¥#¥¥y˜#ö줒þzöìÍÔ‡xyöìSéÐ
¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyî% àîûyëûîûy Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé†þîöìîû ô%l†þyîû
ly†þ#îû öæþöìîûhßìyöì˜îû ²ÌöìÙÀîû ¤!‘þ†þ yGëûyî ö˜Gëûyîû þ›îû †þîîûßi
îÄ!_«öì†þ î¡y ¥öìî– lyô †þy lyGôy!•þ¡ ’þzîû¤ xíyÅê ö•þyôîûy
xyl¨ G ‡%¢#îû ‰%öìô ‰%ôyG ~‡yöìl ’þzîû¤ xíÅ ‡%¢# Œ!ô¢†þy•þ
¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ25þ›,ÛþŠ
¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyî% àîûyëûîûy Œîûy!/Š ¤)öìe lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà
xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô öíöì†þ î!”Å•þéŸé!•þ!l îöì¡l– xyÍÔy¥ •þòëûy¡yîû
~†þ˜¡ !îöì¢£ì Œ!îûyèÅþŠ öæþöìîû¢•þy xyöìSélÐ •þyîûy !ë!†þöìîûîû
ô!¡¤ ¤ô)¥ xl%¤¦þyl †þöìîû öî’þüyëûÐ •þyîûy ë‡l ö†þyl !ë†þöìîûîû
ô!¡¤ þ›yëû •þ‡l ö¤‡yöìl •þyöì˜îû ¤yöìí îöì¤ ëyëûÐ xyîû •þyîûy
~öì†þ xþ›îûöì†þ •þyöì˜îû þ›y‡y !îhßìyîû †þöìîû öîÜTl †þöìîû îûyöì‡Ð
~ô!lèþyöìî •þyîûy •þyöì˜îû G !l†þþî•þ#Å xy¤ôyöìlîû æ„þy†þy ßiyl þþ›)”Å
†þöìîû öæþöì¡Ð !ë!†þîû†þyîû#îûy ë‡l Œô!¡¤ ö¢öì£ìŠ !î!Çþ® ¥öìëû
ëyëû •þ‡l •þyîûy xy¤ôyöìl xyöìîûy¥l †þöìîûÐ !•þ!l îöì¡l– •þ‡l
ô¥#ëûyl ˆ!îûëûyl xyÍÔy¥ä •þyöì˜îû ²ÌÙÀ †þöìîûl– ö•þyôîûy ö†þyíy ¥öì•þ
~öì¤SéÚ xí‹þ !•þ!l •þyöì˜îû ¤Á›öì†Åþ ¤îÅy!™†þ xî!¥•þÐ •þ‡l •þyîûy
î¡öì•þ íyöì†þl– xyôîûy ëô#öìl xîßiyl†þyîû# xyþ›lyîû ~†þ˜¡
îy¨yöì˜îû !l†þþ öíöì†þ ~öì¤!Sé– ëyîûy xyþ›lyîû •þy¤î#¥ä þ›y‘þ †þöìîû–
•þy†þî#îû þ›y‘þ †þöìîû– •þy¥¡#¡ þ›y‘þ †þöìîû– éŸééŸé !ë!†þîû †þöìîû– xyþ›lyîû
²Ì¢‚¤y †þöìîû ~î‚ xyþ›lyîû †þyöìSé •þyöì˜îû Œ†þy!C•þ îÝŠ ²ÌyíÅly
†þöìîûÐ •þ‡l xyÍÔy¥ îöì¡l– xyôyîû îy¨yîûy xyôyîû †þyöìSé !†þ ‹þyëûÚ
•þyîûy îöì¡l– •þyîûy xyþ›lyîû †þyöìSé xyþ›lyîû y§¬y•þ †þyôly †þöìîûÐ
!•þ!lîöì¡l–•þyîûy!†þxyôyîûy§¬y•þö˜öì‡öìSéÚ•þyîûyîöì¡lly–ö¥
xyôyöì˜îû ²Ì!•þþ›y¡†þœ !•þ!l îöì¡l– ë!˜ •þyîûy xyôyîû y§¬y•þ
ö˜‡öì•þ öþ›•þ Œ•þy¥öì¡ †þ# †þîû•þŠÚ •þyîûy îöì¡l– •þy¥öì¡ •þyîûy
xyþ›lyîû †þyöìSé ôyˆ!æþîûy•þ †þyôly †þîû•þÐ •þ‡l xyÍÔy¥ î¡öì¡l–
xy!ô •þyöì˜îû Çþôy †þöìîû !˜¡yô ~î‚ •þyîûy ëy ‹þy¥z!Sé¡ xy!ô •þy
•þyöì˜îû ˜yl †þîû¡yôÐ xyîû •þyîûy ëy öíöì†þ xy×ëû ‹þy¥z!Sé¡ xy!ô •þy
öíöì†þ •þyöì˜îû lyy•þ !˜¡yôÐ ~îûþ›îû •þyîûy î¡öìî– ö¥ xyôyöì˜îû
²Ì!•þþ›y¡†þœ •þyöì˜îû ôöì™Ä ö•þy xô%†þG !Sé¡éŸé ö¤ =¡y¥ˆyîû îy¨y–
öë •þyöì˜îû Œ!ë!†þîû#löì˜îûŠ ¤öìD ô!¡öì¤îû þ›y¤ì !˜öìëû ëyGëûyîû
¤ôëû îöì¤!Sé¡Ð •þ‡l xyÍÔy¥ä î¡öìîl– xy!ô •þyöì†þG Çþôy †þöìîû
!˜¡yôÐ •þyîûy ö•þy ~ôl ~†þ!þ ¤Á±˜yëû ëyöì˜îû ¤öìD
’þzþ›öìî¢l†þyîû# îÄ!_«G ˜)èþyňy ¥öì•þ þ›yöìîû lyÐ ëyîûy ¤!Á¿!¡•þ
!ë!†þîû †þöìîû öæþîûhßìyîûy •þyöì˜îû ö†þ •þy¡y¢ †þöìîû ~î‚ !ë!†þîû
†þyîû#öì˜îû²Ì¢‚¤y†þîûy¥öìëûöìSé~¥z¥y˜#öì¤Ð~¥z¥y˜#ö줤!Á¿!¡•þ
!ë!†þîû †þîûyîû ²Ìôy” †þöìîû xyîû ’þzîûö줆%þ¡ ô!¡öì¤ ¤!Á¿!¡•þ
!ë!†þîû †þîûy ¥ëû Ð 1Š î%‡yîû# ¢îû#æþ 10 ‡uþ 30 þ›,/– ¥y˜#¤ l‚
éŸé5966 ö˜yGëûy x™Äyëû– 2 Š ô%¤!¡ô ¢îû#æþ 6Ûþ ‡[þ 205 þ›,/
¥y˜#¤ l‚ 6569Š !ë!†þöìîûîû ô!¡öì¤îû æþ!ë¡öì•þîû x™Äyëû
¥z/æþy/îy/Ð
¥y˜#¤/¥ëîû•þxyly¤Œîûy!/Šöíöì†þî!”Å•þlî#†þ!îûô¤yÍÔyÍÔyà
xy¡¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë ¤†þ¡ ö¡y†þ xyÍÔy¥îû !ë!†þîû
†þîûyîû ’þzöìjöì¢Ä ~†þ!e•þ ¥ëû •þyöì˜îû ’þzöìj¢Ä ö†þî¡ xyÍÔy¥îû
¤v!Ûþ ¡yèþ †þîûy •þöìî xy¤ôyl ¥öì•þ ~†þl ö‰y£ì†þ •þyöì˜îûöì†þ
ö‰y£ì”y †þöìîû ö•þyôîûy Çþôy ²Ìy®Ð ö•þyôyöì˜îû =ly¥ xyÍÔy¥
•þyëûy¡y Çþôy †þöìîû !˜öìëûöìSélÐ Œ•þyæþ¤#öìîû ¥zîöìl †þy¤#îû 6Ûþ ‡uþ
429þ›,/¥z¤¡y!ô†þæþy’þzöìuþ¢lŠ
¤)îûy †þy¥yöìöìæþîû 28 l‚ xyëûyöì•þ xyÍÔy¥ îöì¡l–éŸé ö¥ lî# xyþ›!l
!löìöì†þ •þyöì˜îû ¤öìD xyîkþ îûy‡%l ëyîûy ¤†þy¡ G ¤¦þÄy
xyÍÔy¥öì†þ ’þyöì†þ ~î‚ ¤îÅyîßiyëû xyÍÔy¥îû ¥zîy˜•þ !ë!†þöìîû !¡®
íyöì†þÐ~¥zxyëûyöì•þlyôyxy˜yëû†þîûyîûþ›îû¤îÅyîßiyëûxyÍÔy¥îû
!ë!†þîû †þîûyîû lÄ ô%!ôlöì˜îû ²Ì!•þ !löì˜Å¢ ö˜Gëûy ¥öìëûöìSéÐ
lyôyöìîû þ›îû ’þzîûö줆%þöì¡îû ôöì™Ä ö†þyîûxyöìlîû 4 !þ ¤)îûy
ö•þ¡yGëûy•þ †þîûy ¥ëû ~î‚ ¥y˜#¤ ¢îû#æþ öíöì†þ 5!þ †þy!¡ôy þ›y‘þ
†þîûy ¥ëûÐ ëy¥y !ë!†þöìîûîû xhsÅýî%_«Ð xíÅyê ö¥ ô%¥yÁ¿˜ ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà
xy¡¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô xyþ›!l •þyöì˜îû ¤!¥•þ î¤%l ëy¥yîûy ¤†þy¡
!î†þy¡ !ë!†þîû G#æþy þ›öì’þü xyôyîû ²Ì¢‚¤y †þöìîû •þy¤î#¥ þ›y‘þ
†þöìîû xyôyîû ô¥c ö‰y£ì”y †þöìîûÐ æþöìîûîû lyôyöìîû þ›îû–
xy¤öìîûîûlyôyöìîûþ›îû¥yEþyl#˜îûîyöìîû!lëû!ô•þ’þzîûö줆%þ¡¥öìëû
íyöì†þ ëy¥y ~¥z xyëûyöì•þîû !löì˜Å¢ ö˜Gëûy ¥öìëûöìSé– ¥z¥yîû xyô¡
!lëû!ô•þ ¥öìëû íyöì†þ ~î‚ ¤)îûy ðþyæþ ~îû 40 l‚ xyëûyöì•þ ¤%%˜
îöì¡ æþîû lyôyöì†þ î%Vþyöìly ¥öìëûöìSéÐ xxy˜îyîûy¤ ¤%%˜ myîûy
¤†þ¡ ¤y¡yöì•þîû þ›îû •þy¤î#¥éŸé•þy¥¡#¡ þ›y‘þ †þîûy î%Vþyöìly
¥öìëûöìSéÐ Œ•þyæþ¤#öìîû ¥zîöìl †þy¤#îû 10 ‡uþ 443 þ›,/Š ~î‚ þ›„y‹þ
Gëûy_« lyôy xy˜yëû †þîûyîû þ›îû ö¤¥z ¤î •þy¤î#¥ !ë!†þîû
ö†þyîûxyl ö•þ¡yGëûy•þ î%Vþyöìly ¥öìëûöìSé– öë=öì¡yîû æþë#¡•þ
¥y˜#¤ @ýÌöìsi î!”Å•þ îûöìëûöìSéÐ Œ•þyæþ¤#öìîû ôy!îûæ%þ¡ ö†þyîûxyl
1239þ›,/ŠÐ
¤)îûy!l¤yîû103l‚xyëûyöì•þ’þzöìÍÔ‡xyöìSééŸéö•þyôîûyë‡llyôy
¤Á›§¬ †þîûöìî •þ‡l xyÍÔy¥îû !ë!†þîû †þîûöìî ˜„y!’þüöìëû ’þzþ›!îÜT G
¢y!ëû•þ xîßiyëûÐ ~‡yöìl !ë!†þîû î¡öì•þ ö†þyîûxylb’
ö•þ¡yGëûy•þ– •þy¤î#¥ éŸé•þy¥¡#¡– xyÍÔy¥îû ß¿îû” ¥z•þÄy!˜öì†þ
öîyVþyöìly ¥öìëûöìSÐé ¤)îûy ¥zl!¢îûyîû 7 G 8 l‚ xyëûyöì•þ ’þzöìÍÔ‡
xyöìSééŸé ö¥ lî# ë‡l xyþ›!l xî¤îû þ›yl þ›!îû×ô †þîûl ~î‚
xyþ›lyîû þ›y¡l †þ•Åþyîû ²Ì!•þ ôöìly!löìî¢ †þîûlÐ ~¥z xyëûyöì•þîû
ö†þyîûxyl ¤%§¬yöì¥îû xyöì¡yöì†þ ’þzîûö줆%þ¡ yöìëûë ¥Gëûyîû ˜¡#¡
Ÿé ôyG/ xy·%ÍÔy¥ xy¡¥y˜#

10. 11
•þyæþ¤#öìîû îûà¡ îëûyöìlîû 10 lÁºîû ‡uþ 464 þ›,Ûþyëûû ’þzöìÍÔ‡ xyöìSé
¥ëîû•þ †þy•þy˜y¥ä G ôy†þy•þ#¡ Œîûy!/Š îöì¡l xyþ›!l ë‡l lyôy
¥öì•þ xî¤îû þ›yl •þ‡l¥z !ë!†þîû– xyë†þyîû– ö†þyîûxyl
!•þ¡yGëûy•þ– ¥z!hßìˆæþyöìîû ö˜yëûyöì•þ ô¢=¡ íy†%þl– ²Ìöì•þĆþ
lyôyöìîû þ›öìîû Ð ’þz_« xyëûy•þ=!¡öì•þ lyôyöìîû þ›îû xyÍÔy¥îû
²Ì¢‚¤y–=lˆyl†þîûyîûlÄîöì¡öìSélÐ’þzîûö줆%þö¡îûû5!þ†þy!¡ôy
G 4!þ ¤)îûyîû ôöì™Ä xyÍÔy¥îû ²Ì¢‚¤y G =lˆyl îûöìëûöìSéÐ ëy¥y
lyôyöìîûþ›îûxyô¡†þîûy¥ëûÐ
¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ ¥zîöìl Gôîû Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé!lÙ‹þëû¥z xhsýîû
¤ô)öì¥îû ’þzþ›îû ô!îû‹þy þ›öì’þü †þyöì¡y ¥öìëû ëyëûÐ öëôl ö¡y¥yîû ’þzþ›îû
þ›y!l ¡yˆöì¡ ’þz¥yöì•þ ô!îû‹þy þ›öì’þüÐ ö¡yöì†þîûy !Kþy¤y †þîû¡ ö¥
xyÍÔy¥îûîûy¤%¡Œ¤y/Šö†þyl!!l¤myîûy’þz¥yxyîyîûþ›!îûßñyîû†þîûy
ëyëûÚ !•þ!l î¡öì¡l ô,•%þÄöì†þ öî¢# öî¢# ß¿îû” †þîûy G ö†þyîûxyl
¢îû#æþ ö•þ¡yGëûy•þ†þîûyÐŒ!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ1ù189þ›,/Š
~¥z ¥y˜#öì¤ ˜%¥z!þ !î£ìëû ’þzöìÍÔ‡ xyöìSé Œ1Š ô,•%þÄîû ß¿îû” Œ2Š
öðþyîûxylö•þ¡yGëûy•þéŸé¤%•þîûy‚’þzîûö줆%þöì¡îû1ôx‚¢öðþyîûxyl
!•þ¡yGëûy•þ ~î‚ !m•þ#ëû x‚¢ ô,•%þÄîû ß¿îû” xíÅyêéŸéôîû!¤éëûy ~î‚
ö†þyîûxyl ö•þ¡Gëûyöì•þîû †þíy ’þzþ›öìîûy_« ¥y˜#öì¢ ’þzöìÍÔ‡ xyöìSéÐ
~î‚’þzîûö줆%þöì¡îûöôylyyöì•þîû˜%¥z!þx‚¢1ô öôylyyöì•þô,•þÄ%
îÄ!_«öì˜îû lÄ ö˜yGëûy †þîûy ¥ëû ~î‚ !m•þ#ëû ô%lyy•þ #!î•þ
îÄ!_«öì˜îûlÄ ö˜yGëûy †þîûy¥ëûФ¥#¥¥y˜#¤öíöì†þ5!þ†þy!¡ôy
~î‚ ö†þyîûxyl öíöì†þ 4!þ ¤)îûy þ›öì’þü ô,•%þÄîû †þíy ß¿îû” †þöìîû
¤†þöì¡îû lÄ ¤y!îņþ ôD¡ †þyôly xíyÅê öôyîyîû†þîy˜# þ›öì’þüû
ö˜yGëûy †þîûy ¥ëûÐ ô,•þ G #!î•þ ¤†þ¡ îÄ!_«îû lÄ ö˜yGëûy †þîûy
¥ëû¥z¥y¥z’þzîûö줆þ%¡Ð
’þîz öû ¤ì †þ%¡ö¢£ìöôylyyö•ì þxyôG‡y¤’þèz þëû²Ì†þyîû¤†þö¡ì îûlÄ
î¥û ô•þ ²ÌyílÅ y †þîyû ¥ëÐû ¥ëî•û þ îyû ¤¡% Œ¤y/Š ö¡yö†ì þîû lyô !löëì û
!l!˜ÜÅ T †þöîì û ö˜yGëyû †þîöû •ì þl ëy¥y !î!èþ§¬ ¤¥#¥ ¥y˜#ö¤ì îû ’þöz Íì ‡Ô
îöû ëì öû Sì éÐ ~¥z !lëì öû ôì ö˜yGëyû †þy¡yô ¤î) yû ö†þîyû •þ þ›’þyü ö†ì þ ’þîz öû ¤ì †þ%¡
lyô x!èþ!¥•þ †þîyû G ö˜y£lì #ëû lëÐû ö†þlly xy¤¡ ’þöz jì ¢Ä
ö¡y†þ!˜ˆö†ì þ ö¤éyëyû î öî¤û yl#îû †þyöëì Å xy¥y´ l †þîyû G xyôö¡ì !’þ•ü þ
îyû ‡y ’þ¥z y ö†þyl îë% öÅ% ˆì îû ’þîz û¤ lëû îî‚û ¤ôhßì lî#– G¡#– ˆy’þ¤z –
†þ%•þ%îGöôyöôì löôyöôì lyö•ì þîû’þîz ¤û ö¤¥zlÄ’þ¥z yö†ì þ†þ%¡¢·myîyû
x!èþ!¥•þ †þîyû ö•ì þ¥z ¤îyDÅ ¤¨% îû G ë!% _« ¤D•þ ¥öëöû Sì éÐ ¤Gëyû î
öî¤û yl#îû ~¥z xyô¡ Ö™% yöëì ëû ¥z lö¥ì îîôû ¥¥z y m#l ˜!% lëyû îû ¢y!hsý
GôD¡î!, kþîû²Ì†þ,•þþ›syi Іþ%¡î¡ö•ì þ1¡Çþ24¥yyîûþ›ëˆû yÁyº îû
öíö†ì þ !löëì û ¤†þ¡ ô¤% ¡ôyl lîéûŸélyî#û ëyîyû ¥öz hìsý†þy¡ †þöîì öû Sì él
•þyö˜ì îöû †ì þ îV% þyölì y ¥öëì öû Sì éÐ ’þîz öû ¤ì †þ%¡ ô!¡ö¤ì ôî!û ¤éëyû þ›’þyü ¥ë–û
ôî!û ¤éëyû îûxíÅö¢y†þ–†þ!î•þy–!î¡yþ›–ô’þ•z þlyôy–ô•, þ%Äß¿î”û ¥•z þÄy!˜Ð
Œxy¡éŸéô% yô¡% Gëyû ¤#•þ577þ›/, Š
ôîû!¤ëûy þ›’þüy yöìëûë •þyîû ˜¡#¡ / ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyî% àîûyëûîûy
Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ î!”Å•þ lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô
îöì¡öìSéléŸé þ›y!íÅî ¤%‡ !îly¢†þyîû# ô,•%þÄ !î£ìëû xl%Çþ” ß¿îû” †þîûÐ
Œ1Š !•þîû!ôë# ¢îû#æþ 1ô ‡uþ 57 þ›,/– Œ2Š ly¤yëû# ¢îû#æþ 2ëû ‡uþ
489þ›,/¥z¤y¡y!ô†þæþy’þzöìuþ¢lŠ
¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ ¥zîöìl Gôîû Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸéö•þyôîûy
þ›îûöì¡y†þˆ•þþ›)”Äcyöì˜îû!î£ìöìëûxyöì¡y‹þly†þîûÐŒ!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ
1ô‡uþ147þ›,/Š
¥y˜#¤ / xyÁ¿yyl xyöìëû¢y !¤!j†þ Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤
î!”Å•þéŸélî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë
îÄ!_« !˜îy îûy!e !î¢îyîû ô,•%þÄîû †þíy ß¿îû” †þîûöìî ö¤ ¢¥#öì˜îû
ôëÅy˜y¡yèþ†þîûöìîÐŒô%†þy¢yæþy•%þ¡†%þ¡%î212þ›,/Š
¥ëîû•þ ôyG¡yly / ¤%æþ# ô%æþ•þ# xyylˆySé# Œîû¥/Š ö†þyîûxyl
¥y˜#öì¤îû xyöì¡yöì†þ ô,•%þÄöì†þ ß¿îû” †þîûyîû lÄ ôîû!¤ëûy îy ô’þz•þ
lyôy !˜öìëûöìSélÐ ö†þyîûxyl G ¥y˜#öì¤ î¡y ¥öìëûöìSé ô,•%þÄöì†þ ß¿îû”
†þîûyîûlÄ–•þy¥öì¡!†þèþyöìîxyôîûyô,•%þÄîû†þíyß¿îû”†þîûîÚ
ô,•%þÄöì†þ ß¿îû” †þîûyîû ~†þ!þ ’þz_ô þ›kþ!•þ ¥¡éŸé ²Ìíô ôylî
xyôyöì˜îû xy!˜ !þ›•þy ¥ëîû•þ xy˜ô Œxy/Š öíöì†þ xyîû½þ †þöìîû
¥ëîû•þ ¢#£ì Œ xy/Š ¥ëîû•þ l)¥ Œxyé/Š ¥ëîû•þ ¥zîÊy¥#ô Œxy/Š
¥ëîû•þ ¥z¤ôy{¡ Œxy/Š – ¥ëîû•þ ¥z¤¥y†þ Œxy/Š– ¥ëîû•þ ¥zëûy†%þî
Œxy/Š– ¥ëîû•þ à˜ Œxy/Š– ¥ëîû•þ ¥z’þzl%¤ Œxy/Š– ¥ëîû•þ xyëû)î
Œxy/Š– ¥ëîû•þ ö¢yëûy¥zî Œxy/Š– ¥ëîû•þ {¤y Œxy/Š G ¤y¥yî#ˆ”
~î‚ lî##îû ˜%!¥•þy îûôl#†%þ¡ ö×Ûþy ¥ëîû•þ æþyöì•þôy Œîûy!/Š
~î‚ lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô ~îû ˜%¥z öSéöì¡
÷•þëûî G •þyöì¥îû ~î‚ lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô
~îû ˜%¥z ö˜ï!¥e ¥ëîû•þ ¥zôyô ¥y¤yl Œîûy!/Š G ¥zôyô ö¥y¤y¥zl
Œîûy!/Š ~î‚ ¢îû#ëûöì•þîû ‹þyîû ¥zôyô¤¥ ~î‚ î’þü þ›#îû xy·%¡
†þyöì˜îû !¡yl# Œîû¥/Š ¥ëîû•þ %ly{˜ îyˆ˜y˜# Œîû¥/Š ¥ëîû•þ
!¢î¡# Œîû¥/Š ~î‚ èþy£ìy ˆöì•þîû ¤ÁËyþˆ” ~î‚ ö¡y†þôyl–
~!îûöìÜTyþ¡– ö²Õöìþy– ô¥y ˜y¢Å!l†þˆ”– ¥zîöìl !¤ly– îy˜¢y
!¤†þy¨yîû G xyôyöì˜îû xyîçyéŸéxyÁ¿y– ˜y˜yéŸé˜y˜#– lylyéŸélyl# ¤¥
†þ•þ G¡# xyÍÔy¥ G lÙ»îû ˆê öíöì†þ öë ‹þöì¡ öˆöìSél •þy¥yîû
¥zëû_y öl¥zÐ •þyöì˜îû †þíy ß¿îû” †þöìîû ô,•%þÄöì†þ ß¿îû” †þîûöì•þ ¥öìîÐ
¤y˜y †þyæþöìlîû †þyþ›’þü þ›öì’þü G þ›y!íÅî ˆê öíöì†þ ‹þöì¡ öˆöìSél
•þyöì˜îû ô•þ xyôîûyG ~ lÙ»îû Çþlßiyëû# ˆê öíöì†þ ‹þöì¡ ëyîÐ
ëyîûy ˜%!lëûyöì•þ §Ã ¥öìëöìSé ö†þ’þz ˜%!lëûyöì•þ !‹þîû†þy¡ íy†þöì•þ
þ›yîûöìîlyФîy¥zöì†þ‹þöì¡öëöì•þ¥öìîÐ
¥yEþyl# xyOô% yölì îû ²Ì!•þÛþy•þy ¥ëî•û þ ôyG¡yly ¤æ% þ# ôæ% þ•þ#
xyylˆySé# Œî¥û /Š ôî!û ¤éëyû îû ôö™ì Ä ’þöz Íì ‡Ô †þöîì öû Sì lì Ð ‹þ¡ îö¤ì öDì
~†þ !˜l ¥yô!èþ ¥!z ¤ ¤î% yû •þö¤ì xy¥ä xyö‡ì îû æþyly– xyö‡ì îû æþyly–
xyö‡ì îû æþyly–xyö‡ì îû æþylyÐÐ xíyêÅ xy¥y œ xyæþö¤ì y¤ xyôyîGû
~†þ!˜l~èþyöîì Œ†þyæþölì îû†þyþ›’þŠü þ›ö’ì þü‹þö¡ì ëyî–¤îöÅ ¢ì ö£ì ìxyôîyû
¤†þö¡ì !î¡#l ¥öëì û ëyîÐ ö¢£ì ¥öëì û ëyöîì þ›!, íî#ö•ì þ ëy¥y !†þSé% xyöSì é
¤ôhߥì z!î¡#l™ç‚¤¥öîì ÐŒ¤î% yû xyîûîyû ¥ôä ylxyëyû •þé26éŸé27Š
öìôyîyîû†þîy˜# þ›’þüy yöìëûë •þyîû ˜¡#¡ / ’þzîûö줆%þ¡ ô!¡öì¤
öôyîyîû†þîy˜# þ›’þüy ¥ëû öôyîyîû†þîy˜# xíÅþéŸé¤y!îņþ ôD¡ †þyôly
†þîûyÐ¥y˜#öì¤îûôöì™Ä’þzöìÍÔ‡xyöìSé–ô%¤!¡ôöì˜îûlÄôD¡†þyôly
†þîûy¥z™ôÅÐŒô%¤!¡ô¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ117þ›,/¥z/æþy/îy/!†þ•þyî%¡
{ôylx™ÄyëûŠ
’þzîûö줆%þ¡ ô!¡öì¤ öôyîyîû†þîy˜#îû ôy™öìô ‡y¤ öì˜yGëûyîû myîûy

11. 12
¤ôhßì ö×”#îû ô%!ôl ô%¤¡ôylöì˜îû #!î•þ G ô,•þ ¥z¥†þy¡#l G
þ›îû†þy¡#l #îl ö¤ïèþyˆÄl†þ G îîû†þ•þôëû ¥öìëû íyöì†þÐ
#îöìlîû ôyl ’þz§¬ëûöìlîû lÄ ¥z¥y ~†þ !î!¢ÜT ö˜yëûy xyîûî# èþy£ìyëû
öôyîyîû†þ ¢öì·îû xíÅ îÄyþ›†þÐ ö†þyîûxyl ¢îû#öìæþîû xöìl†þ
xyëûyöì•þ öôyîyîû†þ ¢· ’þzöìÍÔ‡ xyöìSéÐ ¥z¥yîû xíÅéŸéôD¡ôëû–
ö¤ïèþyˆÄë%_«– †þ¡Äy”†þîû– þîîû†þ•þôëû– Œ¤)îûy xylxyôéŸé
xyëûy•þéŸé92– ¤)îûy ô!îûëûôéŸéxyëûy•þéŸé31– ¤)îûy xy¡ ¥zôîûyléŸé
xyëûy•þéŸé96– ¤)îûy xy!Áºëûy xyëûy•þéŸé50– ¤)îûy ô%!ôl xyëûy•þéŸé29–
¤)îûy †þyæþ xyëûy•þéŸé3 ¥z•þÄy!˜ xyëûöì•þ öôyîyîû†þ ¢· ’þzöìÍÔ‡ xyöìSéÐ
öôyîyîû†þîy˜#îû Öîûöì•þ î¡y ¥ëû ~¡y¥# ’þzîûö줆%þ¡ ¢y‡y
!¡öì¤yöì†þy !†þëûyô•þ •þ†þ öôyîyîû†þ ö¥y xíyÅê ëy¥yîûy ’þzîû¤öì†%þ¡
ô!¡öì¤ îöì¤ •þyöì˜îû Öèþ ö¥y†þ– †þ¡Äy” ö¥y†þ– ôD¡ ö¥y†þ ~î‚
•þy¥yîûy ö¤ïèþyˆÄ¢y¡# G ²Ìy‹%þëÅþ›)”Å ö¥y†þ– ~èþyöìî öôyîyîû†þîy˜#îû
ôy™Äöìô ¤îÅhßìöìîûîû ö¡y†þöì˜îû lÄ ö˜yëûy †þîûy ¥ëûÐ ~î‚ öôyîyîû†þ
ö¥y ¢·!þ ¤¥#¥ ¥y˜#¤ ¢îû#öìæþ ’þzöìÍÔ‡ xyöìSééŸé¥ëîû•þ ’þzîy¥z ¥zîöìl
†þyî ëyîû ’þzþ›y!™ xyî%¡ ô%l!îû •þy¥y ö†þ îûy¤%¡ Œ¤y/Š •þyîû î%öì†þ
ô,˜%% xy‰y•þ †þöìîû î¡öì¡l öôyîyîû†þ ö¥y†þ ö•þyôyîû ~¥z ~¡öìô
¡y˜%l# Ð Œ1Š !ô¢†þy•þ ¢îû#æþ 1ù18 þ›,/Š Œ2Š xyî% ˜y’þz˜ ¢îû#æþ
2ëû‡uþ318þ›,/¥y˜#¤l‚éŸé1460–¥z/æþy/îy/Š
¤•% þîyû ‚éŸé’þþz›öîì û ’þöz Íì !Ô ‡•þ ö†þyîxû yl ¥y˜#ö¤ì îû ˜¡#¡ myîyû ²Ìôy!”•þ
¥¡éŸé ’þîz öû ¤ì †þ%ö¡ì îû xyô¡ ôh%ßyì ¥yî G yöëì ëû Ð ’þîz öû ¤ì †þ%ö¡ì îû 5!þ
†þy!¡ôyG4!þ¤î) yû ~îû˜¢î#ûöæì þîûæþë#¡•þ!löÁì ¬ö˜Gëyû ¥¡Ð
†þy!¡ôyöìëû¢y¥y˜yöì•þîû’þzF‹þyîû”xíÅGæþë#¡•þ/
xy¢¥y˜% xy¡éŸé¡y ¥z¡y¥y ¥zÍÔy¡yà Gëûy¥˜yà ¡yéŸé¢y!îû†þy¡yà Gëûy
xy¢¥y˜% xy§¬y ô%%¥yÁ¿y˜yl xy·%à Gëûy îûy¤%¡%à xíÅ / xy!ô ¤yÇþ
!˜!FSé öë– xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡y îÄ•þ#•þ xyîû ö†þyl ôyî%˜ ly¥z– !•þ!l ~†þ
•þyîû ö†þyl ¢îû#†þ öl¥z ~î‚ xy!ô xyîûG ¤yÇþÄ !˜!FSé öë !lÙ‹þëû¥z–
¥ëîû•þ ô%¥yÁ¿˜ öôyhßìæþy ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô xyÍÔy¥
•þyëûy¡yîûîy¨yGîûy¤%¡Ð
†þy!¡ôyöìëû¢y¥y˜öì•þîûæþë#¡•þ/
1Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ ’þzîy˜y ¥zîöìl ¤yöìô•þ Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤
î!”Å•þ lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë
îÄ!_« ¤yÇþÄ !˜¡ xyÍÔy¥•þyëûy¡y îÄ•þ#•þ xyîû ö†þyl ôyî%˜ ly¥z–
!•þ!l ~†þ– •þyîû ö†þyl x‚¢#˜yîû ly¥z ~î‚ !lÙ‹þëû¥z ¥ëîû•þ ô%¥yÁ¿˜
¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô xyÍÔy¥•þyëûy¡yîû îy¨y G îû¤%¡Ð
xyÍÔy¥•þyëûy¡y •þyöì†þ y§¬yöì•þ ²Ìöìî¢ †þîûyöìîl– •þyîû xyô¡ ëy¥y¥z
ö¥y†þ ly ö†þl– ¢y!hßì þ›îû ¥öì¡GÐ öë þ›„y‹þ!þ ô)¡ !èþ!_îû ’þzþ›îû
¥z¤¡yô ™ôÅ ²Ì!•þ!Ûþ•þ ¥öìëûöìSé •þ§Ãöì™Ä ²Ìíô!þ †þy!¡ôy ¢y¥y˜•þÐ
Œ1Ð ô%¤¡#ô ¢îû#æþ 1ô ‡uþ 97 þ›,/ ¥y˜#¤ l‚ 47– Œ2Š !ô¢†þy•þ
¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ16l‚þ›,/¥y˜#¤l‚éŸé7¥z/æþy/îy/Š
2Ð ¥y˜#¤/ ¥ëîû•þ ’þzîy˜y Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ î!”Å•þéŸélî# †þîû#ô
¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë îÄ!_« †þy!¡ôyöìëû
¢y¥y˜y•þ þ›y‘þ †þîûöìî– xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡y •þyîû lÄ y¥y§¬yöìôîû
xy=l ¥yîûyô †þöìîû ö˜öìîlÐ Œô%¤¡#ô ¢îû#æþ 1ô ‡uþ 98l‚ þ›,/
¥y˜#¤l‚49¥z/æþy/îy/Š
3Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ G¤ôyl Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤y¡ÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë îÄ!_«
†þy!¡ôyöìëû ¢y¥y˜y•þ þ›y‘þ †þîûöìî– !lÙ‹þ¥z !•þ!l y§¬yöì•þ ²Ìöìî¢
†þîûöìîÐ =ly¥ˆyîû ¥öì¡G Çþôy ¡yèþ xíîy ¢y!hßì öèþyöìˆîû þ›îû ö¤
y§¬yöì•þ ëyöìîÐ Œô%¤!¡ô ¢îû#æþ 1ô ‡uþ 95 l‚ þ›,/ !†þ•þyî%¡
{ôylx™Äyëû¥y˜#¤l‚éŸé43Š
!ë†þöìîûxyîû¢#îû’þzF‹þyîû”xíÅG•þyîûæþë#¡•þ/
!ë†þöìîû xyîû¢#îû ’þzF‹þyîû” / ö¤yî¥ylyÍÔy!¥– Gëûy¡ ¥yô˜%ò!¡ÍÔy¥#–
GëûyéŸé¡y ¥z¡y¥y ¥zÍÔyÍÔyà– xëûy xyÍÔyà xy†þîyîûÐ xíÅ xyÍÔy¥
•þòëûy¡y x!•þ þ›!îe– ~î‚ ¤ô%˜ëû =lˆyl G ²Ì¢‚¤y •þy¥yîû lÄ
!löìî!˜•þ– xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡y îÄ•þ#•þ ö†þyl ôyî%˜ ly¥z– xyÍÔy¥
•þyëûy¡y¤îöì‹þöìëûî’þüGô¥ylÐ
!ë†þöìîûxyîû¢#îûæþë#¡•þ/
1Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ ¤yô%îûy ¥zîöìl ë%l˜%î Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤
î!”Å•þ lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé
ö¤yî¥ylyÍÔy!¥– Gëûy¡ ¥yô˜%!¡ÍÔy!¥– GëûyéŸéé¡y ¥z¡y¥y ¥zÍÔyÍÔyà–
Gëûy xyÍÔyà xy†þîyîûÐ ~¥z ‹þyîû!þ †þy¡yô xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡yîû !l†þþ
x!•þ !²Ìëû †þy¡yô G ¤öìîyÅ_ô îy†þÄÐ Œô%¤!¡ô ¢îû#æþ 6Ûþ ‡uþ
203þ›,/¥y˜#¤l‚éŸé6602¥z/æþy/îy/Š
2Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyî% àîûyëûîûy Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë îÄ!_« !ë†þöìîû
xyîû¢# þ›y‘þ †þîûöìî– ˆyöìSéîû Ö†þöìly þ›y•þyîû ô•þ •þyîû öˆyly¥ ¤ô)¥
Vþöì’þü þ›îûöìî ~î‚ •þyîû xyô¡lyôy ¤ô)öìoîû öæþly þ›!îûôy” =ly¥
¥öì¡G•þyîû=ly¥Œþ›yþ›îûy!¢ŠxyÍÔy¥•þyëûy¡yÇþôy†þöìîûöì˜öìîlÐ
Œ!•þîû!ôë#¢îû#æþ2ëû‡uþ193þ›,/Š
3Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyî% àîûyëûîûy Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé xyôyîû †þyöìSé öë
¤î îÝîû ’þzþ›îû ¤)öìëÅîû îû!Ù þ›öì’þü ¤î !†þS%éîû öíöì†þ x!™†þ !²Ìëû
¥öì¡y!ë†þöìîûxyîû¢#ÐŒ!•þîû!ôë#¢îû#æþ6Ûþ‡uþ228þ›,Ûþy–¥y˜#¤
l‚3597¥z/æþy/îy/Š
†þy!¡ôyöìëû¡y¥yG¡yîû’þzF‹þyîû”xíÅGþæþë#¡•þ/
†þy!¡ôyöìëû ¡y¥yG¡yîû ’þzF‹þyîû” ¡yéŸé¥yG¡y Gëûy¡yŸé†%þëûy•þy ¥zÍÔy
!îÍÔy!¥¡ xy!¡!ëû¡ xyë#ô xíÅéŸé xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡yîû ö¥æþyë•þ
îÄ•þ#•þ ö†þyl ö¡y†þ¥z •þyîû lyæþîûôyl# öíöì†þ öîöì„‹þ íy†þyîû Çþô•þy
öl¥zÐ xyîû xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡yîû ¤y¥yöìëÄ G •þyG!æþ†þ îÄ•þ#•þ ö†þyl
ö¡yöì†þîûþ›öìÇþ¥z•þyîûxyl%ˆ•þÄG¥zîy˜•þ†þîûyîû¢!_«öìl¥zÐ
†þy!¡ôyöëû¡y¥yG¡yîûæþ!ë¡•þ/
1Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyî% ô%¤y xy¢xyîû# Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤
î!”Å•þéŸélî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé
ö•þyôîûy öî¢# †þöìîû ¡yéŸé¥yG¡y Gëûy¡y Ÿé†%þëûy•þy ¥zÍÔy !îÍÔy!¥¡
xy!¡!ëû¡ xyë#ô þ›y‘þ †þîûöì•þ íy†þ– ö†þlly ~ ¥öìFSé y§¬yöì•þîû
öˆyþ›l èþyuþyîû ¤ô)öì¥îû ~†þ!þ xô)¡Ä îûbÐ Œ1 !ô¢†þy•þ ¢îû#æþ
202þ›,/Œ2Šô%¤¡#ô¢îû#æþ10‡uþ31þ›,/Š
2Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyî% àîûy¥zîûy Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë ¡yéŸé¥yG¡y
Gëûy¡y Ÿé†%þëûy•þy ¥zÍÔy !îÍÔy!¥¡ xy!¡!ëû¡ xyë#ô 99 !þ öîûyöìˆîû
˜yGëûy ëyîû !èþ•þîû ¤îÅ öSéyþ öîûyˆ ¥¡– ˜%/‡éŸé†þÜT G !‹þhsýy ’þzê†þrþy

12. 13
G x!ßiîû•þyÐ Œô%¤!¡ô ¢îû#æþ 6Ûþ ‡uþ 210 þ›,/ ¥y˜#¤ l‚
éŸé6622Š
3Ð¥y˜#¤/¥ëîû•þxyî%àîûyëûîûyŒîûy!/Šöíöì†þ¥y˜#¤î!”Å•þ!•þ!l
îöì¡l– îûy¤%¡ ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô xyôyöì†þ îöì¡öìSéléŸé
¡yéŸé¥yG¡y Gëûy¡y Ÿé†%þëûy•þy ¥zÍÔy !îÍÔy!¥¡ xy!¡!ëû¡ xyë#ô
ö˜yGëûy!þ öî!¢ †þöìîû þ›y‘þ †þîûöìî ~ ¥öì¡y y§¬yöì•þ ¤Méþëû èþyuþyîû
~î‚ öë îÄ!_« öì˜yGëûy!þ þ›y‘þ †þîûöìî •þyîû 70!þ x!löìÛþîû myîû îûkþ
†þöìîû ö˜Gëûy ¥öìîÐ ¤îÅ!lÁ¬ ˜îûy !þ ¥öì¡y ˜y!îûo Ð Œ!•þîû!ôë#
¢îû#æþ6Ûþ‡uþ231þ›,/¥z/æþy/îy/Š
†þy!¡ôyöìëû•þy†þ˜#¤~îû’þzF‹þyîû” xíÅGæþë#¡•þ/
¤%îç%àl†%þj%¤%lîûyîçylyGëûyîûyîç%¡ôy¡yéŸé¥z†þy!•þGëûyîûéŸéîû¥Ð
xíÅéŸéö¥ xyôyöì˜îû G öæþöìîûhßìyˆöì”îû G !îÊy{¡ Œxy/Š ~îû
²Ì!•þþ›y¡†þ•%þ!ôx!•þþ›!îeGþ›y†þÐ
†þy!¡ôyöìëû•þy†þ˜#öì¤îûæþë#¡•þ/
1Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ ¥z’þz¤y¥zîûy Œîûy!/Š !¥îû•þ†þy!îûl#
¤y¥y!îëûyˆöì”îû ôöì™Ä ¥¥zöì•þ ~†þl !Séöì¡l– !•þ!l îöì¡l lî#
†þîû#ô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸ •þ¤î#¥ xíyÅê
¤%î¥ylyÍÔy¥ þ›’þüy– •þy¥¡#¡ xíÅyê ¡y ¥z¡y¥y ¥zÍÔyÍÔy¥ þ›’þüy–
•þy†þ˜#¤ xíyÅê ¤%îç%àl †%þj%¤%l îûyîçyly Gëûy îûyîç%¡ ôy¡y¥z†þy!•þ
Gëûyîû îû¥ þ›’þüy– ö•þyôîûy !löìöì˜îû ’þzþ›îû îûîû# G îy™Ä•þyô)¡†þ
†þöìîû lyG ~î‚ xyD%öì¡îû ¤y¥yöìëÄ ˆ”ly †þöìîû þ›’þüÐ ö†þlly
ö†þëûyôöì•þîû !˜l xyD%¡ ¤ô)¥öì†þ !Kþy¤y †þîûy ¥öìîÐ xyîû ö•þyôîûy
xyÍÔy¥îû !ë†þîû ¥öì•þ ˆyöìæþ¡ ¥öìëûylyÐ l•%þîy xyÍÔy¥îû îû¥ô•þ ¥öì•þ
î!Méþ•þ ¥öìëû ëyöìîÐ Œ1Š !•þîû!ôë# ¢îû#æþ 2ëû ‡uþ þ221 ›,/
¥z¤¡y!ô†þæþy’þzöìuþ¢l–Œ2Š!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ202þ›,/Ð
2Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyly¤ Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ î!”Å•þ lî# †þ!îûô
¤yÍÔyÍÔyàxy¡¥z!¥Gëûy¤yÍÔyôîöì¡öìSéléŸéë‡lö•þyôîûyöîöì¥öìhßìîû
îyˆyöìl ²Ìöìî¢ †þîûöìî •þ‡l •,þ!®èþöìîû æþ¡ èþÇþl †þîûöì•þ íy†þöìî–
¤y¥yîyöìëû ö†þîûyô Œîûy!/Š !Kþy¤y †þîûöì¡l ¥zëûy îûy¤%¡ xyÍÔy¥
¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô öîöì¥öìhßìîû îyˆyl !†þÚ •þ‡l lî#
†þ!îûô Œ¤y/Š î¡öì¡l öëéŸéô!¡öì¤ öîöì¥öìhßìîû •þy†þ˜#¤ xíyÅê
xyÍÔy¥îû þ›!îe•þyîû !ë!†þîû †þîûy ¥ëû ~î‚ xyÍÔy¥îû lyô ß¿îû” †þöìîû
!ë!†þîû †þîûy ¥ëû ö¤¥z ô!¡¤ öîöì¥öìhßìîû îyˆylÐ Œ!ô¢†þy•þ ¢îû#æþ
1ô‡uþ198þ›,/Š
†þy!¡ôyöìëû¥z!hßìˆæþyöìîûîû ’þzF‹þyîû”xíÅGæþë#¡•þ/
xyhßìyˆ!æþîûÍÔy¥yîûyîç#!ô†%þ!Íԍyô!îGGëûyxy•%þî%¥z¡y¥z!¥xíÅ
/ xy!ô xyôyîû ²Ìè%þîû xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡yîû !l†þþ xyôyîû ¤ôhßì þ›yöìþ›îû
lÄÇþôy²ÌyíÅly†þîû!Sé~î‚•þyGîy†þîû!SéÐ
†þy!¡ôyöìëû¥z!hßìˆæþyöìîûîû æþë#¡•þ/
1Ð ¥y˜#¤ ¥ëîû•þ ¥zîöìl xîçy¤ Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô Œ¤y/Š îöì¡öìSéléŸé ö•þyôîûy ¥z!hßìˆæþyîû ö†þ xyô¡ !¥¤yöìî
îy™Ä•þyô)¡†þ †þöìîû lyG Œ xíÅyê ö•þyôîûy ²Ì!•þ!lëû•þ •þyGîy †þîûŠ
xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡y ö•þyôyöì˜îû ¤†þ¡ ¤‚†þ#”Å•þy ˜%/‡éŸé†þÜT–
!îþ›˜éŸéxyþ›˜ ˜)îû †þöìîû öì˜öìîl ~î‚ †þÒly•þ#•þ èþyöìî !îû!ëöì†þîû
îÄîßiy†þöìîûöì˜öìîlÐŒ!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ204þ›,/Š
2Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëî•û þ xyˆyîîû yû ¡ ôyyl# Œîyû !/Š öíö†ì þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”•Å þ
lî# †þ!îôû Œ¤y/Š ²Ìö•ì þĆþ !˜l ~†þ¢•þ îyîû ¥!z h߈ì æþyîû þ›’þöü •ì þlÐ
Œô¤% !¡ô¢î#û æþ6£‘ì þ‡uþ207þ›/, Š¥y˜#¤l‚éŸé6612¥/z æþy/îy/Š
3Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xy·%ÍÔy¥ ¥zîöìl ôy¤’þz˜ Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤
î!”Å•þ lî# †þ!îûô Œ¤y/Š îöì¡öìSél •þyGîy†þyîû# îÄ!_« !lÜ›yþ›–
•þyGîy†þîûyîûþ›îû•þyîû¤ôhßìöˆyly¥ôyæþ†þöìîûö˜Gëûy¥ëû–xíyÅê
•þyîûö†þylöˆyly¥íyöì†þlyÐŒ!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ206þ›,/Š
¤%îûyöìëûæþy!•þ¥yîûæþë#¡•þ/
1Ð¥y˜#¤/¥ëîû•þxy·%ÍÔy¥¥zîöìlxyîçy¤Œîûy!/Šöíöì†þî!”Å•þ
lî# †þ!îûô Œ¤y/Š îöì¡öìSéléŸé¤)îûy æþy!•þ¥y ~†þîyîû þ›’þüyîû myîûy
ö†þyîûxyl ¢îû#öìæþîû ˜%¥z •,þ•þ#ëûy‚¢ xíyÅê †þôþ›öìÇþ 20 þ›yîûy
ö†þyîûxyl ¢îû#öìæþîû ö•þ¡yGëûy•þ †þîûyîû ¤Gëûyî þ›yGëûy ëyëûÐ
Œ•þyæþ¤#öìîûl)îû¡ö†þyîûxyl1ô‡uþ160þ›,/Š
2Ð ¥y˜#¤/¥ëîû•þxyî%àîûyëûîûyŒîûy!/Šöíöì†þ¥y˜#¤î!”Å•þlî#
†þ!îûô Œ¤y/Š îöì¡öìSéléŸé ëyîû ¥yöì•þ xyôyîû #îl G ôîû” •þyîû
¢æþ•þ †þöìîû î¡!Sé ¤%îûy æþy!•þ¥yîû ˜,ÜTyhsý •þyGîûy•þ– ëyî%îû– ¥z!O¡–
²Ìè,þ!•þ xy¤ôyl# !†þ•þyöìî öl¥z– ~ôl !†þ þ›!îe ö†þyîûxyöìlG ~îû
!m•þ#ëûöl¥zÐŒ¤%lyöìlly¤yëû#¢îû#æþ2ëû‡uþþ›,/52¥z/æþy/îy/Š
3Ð¥y˜#¤/¥ëîû•þxyî%¤y¥z˜¥zîöìlô%ëûyÍÔyŒîûy!/Šöíöì†þ¥y˜#¤
î!”•þ lî# †þ!îûô Œ¤y/Š îöì¡öìSéléŸé ¤)îûyöìëû æþy!•þ¥yîû ôöì™Ä 7!þ
xyëûy•þ þ›)lîûyî,!_†þyîû# ëy¥y îyîûîyîû þ›y‘þ †þîûy ¥ëû ~î‚ ô¥yl
ö†þyîûxyöìl xyë#ô xyôyöì†þ ˜yl †þîûy ¥öìëûöìSéÐ Ð Œî%‡yîû# ¢îû#æþ
2ëû‡uþ642þ›,/Š
¤)îûy¥z‡y¡yöì¤îûæþë#¡•þ/
1Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyî% ˜yîû˜y Œîûy! /Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þ!îûô Œ¤y/Š îöì¡öìSéléŸé ö•þyôyöì˜îû ôöì™Ä ²Ìöì•þĆþ îÄ!_« !†þ îûyöìe
ö†þyîûxyöìlîû ~†þ •,þ•þ#ëûy‚¢ þ›y‘þ †þîûöì•þ ¤ÇþôÚ ¤y¥yîyöìëû !†þîûyô
Œîûy/Š î¡öì¡l ¥zëûy îûy¤%¡%ÍÔy¥ Œ¤y/Š xyôîûy !†þ èþyöìî
ö†þyîûxyöìlîû ~†þ •,þ•þ#ëûy‚¢ þ›y‘þ †þîûîÚ •þ‡l lî# †þ!îûô Œ¤y/Š
î¡öì¡léŸé¤)îûy ¥z‡¡y¤ ö†þyxyîûxyöìlîûþ ~†þ •,þ•þ#ëûy‚öì¢îû ¤ôylÐ
xíyÅê ë!˜ ö†þyl îÄ!_« ¤)îûyöìëû ¥z‡¡y¤ !•þl îyîû þ›y‘þ †þöìîû
•þy¥öì¡ö¤~†þ‡•þôö†þyîûxyl¢îû#æþö•þ¡yGëûy•þ†þîûyîû¤Gëûyî
þ›yöìîÐŒô%¤!¡ô¢îû#æþ2ëû‡uþ265þ›,/Š
2Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥îû•þ xyî% àîûyëûîûy Œîûy/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ lî#
†þîû#ô Œ¤y/Š Ölöì•þ öþ›öì¡l ~†þ îÄ!_« öî¢# öî¢# ¤%îûy ~‡¡y¤
þ›y‘þ †þöìîû– •þ‡l lî# †þîû#ô Œ¤y/Š î¡öì¡l– Gëûy!î ¥öìëûöìSé–
•þ‡l ¤y¥yîyöìëû ö†þîûyô î¡öì¡l !†þ Gëûy!î ¥öìëûöìSé Ú •þ‡l lî#
†þîû#ô Œ¤y/Š î¡öì¡l y§¬y•þ Gëûy!î ¥öìëûöìSéÐ Œ1Š !•þîû!ôë#
¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ147þ›,/Œ2Š!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ88þ›,/Š
2Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ ¤y{˜ ¥zîöìl ô%¤yöìëûî Œîûy/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤
î!”Å•þ lî# †þîû#ô Œ¤y/Š îöì¡öìSél– öë îÄ!_« ¤%îûy ~‡¡y¤ 10îyîû
þ›y‘þ †þîûöìî xyÍÔy¥•þyëûy¡y y§¬yöì•þ •þyîû lÄ ~†þ!þ îy¡y‡yl
Œ‰îûŠ ¤,!ÜT †þîûöìîlÐ Œ1Š ô%¢!¡ô ¢îû#æþ 1ô ‡uþ 271 þ›,/ Œ2Š
!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ1ô‡uþ190þ›,/Ð
¤%îûyæþy¡y†þG¤%îûylyöì¤îûæþ#¡•þ/
1Ð¥y˜#¤/¥ëîû•þ’þz†þîy¥zîöìlxyöìôîûŒîûy/Šöíöì†þ¥y˜#¤î!”Å•þ
lî# †þîû#ô Œ¤y/Š îöì¡öìSél– ö•þyôîûy ¡Çþ †þöìîûöìSéy !†þÚ x˜Ä

13. 14
îûy!eöì•þ xyÍÔy¥•þyëûy¡y xyôyîû ’þzþ›îû ~ôl xyëûy•þ ly!ë¡
†þöìîûöìSél ëyîû ¤ô•%þ¡Ä xyëûy•þ xyîû öl¥zÐ xíyÅê ¤%îûy æþy¡y†þ G
¤%îûy ly¤Ð Œ1Š !•þîû!ôë# ¢îû#æþ 2ëû ‡uþ 147 þ›,/ Œ2Š ¤%lyöìl
ly¤yëû# ¢îû#æþ 2ëû ‡uþ 71 þ›,/ Œ3Š ô%¢!¡ô ¢îû#æþ 2ëû ‡uþ 267
þ›,/–¥y˜#¤l‚1764¥z/æþy/îy/Ð
2Ð¥y˜#¤/¥î•û þxyî˜Í% yÔ ¥îz ölì ö‡yîy¥îz Œîyû/Šöíö†ì þ¥y˜#¤î!”•Å þ
lî#†þî#ûôŒ¤y/Šîö¡ì öSì él–öëîÄ!_«¤†þy¡é!î†þy¡3îyîû¤î% yû æþy¡y†þ
G ¤î% yû ly¤ þ›y‘þ †þîöû îì ¤ôhßì †þyöì îû !Á¿y˜yî#û xyÍyÔ¥•þyëyû¡y @ýÌ¥”
†þîöû îì l ~î‚ öë ö†þyl x!lÜT G Çþ!•þ öíö†ì þ ö¥æþyö•ì þîû lÄ ~¥z
G!æþy¥zëöíì ÛþÐŒ!ô¢†þy•þ¢î#ûæþ1ù188þ›/, Š
3Ð ¥y˜#¤/ ¥îû•þ ’þz†þîy ¥zîöìl xyöìôîû Œîûy/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ
!•þ!lîöì¡l–xyôîûyîû¤%¡Œ¤y/Šîû¤yöìí~†þ˜y¤æþöìîû!Sé¡yôë‡l
xyôîûy %¥æþy G xyîGëûy lyô†þ ßiyöìl öþ›ïSéy¡yô •þ‡l
xyôyöì˜îûöì†þ †þ!‘þl x¨†þyîû î,!ÜT G îLþ›yöì•þ xye«ô” †þîûöì¡y–
•þ‡l lî# †þîû#ô Œ¤y/Š ¤%îûy æþy¡y†þ G ¤%îûy ly¤ þ›y‘þ †þöìîû xy×ëû
þ²ÌyíÅly †þîûöì¡l ~î‚ ²Ìöì•þĆþ lyôyöìîû þ›îû ¤%îûy æþy¡y†þ G ¤%îûy
ly¤ þ›y‘þ †þîûyîû lÄ xyôyöì˜îû xyö옢 !˜öì¡lÐ Œxyî% ˜y’þz˜ ¢îû#æþ
2ëû‡uþ320þ›,/Ð¥y˜#¤l‚1463¥z/æþy/îy/Ð
¥yEþyl#˜îû˜¢îû#öìæþîû¤‚!Çþ®îÄy‡ÄyGæþë#¡•þ/
ô¥y@ýÌsi xy¡éŸéö†þyîûxyöìl î¡y ¥öìFSééŸé !lÙ‹þëû¥z xyÍÔy¥ G •þy¥yîû
öæþöìîûhßìyˆ” lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô ~îû ²Ì!•þ
˜îû˜ þ›y‘þ †þöìîû íyöì†þl– ö¥ !îÙ»y¤#ˆ”œ ö•þyôîûy G •þy¥yîû ²Ì!•þ
˜îû˜G¤y¡yôö²Ìîû”†þîûФ)îûyxy¥ëyî56l‚xyëûy•þÐ
1Ð ¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëîû•þ xyly¤ Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ î!”Å•þ lî# †þ!îûô
¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë îÄ!_« xyôyîû ’þzþ›îû
~†þ îyîû ˜îû˜ þ›!’þüöìî xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡y •þy¥yîû ²Ì!•þ ˜¢!þ îû¥ô•þ
xî•þ#”Å †þîûöìîl– •þy¥yîû ˜¢!þ =ly¥ ôyæþ †þöìîûû öì˜öìîl– ~î‚
•þy¥yîû ˜¢!þ þ›˜ ôëÅy˜y îy!’þüöìëû ö˜öìîlÐ Œ¤%lyöìl ly¤yëû# ¢îû#æþ
2ëû‡uþ224þ›,/¥z/æþy/îy/Š
2Ð ¥ëîû•þ xy·%ÍÔy¥ ¥zîöìl ôy¤’þz˜ Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ ¥y˜#¤ î!”Å•þ
lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô îöì¡öìSéléŸé öë îÄ!_«
x!™†þ þ›!îûôyöì” ˜îû˜ ¢îû#æþ þ›’þüöìî– ö†þëûyôöì•þîû !˜l ö¤ xyôyîû
öî¢# !l†þþî•þ#Å ¥öìîÐ Œ1Š !•þîû!ôë# ¢îû#æþ 1ô ‡uþ 65 þ›,/Ð
Œ2Š!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ1ô‡[þ86þ›,/Š
3Ð¥y˜#¤/¥ëîû•þGôîû¥zîöìl‡y_yîŒîûy!/Šöíöì†þ¥y˜#¤î!”Å•þ
!•þ!l îöì¡l éŸé xyþ›l lî# †þ!îûô ¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô
~îû ’þzþ›îû ˜îû˜ ly þ›’þüy þ›ëÅhsý ö˜yGëûy ¤ô)¥ xy¤ôyl G !ôöìlîû
ôöì™ V%þöì¡ íyöì†þÐ xíÅyê ö˜yGëûy †þî%¡ ¥ëû lyÐ Œ!ô¢†þy•þ ¢îû#æþ
1ô‡uþ86þ›,é/éŠ
¥yEþyl#˜îû˜¢îû#æþ/
îy‚¡y ’þzF‹þyîû” / xyÍÔyàÁ¿y ¤y!ÍÔ Gëûy ¤y!ÍÔô Gëûy îy!îû†þ xy¡y
xyî!˜†þyîû îûy¤%!¡¡ †þyîû#ô– îûy¥ôy•þyÍÔ#¡ xy¡y!ôl– ¢yæþ#{¡
ô%ë!lî#l ¤y!ëûÄ!˜ly Gëûy ôyG¡yly Gëûy ly!î!ëûÄly öôy¥yÁ¿!˜G
Gëûy xy¡y xy!¡¥# Gëûy xy¥!¡ îy¥z!•þ!¥ Gëûy xyG¡y!˜¥# Gëûy
%îû!îûëûÄy!•þ¥# Gëûy xyyGëûy!¥# Gëûy xy¤¥y!î¥# Gëûy
xyG¡#ëûy¥z¥# Gëûy ’þzÁ¿y!•þ!¥ xyôy{l †þyôy ¤yÍÔy¥z•þy Gëûy
¤yÍÔyô•þy Gëûy îyîûy†þ•þy Gëûy îûy!¥ô•þy xy¡y ¤y!ëûÄ!˜ly ¥zîÊy¥#ôy
Gëûyxy¡yxy!¡¤y!ëûÄ!˜ly¥zîÊy!¥ôy¥z§¬y†þy¥y!ô˜%ôôy#˜Ð
xíÅ / ö¥ xyÍÔy¥ ö•þyôyîû îû¥ô•þ– ¢y!hsý G îîû†þ•þ– xî•þ#”Å †þîû
ö•þyôyîû Œôöìlyl#•þŠ îy¨y ˜ëûy¡% îûy¤%öì¡îû ’þzþ›îû !ë!l ¤îōˆöì•þîû
†þîû”y !lVÅþîû– =ly¥ˆyîûöì˜îû ¢yæþyëûyê†þyîû#– xyôyöì˜îû x!™†þyîû
öl•þy G ô%¥yÁ¿˜ Œ¤y/Š G •„þy¥yîû î‚¢™îû xy¥öì¡ îyöìëû•þ
¤hsýyléŸé¤hsý!•þ– xyd#ëûߺl– ¤¥™!ôl#Å– ¤y¥yîy G ¤D# î¦%þ îy¦þî
G ¤ôhßì ’þzÁ¿•þˆöì”îû ’þzþ›îû ö¤¥zîû*þ› ¢y!hsý ¤y¡yô!•þ îîû†þ•þ G
îû¥ô•þ öëîû*þ› •%þ!ô xî•þ#”Å †þöìîû!Söìé¡ xyôyöì˜îû x!™lyëû†þ
¥ëîû•þ ¥zîÊy¥#ô Œxy/Š G •þy¥yîû î‚¢™îûˆöì”îû ’þzþ›îû !lÙ‹þëû •%þ!ô
²Ì¢‚!¤•þGô¥ylÐ
æþë#¡•þG’þzþ›†þy!îû•þy/~¥z˜îû˜²Ì‹þ!¡•þ¤†þ¡˜îûöì˜îû‹%þÁº†þG
¤yîû ~î‚ ¤ôhßì æþyöìëûë– îîû†þ•þ G ¤yGëûyöìî þ›!îûþ›)”ÅÐ !î!èþ§¬
˜îû˜ ¢îû#öìæþîû ¤y™yîû” ¢·=!¡ ~¥z ˜îûöì˜ xyöìSé ~î‚ ¢·=!¡
ö†þyîûxyl ¢îû#öìæþîû ²Ì‹þ!¡•þ ¢· Ð xíÅ G ôöìôÅ ¥z¥y ¤ôhßì
ô%¤¡ôylöì˜îû lÄ !îÙ»l#l ²ÌyíÅly G ö˜yGëûyÐ ¥z¥yöì•þ ¥ëîû•þ
¤yÍÔyÍÔyà xy¡y¥z!¥ Gëûy ¤yÍÔyô ¥¥zöì•þ xyîû½þ †þ!îûëûy •þy¥yîû ¤ôhßì
î‚¢™îû– xyþ›l !²Ìëûl xyd#ëûéŸéߺl– ¤y¥yîy G ¤D#ˆ”– î¦%þ
éŸéîy¦þ~î‚!†þëûyô•þþ›ëûÅhsý’þzÁ¿•þˆöì”îûGþ›y‘þ†þyîû#îû!löìîû
lÄ ö˜yGëûy Œ xy¢#Åîy˜Š G ¢y!hsý²Ì˜ †þ¡Äy” †þyôly ¤)‹þ†þ ²ÌyíÅly
îûöìëûöìSéÐ ¥z¥y !lëû!ô•þ þ›y‘þ †þîûöì¡ x!•þ ×#‰Ê ðþ¡î ŒxhsýîûŠ
þ›!îûßñyîû ¥ëû ~î‚ ôyöìîûæþyöì•þîû =®öìèþ˜G ²Ì†þy¢ þ›yëû ~î‚
ߺ²Àöìëyöìˆ lî#– îûy¤%¡ G G¡# xyÍÔy¥ˆöì”îû ¤yÇþy•þ ¡yèþ ¥ëûÐ
¥ëîû•þ ¥y¤yl î¤îû# Œîûy!/Š öë ˜îû˜ ¢îû#æþ þ›’þüöì•þl– ¥yEþyl#
˜îû˜¢îû#öìæþîû¤yöìí¥z¥yîû!îö좣ì¤yôO¤ÄxyöìSéЕþy¥yîûú˜îû˜
¢îû#öìæþ xy!¡!¥ xy¥!¡éŸéîy¥z!•þ!¥– xyG¡y!˜!¥ %îû!îûëûÄy!•þ¥#–
xyGëûy!¥#– xy¤¥y¥y!î¥#– xyG¡#ëûy¥z¥#– ’þzÁ¿y!•þ¥#–
xyôy{l– ¢·=!¡ xyöìSéÐ !•þ!l îöì¡öìSéléŸé ¥y’þzöì †þyG¤yöìîû
þ›y!lþ›yl†þîûöì•þ‹þy¥zöì¡~¥z˜îû˜¢îû#æþþ›’þüÐ
¥ëîû•þ xyî% àôy¥z˜ Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ î!”Å•þ ¥y˜#öì¤ xyGëûy!¥#
G%îû!îûëûy!•þ¥# ¢·=!¡’þzöìÍÔ‡†þîûy¥öìëûöìSé!ô¢†þy•þ¢îû#æþ86
l‚ þ›,ÜTy ~î‚ ¥ëîû•þ xyî% àîûy¥zëûy Œîûy!/Š öíöì†þ î!”Å•þ ¥y˜#öì¤
%îû!îûëûy!•þ¥#– xy¥!¡éŸéîy¥z!•þ¥# xy ’þzÁ¿y!•þ¥# xyôy{l
¢·=!¡ ’þzöìÍÔ‡ xyöìSéÐ Œî%‡yîû# ¢îû#æþ 9ô ‡uþ 577 þ›,/Š ~î‚
lî#†þ!îûôŒ¤y/ŠSéy’þüyxlĆþyöìîûy’þzþ›îû˜îû˜þ›’þüyyöìëûëxyöìSééŸé
Œ1Š ¤)îûy •þyGîyîû 103 l‚ xyëûy•þ Œ2Š î%‡yîû# ¢îû#æþ 9ô ‡uþ
576þ›,/¥y/5919¥z/æþy/îy/Š
¥y˜#¤ / ¥ëî•û þ xy¡# Œîyû !/Š îö¡ì l ²Ìö•ì þĆþ ö˜yGëyû ëû xyÍyÔ ¥
•þyëyû ¡yîû˜îîû yöîì û†þî¡% ¥ö•ì þîy™y²Ìy®¥ëÐû !†þvë‡l ²ÌyílÅ y†þyî#û
lî# †þ!îôû Œ¤y/Š G •þy¥yîû xy¡éŸéxyG¡y˜ G þ›!îîû yîû þ›!îû ölì îû
²Ì!•þ ˜îû˜ ö²Ìî”û †þöîì û •þ‡l ’þ_z « ö˜yGëyû ¤îyû ¤!îû xyÍyÔ ¥ •þyëyû ¡yîû
˜îîû yöîì û†þî¡% ¥ëÐû Œ!•þî!û ôë#¢î#ûæþ1ô‡uþ110þ›/, Š
~î‚ ¥yEþyl# ˜îû˜ ¢îû#öìæþîû ²Ìíô x‚¢ †þy¡yô þ›yöì†þîû ¢· G
x‚¢Ð !m•þ#ëû x‚¢ ¥ëîû•þ ¥y¤yl î¤îû# Œîû¥/Š ~îû ’þzþ›öìîûy_«
˜îûöì˜îû x‚¢ ~î‚ ’þzöìÍÔ!‡•þ ¥y˜#öì¤îû ¢·– •,þ•þ#ëû x‚¢ ˜îûöì˜
¥zîÊy!¥öìôîû x‚¢Ð x•þ~î– ¥yEþyl# ˜îû˜ ¢îû#æþ ~†þ!þ þ›!îûþ›)”Å
˜îû˜G¤ôhßì’þzÁ¿öì•þîûlIJÌyíÅlyÐ

14. 15
xy!ô îy‚¡y ö†þ•þyî G î¥z þ›öì’þü ööìl!Sé G lî# Œ¤yé/ Š ~îû
•þ!îû†þy xl%ëyëû# îû¤%öì¡îû ¤%§¬•þ ôylĆþyîû# ¥yEþyl# ˜îûîyîû lî#
xy¡y ¥†þ ˜îûîyöìîû ëy•þyëûyöì•þîû ôy™Äöìô xyylˆySé# éŒîû¥/Š
†þyöìô¡ ô%îûö좘 ~îû ¤¥îöì•þ ~öì¤ !löìöì†þ ë•þþy ’þzþ›¡!¸þ
†þîûöì•þöþ›öìîû!Séö¤¥zxyöì¡y‹þlyxyþ›lyöì˜îû†þyöìSéîûy‡!SéФôhßì
²Ì¢‚¤y ö¤¥z ô¥yl xyÍÔy¥îû lÄ– !ë!l ¤yîûy !îÙ» y¥yöìlîû ²Ìè%þ
G xy¤ôyl !ôl ¤,!ÜT †þ•Åþy ¡y¡l þ›y¡l †þ•Åþy– xyôyöì˜îû G
•þyôyô ˜%!lëûyîû !•þ!l ~†þ ôye x!èþèþyî†þÐ Œ ¤%îûy ¥z’þz¤%æþ–
xyëûy•þ 101Š Ð ~¥z ˜%!lëûyîû G xy¤ôyl !ôl ~î‚ 18 ¥yyîû
ô‡¡%öì†þîûû ~†þôye ¤,!ÜT†þ•Åþy G ¡y¡l þ›y¡l †þ•Åþy– ~†þôye
xyôyöì˜îû ¤†þöì¡îû îûî xyÍÔy¥ •þyëûy¡yîû à†%þô– îû¤%¡ Œ ¤y/Š
à†%þô G ö†þyîûy”éŸé¥y!˜¤ ôylÄ †þyîû# xyÍÔy¥ G îû¤%öì¡îû xl%ˆ•þÄ
G xl%¤îû” ¤%§¬•þ ôylÄ †þyîû# yôylyîû öôyyöìj˜ ~¥z ë%öìˆîû
ô¥y ¤‚ßñyîû†þ ˆê !î‡Äy•þ ö×Ûþ †þyöìô¡ ô%îûö줘 ¥ëîû•þ
öôï¡yly ¤)æþ# ô)æþ•þ# xyylˆySé# Œîû¥/Š ¥öì†þîû ˜îûîyîû ßiyþ›l
†þöìîûöìSélÐ!æþ¤y!îÍÔ#ÍÔy¥ xyÍÔy¥xëûyöìhßìôyl%£ìöì†þö†þyîûy”¤¥#
¥y!˜öì¤îû !¢Çþy !˜öìFSél ~î‚ ôylî y!•þöì†þ xyô¡ †þîûyîû lÄ
!îly †þyyëû þ›„y‹þ Gëûy_« lyôyöìîû ¤öìD ö†þyîûy”# G!æþy þ›y‘þ
†þîûyöìFSél~î‚¥yîûyô–¤%˜–‰%£ìöíöì†þôyl%£ìöì†þþ›,í†þ†þîûyöìFSél–
•þy¥z lëû ¤%˜ ‰%öì¤îû !îîûöìkþ ö¥y˜ †þîûöìSél– Œ xyÍÔy¥îû þ›öìí
ö¥y˜ †þîûyîû îÄyþ›yöìîû xyÍÔy¥ îöì¡l öì¥ lî# x!îÙ»y¤# G
ô%ly!æþ†þöì˜îû !îîûöìkþ ö¥y˜ †þîûl ~î‚ •þyöì˜îû ²Ì!•þ †þöì‘þyîû•þy
xî¡Áºl †þîûl •þyöì˜îû îy¤ßiyl ¥öìî y¥y§¬yô Œlîû†þŠ Œ¤%îûy
•þyGëûyîy 73 l‚ xyëûy•þŠ ¤!‘þ†þ þ›öìí !˜¢y ö˜Gëûyîû lÄ
xyÍÔy¥îû èþy¡îy¤y öþ›öì•þ ¥öì¡ lî# þ›y†þ Œ¤y/Š ö†þ xl%¤îû”
†þîûöì•þ ¥öìîÐ Œ ¤%îûy xy¡ ¥zôîûyl 31 l‚ xyëûy•þŠ Ð xyÍÔy¥îû
à†%þôîû¤%¡¤y/à†%þôGöì†þyîûy”¥y!˜¤ôylĆþyîû#xyÍÔy¥îû!î™yl
lî# Œ ¤y/Š G¡# xyÍÔy¥ˆöì”îû xy˜¢Åöì†þ þ›)”Å èþyöìî öôöìl ¤)æþ#
ô)æþ•þ#xyylˆySé#Œîû¥/Š˜îûîyöìîûö†þyîûyöì”îû!löì£ì™öôöìl¤%˜–
‰%£ì–ô˜–!ly–îÄy!èþ‹þyîûöíöì†þ˜)öìîûöíöì†þöìSél~î‚ö†þyîûy”ëy
!löì£ì™ †þöìîûöìSél •þy þ›y¡l †þîûöìSél– ¥†þ ²Ì!•þÛþy †þîûyîû lÄÐ
ö¥y˜ †þîûöìSél ~î‚ ¥öì†þîû ²Ì!•þöìëyˆ#•þy Öîû †þîûöìS–é lyôy
þ›„y‹þ Gëûy_« !îly †þyyëû ö†þyîûy”# G!æþyîû !!†þîû ¥y¡y¡ îû!
¤y™Ä ô•þ þ›îûö쥍ˆyîû# !þ›•þyéŸéôy•þyîû ö¤îy xyÍÔy¥ G îû¤%¡
Œ¤y/Š xyG!¡ëûy ö†þîûyôˆöì”îû xyö옢 öôöìl ö†þyîûy” †Ïþyöì¤îû
ô!¡¤²Ì!•þ¤®yöì¥îû!îîyîû‹þ¡öìSéö†þëûyô•þþ›ëÅhsý¥zªyxyÍÔy¥
‹þ¡öìî– •þy¥z !îöìÙ»îû ôyl%£ìöì†þ ~¥z ¥†þ ˜îûîyöìîû ëyîyîû G xyô¡
†þîûyîû •þG!æþ†þ !˜l xy!ôl– þ›!îe ö†þyîûxyöìl xyÍÔy¥ îöì¡l
•þyîûy¥z•þ lî#îû Gëûyîû#¢ ëyîûy xyôyîû à†%þô G xyôyîû lî# Œ¤y/Š
à†%þô öôöìl ‹þ¡öìî G !l/Ù»yíÅ èþyöìî ²Ì‹þyîû †þîûöìî ~î‚ !î!lôöìëû
!†þS%é ‹þy¥zöìî ly ~ôl!†þ !˜öì¡G ölöìî lyÐ ö•þyôîûy ö¤¥z îû†þô
xyÍÔy¥îû !²Ìëû îy¨yîû xl%¤îû” †þîû Œ¤%îûy ¥zëûy!¤l xyëûy•þ l‚
21Š xyÍÔy¥ ö†þyîûyöì” xyîûG îöì¡öìSél ö¤¥z îû†þô xyÍÔy¥îû
îy¨y ¥öì¡ öë îÄ!_« ö†þyîûy” G ¥y!˜¤ öôöìl ‹þ¡öìî öëôl þ›#îû
G¡# xy’þz!¡ëûy– †þyîû” xyÍÔy¥ þ›y†þ G¡#öì˜îû îÄþ›yöìîû îöì¡l
xyôyîû G¡# î¦%þöì˜îû ö†þylG èþëû ly¥z •þyöì˜îû ¥z¥†þy¡ G
þ›îû†þy¡ ¤æþ¡†þyô •þyöì˜îû lÄ îûöìëûöìSé y§¬y•þ G þ›%îûßñyîû
Œ¤%îûy ¥z’þzl%¤ xyëûy•þ l‚ 62Š xyÍÔy¥ þ›!îe ö†þyîûyöì” îöì¡l
xyôyîû îy¨yîû ô™Ä ö¤¥z îÄ!_« ’þz_ô xyîû ö†þ ¥öì•þ þ›yöìîû öë
xyÍÔy¥îû !˜öì†þ ôyl%£ìöì†þ xy¥´yl †þöìîû ~î‚ öl†þ xyô¡ †þöìîû
xyîû îöì¡ xy!ô ô%¤¡ôyl Œ¥y!ôô !¤ä˜y 33 l‚ xyëûy•þŠ
ö•þyôyöì˜îû ôöì™Ä ~ôl ~†þ!þ ˜¡ ¥Gëûy ˜îû†þyîû ëyîûy ôyl%£ì
y!•þöì†þ xyÍÔy¥îû þ›öìí ’þy†þ ö˜öìî ~î‚ ¤ê †þy †þîûöìî xyîû
¤ê †þy †þîûyîû lÄ xyö옢 ö˜öìî ~î‚ xlÄyëû †þyöì îy™y
ö˜öìî •þyîûy¥zöì•þy xyÍÔy¥îû î¦%þ– •þyîûy¥zöì•þy ¤æþ¡†þyô Œ¤%îûy
¥zôîûyl 104 l‚ xyëûy•þŠ ô%ly!æþ†þöì˜îû !îîûöìkþ ö¥y˜ †þîûl
~î‚ •þyöì˜îû ²Ì!•þ †þöì‘þyîû•þy xî¡Áºl †þîûl •þyöì˜îû îy¤ßiyl
¥öìî y¥y§¬yô Œlîû†þŠ Œ¤%îûy •þyGîy 73 l‚ xyëûy•þŠ ¤!‘þ†þ
þ›öìí !˜¢y ö˜Gëûyîû lÄ xyÍÔy¥ þ›y†þ– lî#– îû¤%¡– G¡#–
xî•þyöìîûîû ôy™Äô !˜öìëû ö¤¥z !¢Çþy !˜öìëûöìSélÐ xyÍÔy¥îû
èþy¡îy¤y öþ›öì•þ ¥öì¡ lî# þ›y†þ Œ¤y/Š ö†þ xl%¤îû” †þîûöì•þ
¥öìîÐŒ¤%îûyxy¡¥zôîûyl31l‚xyëûy•þŠÐxyÍÔy¥îûà†%þôîû¤%¡
Œ¤y/Š éŸé~îû à†%þô G ö†þyîûy” ¥y!˜¤ ôylĆþyîû# xyÍÔy¥îû !î™yl
lî# Œ¤y/Š G¡# xyÍÔy¥ˆöì”îû xy˜¢Åöì†þ þ›)”Å èþyöìî öôöìl ¤%æþ#
ô%æþ•þ# xyylˆySé# Œîû¥/ŠéŸé~îû ˜îûîyöìîû ö†þyîûyöì” ëy !löì£ì™
öôöìl¤%˜–‰%£ì–ô˜–!ly–îÄ!èþ‹þyîûöíöì†þ˜)öìîûöíöì†þöìSél~î‚
ö†þyîûxyl ëy !löì£ì™ †þîûöìSél •þy þ›y¡l †þîûöìSél ¥†þ ²Ì!•þÛþy
†þîûyîû lÄ ö¥y˜ †þîûöìSél ~î‚ ¥öì†þîû ²Ì!•þöìëyˆ#•þy Öîû
†þîûöìSé þ›„y‹þ Gëûy_« lyôy !îly †þyyëû ö†þyîûy”# G!æþyîû
!!†þîû ¥y¡y¡ îû! ¤y™Ä ô•þ þ›îûö쥍ˆyîû# !þ›•þy ôy•þyîû ö¤îy
xyÍÔy¥ G îû¤%¡ xy’þz!¡ëûy ö†þîûyôˆöì”îû xyö옢 öôöìl ö†þyîûy”
†Ïþyöì¤îû ô!¡¤ ²Ì!•þ ¤®yöì¥ îû!îîyîû ‹þ¡öìSé ö†þëûyô•þ þ›ëÅhsý
¥zªyxyÍÔy¥ ‹þ¡öìî– à%îû ö†þî¡y îöì¡l îyîy ö•þyôîûy öë
ö†þyöìly !¤¡!¤¡y G þ›#öìîûîû ô%!îû˜ ¥G ly ö†þl ~î‚ ö†þyöìly
˜îûîyîû ö•þyôyöì˜îûöì†þ Séy’þüöì•þ ¥öìî ly ö•þyôîûy ~¥z ö†þyîûyl¥z
l%îûy”# îîû†þ•þþ›)”Å æþ!¡•þ G!æþy öíöì†þ î!Méþ•þ ly ¥G þ›„y‹þ
Gëûy_«lyôyöìîû¤öìD~¥zG!æþyxyô¡†þîûÐ
xyôyîû ˜,!ÜTöì•þ ¥yEþyl# ˜îûîyîû
éŸé ¢y¥y˜•þ ‡„yl