2. What are in-text citations?
Citations (references to an outside
source) that appear within the body of
a text.
3. When must a writer use in-text
citations?
Whenever the writer is referring to
another person’s ideas or words, or a
fact presented in someone else’s
writing, whether in the form of:
◦ a quote
◦ a paraphrase
4. How does the writer benefit by
using in-text citations?
Establishes his/her credibility (ethos!)
by referring to a reputable source
Increases the credibility of his/her
argument
The writer cannot be accused of
plagiarism
5. How does the reader benefit
when the writer uses in-text
citations?
The reader knows he/she can trust the
writer’s claim (if source is reputable)
The reader sees that the writer has
read about, and thus must know
about, the issue
6. Two pieces of info in every in-
text citation (APA format)
Name (last name of author(s))
Date:
◦ Publication: journal, newspaper, etc.
◦ Copyright: book
One study showed that people who think before they act
tend to be happy with the results of their actions
(Jones, 2002).
A study published in 2002 showed that people who think
before they act tend to be happy with the results of their
actions (Jones).
According to Jones, people who think before they act
tend to be happy with the results of their actions (2002).
According to Jones’ study published in 2002, people who
think before they act tend to be happy with the results of
their actions.
7. Listing Citations in the
Reference Section
Order
◦ Alphabetical (by last name)
Formatting issues
◦ The first line is not indented. All subsequent lines must be
indented.
Abdo, G. (2006). Mecca and Main Street: Muslim life in America after 9/11.
Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Ahmad, M. (2004). A rage shared by law: post-September 11 racial violence
as crimes of passion. California Law Review. 92(5), 1259-1330.
Fung, Heidi. (1999). Becoming a moral child: the socialization of shame
among young Chinese children. Ethos, 27(2), 180-209.
Mageo, Jeannette M. (1991). Samoan moral discourse and the Loto.
American Anthropologist, 93(2), 405-420.
8. Must I follow the nit-picky APA
guidelines exactly?
YES!
Journal Article:
Last, F. (YEAR). Title of paper. Journal
Name. Volume(issue), pages.
Ahmad, M. (2004). A rage shared by law:
post-September 11 racial violence as
crimes of passion. California Law
Review. 92(5), 1259-1330.
