3. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
• Definition:
o It is a common vascular disorder characterized by retinal
vein occlusion resulting in edema and hemorrhages on
retina in the affected region with potential blinding
complications
• Types:
o Central retinal vein occlusion
o Branch Retinal vein occlusion
• Etiology and Risk Factors:
o Age of age of above 50 years
o Systemic diseases like hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Chronic
Renal Failure
o Chronic Open Angle Glaucoma
4. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
• Clinical Presentation:
o Sudden painless loss of vision
o Persistent decreased central vision
• Clinical Examination:
o Visual Acuity- Severe visual loss, up to 20/200
o Intra Ocular Pressure- Raised
o Fundus Examination- dilated, tortuous veins, retinal and
macular edema, flame shaped hemorrhages, and cotton
wool spots
7. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
• Investigations:
o Fluorescein Angiography
o ECG
o Blood CP
o ESR
o Blood Glucose level
• Complications:
o Chronic Macular Edema
o Conversion from Non-Ischemic to Ischemic type
o Retinal Neovascularization
o Neovascular Glaucoma
8. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
• Treatment:
o Macular Laser Photocoagulation
o Intra Vitreal injections anti-VEGF and steroids
o Intra Vitreal triamcinolone injections
10. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion
• Definition:
o Vascular disorder of retina resulting in sudden painless loss
of vision, with antecedent transient visual loss
• Types:
o Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
o Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
• Etiology:
o Thrombosis due to atherosclerosis
o Embolism
o Raised Intra Ocular Pressure
o Giant Cell Arteritis
o Angiospasm- Retinal Migraine
11. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion
• Clinical Presentation:
o Sudden painless severe loss of vision
o Repeated transient episodes of decreased vision or
blindness
• Clinical Examination:
o Visual Acuity-Severely reduced, between counting finger
and light perception
o Direct Pupillary Light Reflex- Absent
o Fundus Examination- Whitish appearance of retina, thin
retinal arteries, segmented blood column in retinal vessels,
cherry red spot at macula, pale appearance of optic disc
14. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion
• Treatment:
o Intraocular pressure lowered immediately by anterior
chamber paracentasis or I.V Acetazolamide
o Inhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide mixture to improve
oxygen delivery to retina
o Thrombolytic therapy
16. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
• Definition:
o It is a bilateral vasoproliferative retinopathy occurring in
premature infants with low birth weight and exposed to
high concentration of oxygen
• Etiology and Risk Factors:
o Low birth weight
o Exposure to high concentrations of oxygen
o Premature birth
• Pathology:
o Interference with normal vascularization process
22. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
• Treatment:
o Peripheral retinal laser in stage 2
o Ablation of avascular retina in stage 3
o Vitreotomy in stage 4 & 5