Chapter 19 to send

The American Pageant Chapter 19 Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861

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Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The slavery question continued to churn throughout the 1850s

I. Stowe And Helper: Literary Incendiaries ,[object Object],[object Object]

Uncle Tom’s Cabin ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2. Success of Uncle Tom’s Cabin --- at home and abroad --- was sensational ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

3. When Lincoln met Stowe in 1862, he was reported to have said, “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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B. Another troublemaking book was published in 1857 (5 years after Uncle Tom’s Cabin) --- The Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton R. Helper (a non-aristocratic white man from North Carolina who hated both slavery and black people) ,[object Object],[object Object]

II. The North-South Contest for Kansas ,[object Object]

B. Newcomers entering Kansas were a motley (mixed, heterogeneous, ragged) crew which could be divided into roughly three groups ,[object Object]

Group # 2: Abolitionists ---A small part of the the newcomers were financed by groups of northern abolitionists and free soilers ,[object Object],[object Object],Ho for Kansas!!!

Group #3: Pro-slavery Southerners --- who felt betrayed ,[object Object],[object Object]

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C. Conditions in Kansas worsened ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

4. Tension grew and in 1856, a gang of proslavery raiders shot up and burned part of the free-soil town of Lawrence, Kansas --- prelude to a bloodier controversy 1856 Lawrence, Kansas newspaper describing sacking of Lawrence, Kansas

III. Kansas in Convulsion ,[object Object]

John Brown was ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B. Brown was brooding over the attack in Lawrence, Kansas and led a band of his followers to Pottawatomie Creek in May of 1856 ,[object Object],[object Object]

C. Civil War broke out in Kansas in 1856 and continued until it merged with the large-scale Civil War of 1861-1865—Kansas earned the name “Bleeding Kansas” Jayhawkers and Missouri Bushwackers fight it out over Kansas becoming a free state or a pro-slavery state.

D. Yet, by 1857, Kansas had enough people --- mostly free-soilers --- to apply to statehood on popular sovereignty basis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

E. Back in Washington, DC, President Pierce had been succeeded by President James Buchanan (who was strongly pro-South) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

4. Douglas engineered a compromise where the entire Lecompton Constitution was put to a vote ,[object Object],[object Object]

F. By his actions, Buchanan split the Democratic Party, which was the only remaining national party (since the Whigs had disappeared) ,[object Object],[object Object]

IV. “Bully” Brooks and His Bludgeon ,[object Object]

Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Congressman Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina was hot tempered and took matters in his own hands ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Brooks believed his only alternative was to beat Senator Brooks as you would beat a dog FYI, this is Mrs. Read’s dog, Skippy, and she never beats him.

B. On May 22, 1856, Preston S. Brooks approached Sumner, who was sitting at his desk in the Senate, and pounded him with an 11-ounce cane until it broke ,[object Object],[object Object]

C. Regarding Brooks: ,[object Object],[object Object]

D. Regarding Sumner: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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V. “Old Buck” versus “The Pathfinder” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B. The Republican Party was growing fast and delegates met in Philadelphia ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],*“free love” is a term implying promiscuity

VI. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B. Republicans lost because of doubts about Fremont’s honesty and sound judgment and also the fire eaters in the South threatened to secede if a “Black Republican” got elected---Northerners who had business connections in the South voted their pocketbooks (to keep trade open)

C. It was probably fortunate for the country that Fremont didn’t win and that the Civil War didn’t start in 1856, because ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

D. Yet the Republicans could be proud that their new party --- just two years old --- made an astonishing showing against the well-oiled Democratic machine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

VII. The Dred Scott Bombshell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B. The Dred Scott case was simple ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C. What should have been a simple legal case was turned --- by the Supreme Court --- into a complex political issue ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Dred Scott Decision said ,[object Object],[object Object]

D. This was another wedge between the northern Democrats (who were shocked --- people like Senator Douglas) and southern Democrats (who were delighted)

E. The Republicans and other foes of slavery were angry ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

VIII. The Financial Crash of 1857 ,[object Object]

B. A panic started late in 1857 --- not as bad as the panic of 1837 but it was devastating psychologically ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2. When the collapse came, over 5,000 businesses failed within one year ,[object Object],[object Object]

C. Financial problems in the North gave energy to the demand for free farms for 160 acres from the public domain---argument was that land should be given outright to pioneers as a reward for developing it ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

D. Congress passed a homestead act charging a nominal $.25 an acre, but Buchanan vetoed it

E. The Panic of 1857 also created a desire for higher tariff rates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

IX. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges ,[object Object],[object Object]

2. Republicans decided to run a rustic Springfield lawyer named Abraham Lincoln ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More about Lincoln…. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B. Lincoln was a member of the Whig Party but the Kansas Nebraska Act ignited something inside of him, and he became a Republican and a good orator

X. The Great Debate: Lincoln Versus Douglas ,[object Object]

B. As the debates proceeded, Lincoln really shone --- using logic rather than table-thumping

C. Most famous clash was at Freeport, Illinois when Lincoln impaled his opponent on the horns of a dilemma: ,[object Object],[object Object]

3. Douglas replied that …. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

4. Freeport Doctrine of Stephen Douglas: No matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down, because the people had the power ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

D. Lincoln lost the election but won national attention ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

XI. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr?

B. Brown was tried for murder and treason and found guilty ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C. Results of John Brown’s raid were a calamity ,[object Object]

2. Abolitionists were infuriated by his execution and tended to ignore his bloody past ,[object Object]

XII. The Disruption of the Democrats ,[object Object]

B. Democrats were deeply divided --- met in Charleston, South Carolina ,[object Object],[object Object]

C. Democrats tried again in Baltimore and again the Southern delegates walked out ,[object Object],[object Object]

D. Southern Democrats were angry and held a rival convention in Baltimore where the northern states were not represented ,[object Object],[object Object]

E. A middle-of-the-road group that wanted to save the Union organized the Constitutional Union Party (which some people called the Do-Nothing Party) ,[object Object],[object Object]

XIII. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B. The Republican platform made an appeal to each non-Southern group ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

E. Lincoln won a sweeping victory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

XIV. Electoral Upheaval of 1860 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

D. The South was very unhappy but they still weren’t that bad off ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

XV. The Secessionist Exodus ,[object Object],[object Object]

B. 4 days after Lincoln’s election, the legislature of South Carolina voted unanimously to call a special convention ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C. The seceders formally met at Montgomery, Alabama and created a government known as the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as their president ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

D. This was a crisis and was made even worse by the “lame duck” interlude ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

XVI. The Collapse of Compromise ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C. Lincoln flatly rejected the Crittenden scheme and all hope of compromise was gone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

XVIII. Farewell to Union ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B. MANY Southerners thought the North would let them secede in peace ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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