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Chapter 5: Other Relational Languages Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use

Chapter 5: Other Relational Languages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.2 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Tuple Relational Calculus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.3 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Predicate Calculus Formula ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.4 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Banking Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.5 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Example Queries ,[object Object],5.6 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],{ t | t  loan  t [ amount ]  1200}

Example Queries ,[object Object],5.7 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 { t |  s  borrower ( t [ customer_name ] = s [ customer_name ])   u  depositor ( t [ customer_name ] = u [ customer_name ] ) ,[object Object],{ t |  s  borrower ( t [ customer_name ] = s [ customer_name ])   u  depositor ( t [ customer_name ] = u [ customer_name ])

Example Queries ,[object Object],5.8 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 { t |  s  borrower ( t [ customer_name ] = s [customer_name ]   u  loan ( u [ branch_name ] = “Perryridge”  u [ loan_number ] = s [loan_ number ]))  not  v  depositor ( v [ customer_name ] = t [ customer_name ])} ,[object Object],{ t |  s  borrower ( t [ customer_name ] = s [ customer_name ]   u  loan ( u [ branch_name ] = “Perryridge”  u [ loan_number ] = s [ loan_number ]))}

Example Queries ,[object Object],5.9 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 { t |  s  loan ( s [ branch_name ] = “Perryridge”   u  borrower ( u [ loan_number ] = s [ loan_number ]  t [ customer_name ] = u [ customer_name ])   v  customer ( u [ customer_name ] = v [ customer_name ]  t [ customer_city ] = v [ customer_city ])))}

Example Queries ,[object Object],5.10 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 { t |  r  customer ( t [ customer_name ] = r [ customer_name ])  (  u  branch ( u [ branch_city ] = “Brooklyn”   s  depositor ( t [ customer_name ] = s [ customer_name ]   w  account ( w[ account_number ] = s [ account_number ]  ( w [ branch_name ] = u [ branch_name ]))))}

Safety of Expressions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.11 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Domain Relational Calculus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.12 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Example Queries ,[object Object],5.13 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],{ c  |  l, b, a ( c, l   borrower   l, b, a   loan  a > 1200)} ,[object Object],{ l , b, a  |  l , b, a   loan  a > 1200}

Example Queries ,[object Object],5.14 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 { c  |  s, n ( c, s, n   customer)   x,y,z ( x, y, z   branch  y = “Brooklyn”)   a,b ( x, y, z   account   c,a   depositor )} ,[object Object],{ c  |  l (  c, l   borrower   b,a ( l, b, a   loan  b = “Perryridge”))   a ( c, a   depositor   b,n ( a, b, n   account  b = “Perryridge”))}

Safety of Expressions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.15 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Query-by-Example (QBE) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.16 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

QBE — Basic Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.17 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

5.18 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 QBE Skeleton Tables for the Bank Example

QBE Skeleton Tables (Cont.) 5.19 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Queries on One Relation ,[object Object],5.20 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Queries on One Relation (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.21 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 P._x P._y P._z ,[object Object],[object Object]

Queries on One Relation (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.22 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object]

Queries on One Relation (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.23 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object]

Queries on Several Relations ,[object Object],5.24 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Queries on Several Relations (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.25 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Negation in QBE ,[object Object],5.26 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ¬ means “there does not exist”

Negation in QBE (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.27 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ¬ means “not equal to”

The Condition Box ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.28 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Condition Box (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.29 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Condition Box (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.30 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object]

Condition Box (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.31 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

The Result Relation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.32 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

The Result Relation (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.33 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Ordering the Display of Tuples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.34 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Aggregate Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.35 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Aggregate Operations (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],5.36 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Query Examples ,[object Object],5.37 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Query Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.38 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Query Example (Cont.) 5.39 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Modification of the Database – Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.40 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Deletion Query Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],5.41 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Deletion Query Examples (Cont.) ,[object Object],5.42 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Modification of the Database – Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],5.43 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Modification of the Database – Insertion (Cont.) 5.44 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 ,[object Object]

Modification of the Database – Updates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.45 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Microsoft Access QBE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.46 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

5.47 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 An Example Query in Microsoft Access QBE ,[object Object]

5.48 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 An Aggregation Query in Access QBE ,[object Object]

Aggregation in Access QBE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.49 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Datalog ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.50 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Basic Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.51 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Example Queries ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.52 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Negation in Datalog ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.53 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Named Attribute Notation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.54 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Formal Syntax and Semantics of Datalog ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.55 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Syntax of Datalog Rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.56 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Syntax of Datalog Rules (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.57 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Semantics of a Rule ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.58 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Semantics of a Rule (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.59 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Layering of Rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.60 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Layering Rules (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.61 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 Formally:

Semantics of a Program ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.62 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005 Let the layers in a given program be 1, 2, ..., n. Let  i denote the set of all rules defining view relations in layer i. Note: Can instead define semantics using view expansion like in relational algebra, but above definition is better for handling extensions such as recursion.

Safety ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.63 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Relational Operations in Datalog ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.64 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Recursion in Datalog ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.65 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Semantics of Recursion in Datalog ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.66 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Example of Datalog-FixPoint Iteration 5.67 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

A More General View ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.68 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

The Power of Recursion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.69 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Recursion in SQL ,[object Object],[object Object],5.70 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Monotonicity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.71 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Non-Monotonicity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.72 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Non-Monotonicity (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],5.73 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

End of Chapter 5 Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use

Figure 5.1 5.75 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Figure in-5.2 5.80 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

Figure in-5-31 5.83 Database System Concepts , 5 th Ed., Aug 2005

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