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Chapter 12: Indexing and Hashing Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use Rev. Sep 17, 2008
Chapter 12: Indexing and Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.2 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Basic Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.3 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. search-key pointer
Index Evaluation Metrics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.4 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Ordered Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.5 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Dense Index Files ,[object Object],12.6 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Sparse Index Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.7 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Sparse Index Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.8 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Multilevel Index ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.9 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Multilevel Index (Cont.) 12.10 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Index Update: Record Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.11 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Index Update: Record Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.12 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Secondary Indices Example ,[object Object],[object Object],12.13 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Secondary index on balance field of account
Primary and Secondary Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.14 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
B + -Tree Index Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.15 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. B + -tree indices are an alternative to indexed-sequential files.
B + -Tree Index Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.16 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. A B + -tree is a rooted tree satisfying the following properties:
B + -Tree Node Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.17 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Leaf Nodes in B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.18 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Properties of a leaf node:
Non-Leaf Nodes in B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.19 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Example of a B + -tree 12.20 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. B + -tree for account file ( n = 3)
Example of B + -tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.21 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. B + -tree for account file ( n = 5)
Observations about B + -trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.22 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Queries on B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.23 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Queries on B +- Trees (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.24 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Updates on B + -Trees: Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.25 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Updates on B + -Trees: Insertion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.26 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Result of splitting node containing Brighton and Downtown on inserting Clearview Next step: insert entry with (Downtown,pointer-to-new-node) into parent
Updates on B + -Trees: Insertion (Cont.) 12.27 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. B + -Tree before and after insertion of “Clearview”
Insertion in B + -Trees (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.28 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Redwood Downtown Mianus Perryridge Downtown Mianus
Updates on B + -Trees: Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.29 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Updates on B + -Trees: Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.30 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Examples of B + -Tree Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],12.31 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Before and after deleting “Downtown ”
Examples of B + -Tree Deletion (Cont.) 12.32 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Before and After deletion of “Perryridge” from result of previous example
Examples of B + -Tree Deletion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.33 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Example of B + -tree Deletion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],12.34 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Before and after deletion of “Perryridge” from earlier example
B + -Tree File Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.35 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
B + -Tree File Organization (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.36 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Example of B + -tree File Organization
Indexing Strings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.37 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
B-Tree Index Files ,[object Object],12.38 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
B-Tree Index File Example B-tree (above) and B+-tree (below) on same data 12.39 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
B-Tree Index Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.40 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Multiple-Key Access ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.41 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Indices on Multiple Keys ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.42 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Indices on Multiple Attributes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.43 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Suppose we have an index on combined search-key ( branch_name, balance ).
Non-Unique Search Keys ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.44 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Other Issues in Indexing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.45 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Hashing Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use
Static Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.47 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Example of Hash File Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.48 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Hash file organization of account file, using branch_name as key (See figure in next slide.)
Example of Hash File Organization 12.49 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Hash file organization of account file, using branch_name as key (see previous slide for details).
Hash Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.50 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Handling of Bucket Overflows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.51 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Handling of Bucket Overflows (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.52 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Hash Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.53 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Example of Hash Index 12.54 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Deficiencies of Static Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.55 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Dynamic Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.56 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
General Extendable Hash Structure 12.57 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. In this structure, i 2 = i 3 = i , whereas i 1 = i – 1 (see next slide for details)
Use of Extendable Hash Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.58 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Insertion in Extendable Hash Structure (Cont) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.59 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. To split a bucket j when inserting record with search-key value K j :
Deletion in Extendable Hash Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.60 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Use of Extendable Hash Structure: Example 12.61 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Initial Hash structure, bucket size = 2
Example (Cont.) ,[object Object],12.62 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Example (Cont.) 12.63 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Hash structure after insertion of Mianus record
Example (Cont.) 12.64 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Hash structure after insertion of three Perryridge records
Example (Cont.) ,[object Object],12.65 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Extendable Hashing vs. Other Schemes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.66 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Comparison of Ordered Indexing and Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.67 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Bitmap Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.68 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.69 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.70 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.71 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Efficient Implementation of Bitmap Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.72 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Index Definition in SQL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.73 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
End of Chapter Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use
Partitioned Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.75 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Sequential File For account Records 12.76 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Sample account File 12.77 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Figure 12.2 12.78 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Figure 12.14 12.79 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Figure 12.25 12.80 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Grid Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.81 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Example Grid File for account 12.82 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Queries on a Grid File ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.83 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
Grid Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],12.84 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.

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ch12

  • 1. Chapter 12: Indexing and Hashing Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use Rev. Sep 17, 2008
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. Multilevel Index (Cont.) 12.10 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Example of a B + -tree 12.20 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. B + -tree for account file ( n = 3)
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. Updates on B + -Trees: Insertion (Cont.) 12.27 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. B + -Tree before and after insertion of “Clearview”
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32. Examples of B + -Tree Deletion (Cont.) 12.32 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Before and After deletion of “Perryridge” from result of previous example
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39. B-Tree Index File Example B-tree (above) and B+-tree (below) on same data 12.39 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46. Hashing Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49. Example of Hash File Organization 12.49 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Hash file organization of account file, using branch_name as key (see previous slide for details).
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54. Example of Hash Index 12.54 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57. General Extendable Hash Structure 12.57 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. In this structure, i 2 = i 3 = i , whereas i 1 = i – 1 (see next slide for details)
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61. Use of Extendable Hash Structure: Example 12.61 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Initial Hash structure, bucket size = 2
  • 62.
  • 63. Example (Cont.) 12.63 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Hash structure after insertion of Mianus record
  • 64. Example (Cont.) 12.64 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition. Hash structure after insertion of three Perryridge records
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73.
  • 74. End of Chapter Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use
  • 75.
  • 76. Sequential File For account Records 12.76 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 77. Sample account File 12.77 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 78. Figure 12.2 12.78 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 79. Figure 12.14 12.79 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 80. Figure 12.25 12.80 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 81.
  • 82. Example Grid File for account 12.82 Database System Concepts - 5 th Edition.
  • 83.
  • 84.