Presentation @ Information Studies Trends classroom seminar - GLIS NTNU, 2009-12-08,

1. Information
I f i
behavior research
Studies, Models & Theories
陳啟亮 國立台灣師範大學 圖書資訊學研究所
Charles Chen (XXC) xxc.chen@gmail.com
2009/12/8
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2. Theorizing hierarchy
Theori ing hierarch
Dervin, 1997 Bates, 2005 Case, 2007
Ontology
gy
Perspectives Axiology Perspective &
& Meta-theory
Paradigm
Pa
methodology Epistemology
aradigm
Methodology
Grand theory
Theory Theory Middle theory Theory
Grounded theory
Model Model
Studies
Observations
• Bates, M. J. (2005). An introduction to metatheories, theories, and models. In Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today.
• Case, D O (2007) L ki f i f
C D. O. (2007). Looking for information: A survey of research on i f
ti f h information seeking, needs, and b h i E
ti ki d d behavior: Emerald G
ld Group P b Ltd
Pub Ltd.
• Dervin, B. (1997). Given a context by any other name: Methodological tools for taming the unruly beast. Information seeking in context, 13-38.

3. Ontology
O t l the nature of reality
本體論 存在論
Axiology
A i l the nature of value
價值論
Meta-theory
(fra
後設理論
amewor appr
Epistemology
E i t l
Paradig 研究範
how we know
認識論
rk,
gm
Methodology how we find out
方法論
範式
roach)
Scientific th
S i tifi theory 科學理論
Theory Principle 原則
理論
Proposition / hypothesis 命題/假說
Model 模型
Studies / Observations 研究/觀察

4. "不計科學名, 寧務研究實”
"We Don't Have to Be a Science But We Have to Do Research”
--賴鼎銘(1991)
•Case (2006). Information Behavior.
•Case (2007) Looking for information: A survey of research on
(2007).
information seeking, needs, and behavior
•Pettigrew, K. E., Fidel, R., &Bruce, H. (2001).
•Pettigrew K E Fidel R &Bruce H (2001) Conceptual
frameworks in information behavior
研究 STUDIES

5. ARIST IB Review 的歷史
Re ie
• 1966-1978
– 1966 (Menzel), 1967 (Herner & Herner), 1968 (Paisley), 1969 (Allen), 1970 (Lipetz),
1971 (Crane), 1972 (Lin & Garvey)
(Crane) Garvey),
– 1974 (Martyn), 1978 (Crawford)
• 1986,
1986 1990
– 1986 (Dervin & Nilan), 1990 (Hewins)
• 2001, 2002
– 2001 (Pettigrew, Fidel, and Bruce): IB conceptual models
– 2001 (King & Tenopir): scholarly literature
– 2001 (Wang): methods
– 2001 (Cool): situation
– 2002 (Solomon): context
– 2002 (Case) Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking,
needs, and behavior

6. Conceptual f
C t l framework of studies
k f t di
Pettigrew, et al. (2001) Case (2002, 2006, 2007)
• 認知取向 • by Occupation:
occupations are the most common entry point
Cognitive approaches – Scientists, Engineers, and Scholars
• 社會取向
– Managers
– Journalists, L
J li t Lawyers, Oth
Others *
Social approaches • by Role
• 多元取向 –
–
Citizen
Consumer
Multifaceted approaches
– Patient
– Student
– Others: Hobbyists
• By Demographic or Social Group
– Age
– Racial
– Socioeconomic
– Gender
– Others
• Case, D O (2006) Information Behavior. in Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), 40
C D. O. (2006). I f ti B h i i A lR i fI f ti S i dT h l (ARIST)
• Case, D. O. (2007). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior: Emerald Group Pub Ltd.
• Pettigrew, K. E., Fidel, R., &Bruce, H. (2001). Conceptual frameworks in information behavior. in Annual Review of Information Science and
Technology (ARIST), 35, 43-78.

7. Cognitive
Cogniti e approaches
• History
– 1968： Taylor (1968) 的模型是關於「使用者不完整的世界圖像」，
即對資訊的需求、意義與價值乃立基於個人的認知觀點。
即對資訊的需求 意義與價值乃立基於個人的認知觀點。
– 1986： Dervin ＆ Nilan (1986) 鼓吹並揚棄系統取向
• 何謂認知
– Belkin: 人類(或資訊處理機制)在接受/感知或生產時，如何運作(或
互動)知識、信念、等等
• Scope (Pettigrew, et.al., 2001)
(Pettigrew et al
– 關於個人如何應用他自我世界的觀點或模型，處理資訊的需求、
搜尋、給出、與使用的研究
– Include: 此觀點關注於認知與情感的資訊行為動機，
– Exclude:
• 與情境無關的。即，此觀點不討論資訊行為的情境
與情境無關的 即 此觀點不討論資訊行為的情境
• 與社會認知(social cognitive)研究不同

8. Ellis’s (1989) information seeking model

9. Social approaches
• History
–從從1990年代初期慢慢興起，並變得越來越重要
年代初期慢慢興起 並變得越來越重要
– Chatman (80s ) 開始研究貧窮勞工階級的資訊
(80s-)
行為
• 何謂社會取向
– 資訊的意義與價值，與其社會脈絡相關
資訊的意義與價值 與其社會脈絡相關
– 偏向以自然探究, 人類學或社會學的方法進行
研究

10. Chatman's 資訊貧困
Chatman s
Information poverty
• 資訊尋求程序中的自我保護行為
Key concepts: self-protective behaviors invoked during the information seeking p
y p p g g process
– 守密(隱蔽自我) secrecy
– 欺瞞(自我扮演) deception
– 風險評估 risk taking
risk-taking
– 情境相關性 situational relevance

11. 6 項命題 propositions
propositions:
– 缺乏資訊覺察使他們遠離能幫助他們的資訊
The information poor perceive themselves to be devoid of the sources that might help them
– 資訊貧困與社會階級有關
Information poverty is partially associated with class distinction
– 對社會規範的自我保護行為導致資訊貧困
Information poverty is determined by self-protective behaviors, which are used in response to social norms.
– 守密與欺瞞是因對他人的不信任感，而有的自我保護機制
Both secrecy and deception are self protecting mechanisms due to a sense of mistrust regarding the interest or ability
self-protecting
of others to provide useful information.
– 因為權衡利害，通常不會冒險揭露自我感覺
A decision to risk exposure about our true feeling is often not taken due to a perception that negative consequences
outweigh benefits
– 貧困者選擇性地接受新知識，此選擇取決於新資訊與日常生
活的相關性
New knowledge will be selectively introduced into the information world of poor people. A condition that influences this
process is the relevance of that information in response to everyday problems and concerns.

12. Multifaceted
M ltifaceted approaches
• 由於了解到人類資訊行為的複雜性，越來
越多研究者認為需要以多元觀點進行研究，
而非只考慮認知的與社會的一種觀點
– Rosenbaum **
– Johnson *
– Bystrom & Jarvelm *
–SSonnenwald **
ld
– Leckie et al. *
– Cognitive Work Analysis, CWA **

13. "這類模型很少能發展到與特定理論命題建立關聯：只能說是處在一個前
理論的階段，而所描繪的關係或者能有助於往後的探索或檢驗”
"rarely do such models advance to the stage of specifying relationships among theoretical propositions: rather
they are at a pre-theoretical stage, but may suggest relationships that might be fruitful to explore or test.
-- Wilson (1999: 250)
( )
Case, D. (2007). Looking for information.
模型 MODELS

14. 3 Criterions
1. 該模型能就相關變數描繪並闡明行為序列，
而非僅僅指出事件的順序
The model attempts to depict and explain a sequence of behavior by referring to relevant
variables, rather than merely indicates a sequence of events.
2. 該模型需涵蓋資訊需求與來源
The model indicates something about information needs and sources.
(Ellis & Kuhlthau)
3. 為通用的行為模型，而非特定職業或身份
General models

15. 7 models
• Wilson, 1981
• Krikelas, 1983
K ik l
• Leckie et al., 1996
,
• Bystrom & Jarvelin,
1995
• Savolainen, 1995
• Johnson, 1997
• Wilson 1996
Wilson,

16. Wilson, 1981

18. Krikelas, 1983

19. Leckie et al., 1996

20. Bystrom & Jarvelin, 1995

21. Savolainen, 1995

22. Johnson, 1997

23. Wilson, 1996

24. 理論 THEORY

25. Theory
Theor
• Theories are explanations (Case, 2007)
• Theories are statements that try to explain relationships
among various phenomena (Baker, 1999; Mullins &
Mullins 1973)
• A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the
natural world (WordNet)
• A theory, in the general sense of the word, is an analytic
structure designed to explain a set of observations
(wikipedia)

26. • 最小努力原則(語言學)
Zipf s
Zipf's Principle of lease effort
• 使用與滿足(大眾傳播)
Uses & gratification
• 意義建構
Sense-making
• 建構主義 (語言、心理、社會)
Constructionism
• 遊戲與娛樂理論(大眾傳播, 心理學)
( , )
Stephenson's Play theory & Entertainment theory

27. Other theories

28. Cont’d

29. Taylor's
Ta lor's IUE (1991)
• 以使用者為中心，處理其社會脈絡中的資訊
It focuses on the study of information in its social contexts and explicitly places th user at th center of
f th t d f i f ti i it i l t t d li itl l the t the t f
its conceptual framework
• IUE 的四元素
People 人口統計，已決定的社會特性：經濟上的社會定位、
人 產業社會學的政治與文化結構
Problems 由結構對使用者的認知 資訊需求所起的決定性作用
P bl 由結構對使用者的認知、資訊需求所起的決定性作用
問題
Resolution 對問題類型列出可行性解決方案的前提
方案前提
Settings 環境的物質與場所的社會脈絡
場所特徵

30. Rosenbaum
Rosenba m (1996)
• 系統導向的資訊行為研究過於受限於既有系統框架
• 但使用者導向的資訊行為研究又過於流於個人主義，缺乏對社
但使用者導向的資訊行為研究又過於流於個人主義 缺乏對社
會結構面向的解釋力
• 以Taylor的IUE為基礎，並參考Giddens的結構化理論，以建立
以Taylor的IUE為基礎 並參考Giddens的結構化理論 以建立
一整合的資訊行為研究的理論性框架
Taylor IUE Rosembaum IUE Giddens
people
l role
l actor
t
problem problematic situation (structure of problem)
setting resource structure
resolution resolution (tool, 便利工具)

31. Sonnen ald 資訊視域 (1999)
Sonnenwald:
• 要素：人類的資訊行為由個人(individuals)、社會網路(social network)、情境
(situation)與脈絡(context)所形成，但也影響這些因素。
• 資訊行為：處於一特定情境與脈絡的個體或系統，能感知(perceive)、反映(
資訊行為 處於 特定情境與脈絡的個體或系統 能感知 映
reflect)、或評估(evaluate)週遭的變化。資訊行為是在反映與評估間建
構而起的；特別是關於反映或評估知識的缺乏。並由 對知識缺乏的感
；
知作為起點，開始一資訊(搜尋)行為的序列。
• 資訊視域：當個人決定要進行搜尋行為時，他會在他的資訊視域(information
horizon)中尋找資訊。
• 協同合作：人類資訊搜尋行為，理論上，可以視為一種個體與其資訊資源間
的協同合作。
• 解決方案效益：因為資訊視域是由各種資訊資源所組成，各自擁有部分的知
識，因此可以將資訊視域概念化為密集空間(densely populated
spaces) 在密集解決方案空間中 假定有許多解決方案 而資訊搜尋
spaces)。在密集解決方案空間中，假定有許多解決方案，而資訊搜尋
問題由決定其中最有效率的路徑展開。

32. Cognitive Work Analysis (1990)
C iti W k A l i