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SOLAR IN WEST AFRICA –
PROJECTS AND GOALS OF ENERGY
FOR OPPORTUNITY

Robert Munro,
(former) CIO, Energy for Opportunity,
CEO, Idibon
E-Discuss, San Francisco
November 2013
Sierra Leone
6.5 Million people
 Electricity coverage:


urban ~10%
 rural ~1%


GDP per capita: US$679 (1.5% US)
 Adult Literacy: 38.1%
 Life Expectancy: 47.3 years
 3 Physicians per 100,000 people
 53% of population has access to
safe drinking water

STEADY IMPROVEMENT & STABILITY


v

Top 5 countries in Africa by Global Peace Index
SIERRA LEONE


Development is not for
lack of resources
ENERGY FOR OPPORTUNITY


Background (2007):
Environmental Foundation for
Africa, Sierra Leone
 United Nations High
Commission for Refugees

WHO WE ARE
Simon Willans – Exec
Director
 Chernor Jalloh –
Engineering Manager
 Mohamed Turay –
Engineering Manager
 Idrissa Tarawally –
Engineering Manager
 ~100 people employed by
EFO or at charging stations
that we created

STATUS OF COMPANY


Self-sustaining as of 2013:
We can cover cost of operations with for-profit
installations
 Admin is <10% of budget
 >95% of people employed were born in Sierra Leone




170 KW has been produced by EFO
10 KW in the country before EFO
 Direct/Indirect population 100,610 / 928,130




Full electrical systems and education


Eg: 7W LED vs 60W incandescent
IN THE LAST YEAR:
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 3 Districts
 Kamakwie District Hospitals


Madina CHC
 15 CHCs/CHPs --- Bonthe, Kenema and Tonkolili




Community Charging Stations






GIZ --- Koindugu, Kambia, Kono and Kailahun
Christian Aid --- Bonthe
WHH --- Bo and Kenema

BBC Media Action



Eastern Radio
Freetown Office
IN THIS TALK
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 3 Districts
 Kamakwie District Hospitals


Madina CHC
 15 CHCs/CHPs --- Bonthe, Kenema and Tonkolili




Community Charging Stations






GIZ --- Koindugu, Kambia, Kono and Kailahun
Christian Aid --- Bonthe
WHH --- Bo and Kenema

BBC Media Action



Eastern Radio
Freetown Office
COMMUNITY CHARGING STATIONS (CCS)


Thirty five CCSs in operation




Creates income for the communities




We had two in 2010
Eg: Light and power rentals, charging cellphones

Converting to a self-sustaining business unit within
the company


Partnerships with entrepreneurs within the country who
can deploy and manage multiple systems to villages
from district HQs
KAMABAI COMMUNITY CHARGING STATION


One of our first: allows
longitudinal (ish) study.



Lighting is expensive
10-15% of rural household
incomes
 500x more spent on
lighting than people from
industrialized countries




90% cellphone ownership

Kamabai in 2010 (Mohamed)
Energy for Opportunity, Presentation for E-Discuss
•
•
•
•

Low-lumen light
Fire and burn hazard
Indoor pollution
Loss of community revenue

Profits

Profits

Payments

Funds to
re-supply

Kerosene
Retailer /
Torch
Batteries

Community Members
Payments

Target Community

Profits

Generator
Fuel

Mobile
recharging
business

Profits

External

Usual Energy Use in a Sierra Leone Village
(10-15% of expenses)
•
•
•
•

High Lumen Light
Improved education outcomes
Reduced hazards
Creation of community revenue

Community Members

Target Community

Community
Fund

Payments

Wages

Community
Charging
Station

Maintenance
and repair
(most still
within the
country)

External

Community Charging Station (CCS) approach
for Rural Lighting and Mobile Phone charging
PROFITS
KAMABAI PROFITS
Monthly Revenue at the Kamabai CCS

250

Greater
acceptance of
solar as an
electricity
source that
won’t fry a
phone.

150

100
Revenue
Trendline
Rainy Season
Dry Season

50

10
Jul
10
Se
p1
0
No
v1
0
J an
11
Ma
r1
Ma 1
y1
1
Jul
11
Se
p1
1
No
v1
1
J an
12
Ma
r 12
Ma
y1
2
Jul
12
Se
p1
2
No
v1
2
J an
13
Ma
r 13
Ma
y1
3

Ma
y

r 10

0
Ma

Revenue (US$)

200

Time
KAMABAI

CCS Funds

Secondary School
Town Water Supply

Health Clinic
KAMABAI SECONDARY SCHOOL

Average passes and credits (n=40)


v

“We don’t have money to buy
kerosene. The income that we
usually put into light I spend on
food and textbooks”

Daniel K Amen (Senior student
Kamakwie)

“Immensly improved the status of the
school. We have bad results in the
school; With the solar system,
children will come in to study,
teachers, using whatever equipment
we have, especially computers, will
help the children to have more
materials to study”
(Jnr School Principal Kamabai)
NEXT STEPS:
PRIVATIZATION WITHIN SIERRA LEONE
SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION


v
Energy for Opportunity, Presentation for E-Discuss
SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION


Community based and managed
Revenue generated for maintenance and upgrade
 Builds off CCS model




Localized treatment




Reduce transportation and other transaction costs

Focused treatment


Contrast to large scale, general treatment facilities
SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION
SolaWata can be purchased from the CCS in one
or five gallon containers (containers by deposit)
 Le 3,000 for the five gallon container and Le 1,000
for the one gallon container ($0.70 / $0.23)
 Le 1,000 = cost to pay someone to fetch a
container of water from well/stream
 Positive image, but still with limited uptake

CONTAINER SYSTEM
Addresses donor concerns over environmental impacts
of plastic packets
 Minimises risk of after sales contamination of water
 Challenge is to create package options that meet the
demand from customers at an affordable price point

BRAND/MARKETING


Logo development




Radio programming




Discussion and jingle

Direct marketing




Highlights the sun and water
aspects and the relationship
between them

‘Noisy’ campaigns, t-shirts, and
flyers

Community visibility


Kiosk and container stickers
UPTAKE



More time by
installers on site.


Lowered cost



Allowed
community
containers
REASONS WHERE THERE IS A LACK OF
UPTAKE BY COMMUNITIES


v



Water bags are *much* more
expensive, but have familiarity
CONCLUSIONS / CURRENT & FUTURE WORK


Community charging station expansion




US Embassy Housing





12KW hybrid system including NPA (grid) connection

UNOPS Hospitals
River 2 Micro Hydro:




Establishment of PCSs to complete the distribution chain

Our first ‘micro-grid’, combining solar and hydro

Further reading:


Simon Willans, Amé Christiansen and Paul Munro (2011).
"Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship: For-Profit and Non-Profit
Partnerships for the Dissemination of Solar Power into Rural
Sub-Saharan Africa". The 56th Annual ICSB World Conference:
Sweden.

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Energy for Opportunity, Presentation for E-Discuss

  • 1. SOLAR IN WEST AFRICA – PROJECTS AND GOALS OF ENERGY FOR OPPORTUNITY Robert Munro, (former) CIO, Energy for Opportunity, CEO, Idibon E-Discuss, San Francisco November 2013
  • 2. Sierra Leone 6.5 Million people  Electricity coverage:  urban ~10%  rural ~1%  GDP per capita: US$679 (1.5% US)  Adult Literacy: 38.1%  Life Expectancy: 47.3 years  3 Physicians per 100,000 people  53% of population has access to safe drinking water 
  • 3. STEADY IMPROVEMENT & STABILITY  v Top 5 countries in Africa by Global Peace Index
  • 4. SIERRA LEONE  Development is not for lack of resources
  • 5. ENERGY FOR OPPORTUNITY  Background (2007): Environmental Foundation for Africa, Sierra Leone  United Nations High Commission for Refugees 
  • 6. WHO WE ARE Simon Willans – Exec Director  Chernor Jalloh – Engineering Manager  Mohamed Turay – Engineering Manager  Idrissa Tarawally – Engineering Manager  ~100 people employed by EFO or at charging stations that we created 
  • 7. STATUS OF COMPANY  Self-sustaining as of 2013: We can cover cost of operations with for-profit installations  Admin is <10% of budget  >95% of people employed were born in Sierra Leone   170 KW has been produced by EFO 10 KW in the country before EFO  Direct/Indirect population 100,610 / 928,130   Full electrical systems and education  Eg: 7W LED vs 60W incandescent
  • 8. IN THE LAST YEAR: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 3 Districts  Kamakwie District Hospitals  Madina CHC  15 CHCs/CHPs --- Bonthe, Kenema and Tonkolili   Community Charging Stations     GIZ --- Koindugu, Kambia, Kono and Kailahun Christian Aid --- Bonthe WHH --- Bo and Kenema BBC Media Action   Eastern Radio Freetown Office
  • 9. IN THIS TALK Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 3 Districts  Kamakwie District Hospitals  Madina CHC  15 CHCs/CHPs --- Bonthe, Kenema and Tonkolili   Community Charging Stations     GIZ --- Koindugu, Kambia, Kono and Kailahun Christian Aid --- Bonthe WHH --- Bo and Kenema BBC Media Action   Eastern Radio Freetown Office
  • 10. COMMUNITY CHARGING STATIONS (CCS)  Thirty five CCSs in operation   Creates income for the communities   We had two in 2010 Eg: Light and power rentals, charging cellphones Converting to a self-sustaining business unit within the company  Partnerships with entrepreneurs within the country who can deploy and manage multiple systems to villages from district HQs
  • 11. KAMABAI COMMUNITY CHARGING STATION  One of our first: allows longitudinal (ish) study.  Lighting is expensive 10-15% of rural household incomes  500x more spent on lighting than people from industrialized countries   90% cellphone ownership Kamabai in 2010 (Mohamed)
  • 13. • • • • Low-lumen light Fire and burn hazard Indoor pollution Loss of community revenue Profits Profits Payments Funds to re-supply Kerosene Retailer / Torch Batteries Community Members Payments Target Community Profits Generator Fuel Mobile recharging business Profits External Usual Energy Use in a Sierra Leone Village (10-15% of expenses)
  • 14. • • • • High Lumen Light Improved education outcomes Reduced hazards Creation of community revenue Community Members Target Community Community Fund Payments Wages Community Charging Station Maintenance and repair (most still within the country) External Community Charging Station (CCS) approach for Rural Lighting and Mobile Phone charging
  • 16. KAMABAI PROFITS Monthly Revenue at the Kamabai CCS 250 Greater acceptance of solar as an electricity source that won’t fry a phone. 150 100 Revenue Trendline Rainy Season Dry Season 50 10 Jul 10 Se p1 0 No v1 0 J an 11 Ma r1 Ma 1 y1 1 Jul 11 Se p1 1 No v1 1 J an 12 Ma r 12 Ma y1 2 Jul 12 Se p1 2 No v1 2 J an 13 Ma r 13 Ma y1 3 Ma y r 10 0 Ma Revenue (US$) 200 Time
  • 17. KAMABAI CCS Funds Secondary School Town Water Supply Health Clinic
  • 18. KAMABAI SECONDARY SCHOOL Average passes and credits (n=40)
  • 19.  v “We don’t have money to buy kerosene. The income that we usually put into light I spend on food and textbooks” Daniel K Amen (Senior student Kamakwie) “Immensly improved the status of the school. We have bad results in the school; With the solar system, children will come in to study, teachers, using whatever equipment we have, especially computers, will help the children to have more materials to study” (Jnr School Principal Kamabai)
  • 21. SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION  v
  • 23. SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION  Community based and managed Revenue generated for maintenance and upgrade  Builds off CCS model   Localized treatment   Reduce transportation and other transaction costs Focused treatment  Contrast to large scale, general treatment facilities
  • 24. SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION SolaWata can be purchased from the CCS in one or five gallon containers (containers by deposit)  Le 3,000 for the five gallon container and Le 1,000 for the one gallon container ($0.70 / $0.23)  Le 1,000 = cost to pay someone to fetch a container of water from well/stream  Positive image, but still with limited uptake 
  • 25. CONTAINER SYSTEM Addresses donor concerns over environmental impacts of plastic packets  Minimises risk of after sales contamination of water  Challenge is to create package options that meet the demand from customers at an affordable price point 
  • 26. BRAND/MARKETING  Logo development   Radio programming   Discussion and jingle Direct marketing   Highlights the sun and water aspects and the relationship between them ‘Noisy’ campaigns, t-shirts, and flyers Community visibility  Kiosk and container stickers
  • 27. UPTAKE  More time by installers on site.  Lowered cost  Allowed community containers
  • 28. REASONS WHERE THERE IS A LACK OF UPTAKE BY COMMUNITIES  v  Water bags are *much* more expensive, but have familiarity
  • 29. CONCLUSIONS / CURRENT & FUTURE WORK  Community charging station expansion   US Embassy Housing    12KW hybrid system including NPA (grid) connection UNOPS Hospitals River 2 Micro Hydro:   Establishment of PCSs to complete the distribution chain Our first ‘micro-grid’, combining solar and hydro Further reading:  Simon Willans, Amé Christiansen and Paul Munro (2011). "Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship: For-Profit and Non-Profit Partnerships for the Dissemination of Solar Power into Rural Sub-Saharan Africa". The 56th Annual ICSB World Conference: Sweden.

Notas do Editor

  1. Fridges – cold drinks