The Enlightenment

By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY The Age of Reason & Enlightenment

An Overview of the 18 c ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

18 c Politics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Origins of Enlightenment? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

William Blake’s Newton , 1795

The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

Zoology & Biology A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.

Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens

Natural History Collections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Natural History Collections James Petiver’s Beetles (London apothecary)

Private Collections The Origins of Modern Museums.

Women & Science The German astronomer Hevelius & his wife examine the heavens.

The Origins of Enlightenment? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Characteristics of the Enlightenment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Characteristics of the Enlightenment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Characteristics of the Enlightenment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The “Enlightened” Individual  The Philosophe ,[object Object],[object Object]

The “Great Debate” Reason & Logic Traditions and Superstitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

John Locke (1632-1704) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

John Locke’s Philosophy (I) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

John Locke’s Philosophy (II) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Kant’s Philosophy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ,[object Object],[object Object]

The American “ Philosophes ” John Adams (1745-1826) Ben Franklin (1706-1790) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) … ...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...

Voltaire (1712-1778) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Voltaire’s “Wisdom” (I) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Voltaire’s “Wisdom” (II) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

David Hume (1711-1776) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Montesquieu’s Philosophy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rousseau’s Philosophy (I) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],NO!

Rousseau’s Philosophy (II) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rousseau’s Philosophy (III) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rousseau’s Philosophy (IV) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Popularizing the Enlightenment

The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777) Mademoiselle Julie de Lespinasse (1732*-1776) Madame Suzanne Necker (1739-1794)

Other Female Salons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Female Philosophes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Denis Diderot (1713-1784) ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Encyclopédie ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

The “Republic of Letters” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Reading During the Enlightenment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

“ Must Read” Books of the Time

Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796) ,[object Object],[object Object]

1767: Catherine summons the Legislative Commission . 1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War . 1771-1775: Pugachev Rebellion is suppressed. 1772: First partition of Poland. 1785: Charter of Nobility . 1793: Second partition of Poland. 1795: Third partition of Poland. Reformer? OR Despot?

The Partitions of Poland - 1772 - 1793 - 1795

Russian Expansionism in the Late 18c

Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765-1790) ,[object Object],[object Object]

1772: First partition of Poland. 1778-1779: He failed to annex Bavaria to Austrian lands. 1781: Declared the Toleration Patent . 1781: Abolition of serfdom and feudal dues . 1785: He failed to exchange the Austria Netherlands for Bavaria. 1787-1792: Austria joined Russia in the Russo-Turkish War, but little was gained. 1795: Third partition of Poland. Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

The Legacy of the Enlightenment? ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Enlightenment

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The Enlightenment