Impact of liquidity

WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION

Journal of Economics & Finance (JEF)

AUGUST 2013 VOL.1, No.6

Impact of Liquidity on Capital Structure of Textile
Sector of Pakistan
Yaser Pervaiz (Corresponding Author), Asad Zaman, Sadia Abdul Salam, Muhammad Bilal
MBA/MS (Banking & Finance), GC University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Accepted 22 August 2013

Abstract
This paper explores the impact of liquidity on capital structure. The firms which have more liquid equity
enjoys a lower cost of equity and may be motivated to have more equity and less debt in their capital structure.
Study shows that asset liquidity increases the debt capacity of the firms or organization when bond covenants
restrict the disposition of the asset. The results demonstrate that liquidity has least impact on capital structure
but not the significant impact on capital structure of the firm. Liquidity must be taken into account when the
companies want to get the additional capital from the outsiders. The easiest way to increase the capital is to issue
the long term bonds because companies have ample time to return the amount of bond along with interest.
When the firms increase the inventory level, this will lead to increase in leverage. When the firms increase the
cash in hand and other current assets, this will lead to reduction in the short term and long term debts.
Key Words: Liquidity, Capital Structure, Textile

1.

Introduction
The textile sector has great importance since it is involved in the production of yarn which is the most
important to the whole procedure of making clothes. Textile products play an important role in meeting the
basic needs. The clothing industry is where the majority of textile are produced and used. However, textile
sector is important in our lives from birth to death.
Obviously, textile sector of Pakistan participate an active role for the economic development of Pakistan.
Pakistan is at 8th position in Asian countries for the export of textile merchandise. The contribution in GDP of
textile sector is 9.5% in 2012 and 15 million population availing employment opportunities from this particular
sector which is 30% of the total employed people of Pakistan. Participation of Pakistan in international trade is
less than 1 percent which is approximately 18 trillion dollars. After independence, in initial decades Pakistan
produces quality products. In present, Pakistan produces all types of textile products at global level as well as
at small and medium businesses.
Pakistan is very prominent in the production of cotton and has 4th place and due to high usage of cotton
Pakistan hold 3rd position all over the world. The textile division has been the backbone for the economy of
Pakistan in the terms of foreign exchange and providing job opportunities for the last 5 decades. There is no
223


alternate industry that can provide potential benefits to the economy with foreign earnings and job opportunities.
The textile sector will be beneficial for the growth of the country in the future.
Liquidity means the point at which a security and assets can be purchased or sold easily without recourse
to the court of law. Most companies adopt debt financing strategy rather than equity financing and that’s why
most of the banks prefer lending more willingly than investing. Liquidity is important if a person or a company
needs access funds in short time frame or to pay for expense.
Capital Formation means how much proportion of capital comes from equity financing and how much comes
from debt financing. The stakeholders of the companies have much interest in the debt to equity ratio of the
company which shows the credit standing of that company. Capital accumulation describes that how a
corporation funding its assets. Capital comes in a company into two forms which are as follows,
Equity Capital. This portion shows money owing by the shareholders.
Debt Capital. This refers to the borrowed money that use by the business. The long term bonds are usually the
secure form of debt.
1.2 Problem Statement
As the textile industry is growing, liquidity has major impact on capital structure decision making. When
financial institutions want to provide finance in a particular company, they analyze the liquidity of that company
in which they are investing.
1.3 Research Question
What is the impact of liquidity on capital accumulation of textile sector?
1.4 Research Objective
The main objectives of conducting the research are,
1. To evaluate that how much liquidity affect the capital structure of textile sector.
2. To evaluate that how much liquidity is important for any organization.
3. How much current ratio has significant impact on organization.
1.5 Limitation of the study
In this study only one sector has been taken. The span of time is limited only five years from 2007 to 2012.
The total number of companies taken as sample is 10. The results were affected due to the lack of reliability of
data. The results were also bounded because the duration is also limited. That was the dilemma in this study.
The rest of the paper explains next sections in the following manner. Next Section explains literature review of
other studies related to this topic from all over the world. Section 2 chase the next section explain the data and
research methodology while section 4 reveal the results & discussions and after it in sections 5 describe the
conclusion and recommendations. Lastly, reference list is given.
2. Literature Review
Morellec (2001) examined that the asset liquidity has major impact on firm’s securities and its decision for
financing. He investigated in his research by using the model of asset price that production capacity of a firm did
not affect due to change in the demand of the goods. He demonstrated that credit spreads enhance with the
change in unsecured debt and it will reduce favorable leverage. He concluded in his another model that the
asset liquidity has a hefty impact on capital accumulation preference of the corporation.
Marmor and Valentincic (2003) investigated that creditors of small enterprises interested in short term
liquidity because any cash deficiency can result in delayed payment. He concluded with the help of nave model
that once a firm experience liquidity difficulty or problem of delayed payment in any period by reason of
inadequate bank balance then the corporation will consistently have the same problem in the preceding year
unless the company restructures. He also examined by using the financial ratios that ratios convey additional
224


information about potential liquidity of very small private companies. He suggested in his research that
possibly creditors of very small private companies will trust on financial indicators if the information regarding
liquidity will be readily available to public.
Edmans, Fand and Zur (2011) argued that stock liquidity affected the block holder’s choice of governance
mechanism as hedge funds are unconstrained by legal restriction. The result told that liquidity does not restrict
block holders from governing. He examined in his research with the help of correlation coefficients that to
draw the attention of huge stakeholders of an corporation or to administer them successfully then the liquidity
of the enterprise should be effective and it will be constructive.
Sarlija and Harc (2012) investigated that the capital accumulation has been affected by liquidity. He
argued in some countries, the liquid firms financed by their own capital rather than outsiders and they were less
leveraged. He demonstrated that increasing the level of inventory leads to an increase in debt of the company
and increasing level of cash in current assets leads to decrease in debt long term as well as short term. He
examined in his research with the help of Pearson correlation coefficient that there is negative relationship
between liquidity and capital structure. He also concluded that the share of retained earning s as well as equity
to capital is not correlated with equity.
Uremadu and Efobi (2012) analyzed the importance of capital structure to corporate financial stability,
growth and adequate returns and liquidity cannot be undermined. He concluded in his research with the help of
multiple regression model that increasing proportion of both short term debt and long term debt on the overall
liability of the firm reduces corporate profitability. He also revealed that profitability and performance of firm
depend on proper management and composition of their capital structure.
Sibilkov (2009) examined that asset liquidity has major influence on capital formation. He concluded in
his research with the help of multiple regression model that liquidity of assets has been positive relation with
leverage. He demonstrated that lower assets liquidity reduces the cost of debt and for that reason companies
use more debt. He also concluded that his research showed some relations about secured and unsecured debt.
He gave details that the relation between secured debt and asset liquidity is safe and positive while the unsecured
debt is negatively correlated with firm’s liquidity.
Faulkender and Petersen (2004) analyzed that in previous years the firm can get capital only due to its
characteristics. However, market frictions that make capital structure may be associated with a firm’s source of
capital. He concluded in his research with the help of regression model that the firms which could not get
financing from the public are less versatile and that firm will be more affected than others. He also found that
large firm’s capital structure decisions are constrained by the capital market.
Driffield, Mahambare and Pal (2007) analyzed that the cash flow system and capital accumulation system
depend on management control and it should be separate from the other systems. The management acted to
control the capital structure and assure the investor’s protection.
He investigated in his research with the help
of Tobin’s Q that family owned business had higher control on their cash flows and management and their
business has not been performed well as non family owned business.
Udomsirikul, jumreornvong and jiraporn (2011) examined that the firm which have equity composition that
is more liquid get the benefit of lower cost equity. These corporations also encouraged to have more equity
rather than debt in their capital. He concluded in his research that Thailand is an rising economy and move
towards achievements has a banking system which provides debt and has high absorption of commercial
ownership.
Weston (2005) analyzed that the fees charged by investment bank are lesser for those who have more liquid
stock. He concluded in his research that when the company who desire to lift up equity through outsiders then
225


issuance cost should be kept in mind and are an implicit expenditure of external equity.
Shivdassani and stefanscu (2010) analyzed the capital structure implication defined benefit corporate
pension plan. He concluded in his research with the help of regression model that the organizations settle their
leverage ratio to judge the firm pension asset. He also found that discouraging pension policies in capital
structures test have the risk and it is most important and it is related to business features.
In conclusion, it should come to the knowledge that there is a strong relation between liquidity and capital
formation and leverage is positively related to asset liquidity. The last but not least is that to control the
enterprise more efficiently and effectively liquidity can be helpful and it will also enabling them to invite more
stakeholders and to improve the performance.
3. Data And Methodology
Methodology is an organized technique which provides guidelines which provide guidelines to the
researcher how to deduct the solution of a problem. It is a arrange system which includes the guideline or rules,
measure, method to explore the particular problems in that arena. Methodology is very important area of research
because researcher picks the most suitable type of methods to solve and regain particular information so that they
easily make the correct decision. An authentic research design is verified that the conducted research is valid
and also evaluate that the hypothesis and variables. Methodology notifies that data is consistent and not
irrelevant.
Data means raw facts and figures. The word data is very wide in its meaning and come from a Latin word
datum which means to “give something”. Data is the vital source and without it nothing can be find or possible to
do research. Information is also play vital role in research. Researcher collects data from the financial
statement of different textile firms.
a) Data Sample
Data mean accumulation of raw statistics, numbers, amounts and features to analyze these for decision
making. There is availability of two types of data collection sources through primary source and secondary
source. In this research our area of focus for data is secondary sources in which we analyses the articles and
different research papers. Another medium for data collection is the use of web sites of banks to find their
financial statements information. I collect date of the time period which is most recent i.e. 2007, 2008, 2009,
2010 and 2011. The data is reliable and verified from Karachi Stock Exchange.
Researcher chooses the textile sector and there are 101 companies listed in Karachi Stock Exchange and
select only 10 corporation of the textile sector and all are listed in Karachi Stock Exchange. The Karachi Stock
Exchange was established in 1947. The firms which have highest market capitalization and market share are
listed in top hundred companies which structure the 100 index. Karachi Stock Exchange is most leading
exchange in Pakistan. The KSE are operating through electronic system which has linked with other market of
the world. There are 34 sectors in KSE and every sector includes a wide range of companies.
b) Sampling Technique
Researcher uses the fish bowl sampling technique in my research. It is also called lottery sampling. It is the
most commonly used method in the research. In this method, there is a need for a complete listing of the
members of population. Then the names or codes of all members are written on a piece of paper cards and
placed on a container. The researcher draws the desired number of sample from the container. This process is
relatively easy for small population but relatively difficult and also time consuming for large population.
c) Result Analysis Techniques
Descriptive Statistics briefly summarizes a given data, which represent the entire population. Two
approaches are used to investigate the data i.e. measure of central tendency and measure of dispersion. Measure
226


of central tendency consists of mean, median and mode whereas the measure of dispersion comprises of standard
deviation, minimum and maximum, kurtosis and skewness. It provides simple summaries about the sample. It
helps to simplify the large amounts of data in rational way. It reduces lots of data.
Correlation is a statistical approach which represent the relationship of variables either they move in same
direction or not. Correlation is very helpful for large scale investment portfolio. A negative movement suggests
that one variable consistently moves up while the other moves down. A positive interpretation suggests that
there is a tendency for the pair of markets move in the same direction.
Regression analysis is a statistical approach used to explain the relationship between variables. It comprises
of many techniques for analyzing several variables, and the focus is on the link between dependent variable with
independent variable. There are two types of regression which are linear regression and multiple regression.
To demonstrate the result by using one independent variable we use linear regression whereas multiple
regression operate with two or more variables to foretell the outcome. The common form of regression is,
Linear Regression
A = β0 + βB + u
Multiple Regression
A = β0 + β1B1 + β2B2 + β3B3 +........ + βtBt + μ
Where,
A= the variable we are trying to forecast
B= the variable that we are using to calculate A
β0= the intercept
β= the slope
μ = error term
d) Empirical Models
ICR= β0+β1ART1+ β2CCC2+ β3CR3+ β4CRA4+ β5ITR5+μ
DR= β0+β1ART1+ β2CCC2+ β3CR3+ β4CRA4+ β5ITR5+μ
DER= β0+β1ART1+ β2CCC2+ β3CR3+ β4CRA4+ β5ITR5+μ
Here,
ICR represents the Interest Coverage Ratio
DR represents the Debt Ratio
DER represents the Debt Equity Ratio
ART represents the Account Receivable Turnover Ratio
CCC represents the Cash Conversion Cycle
CR represents the Current Ratio
CRA represents the Cash Ratio
ITR represents the Inventory Turnover Ratio
e) Variable Definitions
Current Ratio
Current Ratio demonstrates the proportion of current assets and current liabilities of a company. The equation
is as follows,

………………………………..……………1
1.

Cash Ratio
227


Cash Ratio represent the strengthen of cash in hand of a corporation. Cash Ratio is the improved form of
the Quick Ratio and is more conservative approach. It describes that how quickly a company can write off its
short term debt. The formula is as under,
……………………...…………….………..2
2.

Account Receivable Turnover Ratio

Account receivable turnover is the ratio of net credit sales to average account receivables. It is an activity
ratio and it measure that how many times a company collect its receivables during a period. It can be calculated
as under,
…….………3
3. Inventory Turnover Ratio
Inventory turnover ratio is the ratio of cost of goods sold to average stock. It quantify that how many times a
business sell and replace its inventory in a year.
…………………..……..…..4
1. Cash Conversion Cycle
Cash conversion cycle is the process where the company purchases inventory, sell the stock on credit as an
account receivable and then collect the receivables and revolve it into cash. The company needs cash to pay its
payables. It is favorable to have shorter cycle than long cash conversion cycle.
Formula,

……………………5
1. Debt Equity Ratio
This ratio differentiate that how much an organization is dependent on debt and how much depend on equity.
This equation depicts the relationship between long term liability and shareholder’s fund.
………………………….………….6
2. Debt Ratio
A measurement representing the percentage of a corporation's assets which are financed with loan more than
one year.
Formula,
………………………………….…………7

228


3. Interest Coverage Ratio
The Interest coverage ratio explains the number of times a company could make the interest payment from its
earning before its tax and interest. The formula of is as under,
………….……….8
f) Hypothesis
Ho= The liquidity ratios has no significant impact on capital structure ratios.
H1= The liquidity ratios has significant impact on capital structure ratios.
Ho= There is no significant relationship between current ratio and capital structure ratios.
H1= There is significant relationship between current ratio and capital structure ratios.
g) Results And Discussion
Researcher use three technique descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. Table 1 shows the result
of descriptive statistics of data of 10 companies of textile sector which is sample size of research. Mean shows
the average of all the values of both dependent and independent variables. In which the mean, median,
Minimum, Maximum, Standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, probability and Jarque-Bera are find from the all
variables of the panel data consists of 50 observations. Mean shows the average of all the values of both
dependent and independent variables. Mean of Account Receivable Turnover Ratio (ART) is 12.399 Times
which is most supportive. On the other hand, Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) shows a less favorable mean as
compared to Account Receivable Turnover Ratio (ART). Mean of Current Ratio (CR) is 1.026 Times which
show positive result is also. Mean of Cash Ratio (CRA) is 2.1596% which is suitable. Debt Equity Ratio
(DER) having the mean that is 2.1546 Times this is significant. Mean of Debt Ratio (DR) is 0.648 Times which
shows that total asset is greater than total liability. Mean of Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) is 1.844 Times
which is very favorable. Mean of Inventory Turnover Ratio (ITR) is 6.1398 Times which is also favorable.
The standard deviation means the variability or deviation in the value of mean. Account Receivable
Turnover Ratio (ART) has the highest Standard Deviation that is 9.416. It means that its value vary too much
that is not significant. Inventory Turnover Ratio (ITR) has less Standard Deviation than the Account
Receivable Turnover Ratio which is 6.506 that is also not significant. Standard Deviation of Cash Ratio (CRA)
is 2.168 which is significant than the Account Receivable Turnover Ratio (ART) and Inventory Turnover Ratio
(ITR). Debt Equity Ratio (DER) and Time interest earned have the Standard Deviation 1.038 and 1.042 which
is also significant. Current Ratio (CR) has the lowest Standard Deviation that is 0.28 which shows that Current
Ratio (CR) less deviate than all the variables.
The skewness for a normal distribution should be zero and for a symmetric is must be near to zero. The
perfect evidence for perfectly symmetrical is if the skewness = 0, but in real world skewness of exact zero is
quite distinctive. The following are the idea to understand this concept:
If the skewness is between -−½ and +½, the distribution should be consider approximately symmetric.
If the skewness is between -1 or bigger than +1, the distribution should be consider highly skewed.
If the skewness is between -1 and −½ or between +½ and +1, the distribution should be consider moderately
skewed.
The variables which have positive skewness are Account Receivable Turnover Ratio (ART), Cash
Conversion Cycle (CCC), Current Ratio (CR), Cash Ratio (CRA), Debt Equity Ratio (DER), Interest Coverage
Ratio (ICR) and Inventory Turnover Ratio (ITR). And the variable which has negative skewness is only one
variable that is Debt Ratio (DR) which has skewness -0.54532.
229


A normal distribution with a kurtosis >3 is called as leptokurtic by which it mean that as compare to normal
distribution its central peak is sharper and higher& its tails are fatter and longer. The variables which have
kurtosis more than 3 are Account Receivable Turnover Ratio (ART) which is 7.124, Cash Conversion Cycle
(CCC) that is 13.457, Current Ratio (CR) which has kurtosis of 5.527, Cash Ratio (CRA) 13.698, Times Interest
Earned 4.196, and Inventory Turnover Ratio (ITR) 38.0211. A normal distribution with a kurtosis <3 is known
as playkurtic by which it mean that as compare to normal distribution its central peak broader and lower & its
tails are shorter and thinner like Debt Ratio (DR) and Debt Equity Ratio (DER) which has kurtosis 2.4874 and
2.5587 respectively.
Table2 shows the correlation matrix of the independent variables .Correlation shows the degree to which
two or more variable has tendency to vary together. Correlation is positive when the values move in same
direction but when they move in opposite direction correlation is negative.
In this matrix Account Receivable Turnover is positively correlated with Cash Ratio (CRA) and Inventory
Turnover (ITR) and negatively correlated with Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) and Current Ratio (CR). Cash
Conversion Cycle (CCC) is positively associated with CR and negatively associated with ART, CRA and ITR.
Current Ratio (CR) has positive correlation only with CCC and has negative correlation with the remaining
independent variables. Cash Ratio (CRA) has positive correlation with CRA only. The last variable Inventory
Turnover Ratio (ITR) is positively correlated with ART and has negatively correlated with CCC, CR and CRA.
The table 3 shows the regression results of dependent variables which are Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR), Debt
Ratio (DR) and Debt Equity Ratio (DER). The first piece represents the coefficient for each independent
variable that is showing the strength of influence. Second column represents the T-Statistics values which are
showing the significance of the regression results. T-Statistics shows the relationship between dependent
variables and independent variable.
Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) has positive coefficient with Account Receivable Turnover Ratio (ART),
Current Ratio (CR) and Cash Ratio (CRA) and negative coefficient with Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) and
Inventory Turnover Ratio (ITR). Debt Ratio (DR) has positive coefficient with Account Receivable Turnover
Ratio (ART) and Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) and negative coefficient with Current Ratio (CR), Cash Ratio
(CRA) and Inventory Turnover Ratio (ITR). The last but not least dependent variable Debt Equity Ratio (DER)
has positive Coefficient with Account Receivable Turnover Ratio (ART) and Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) and
negative coefficient with Current Ratio (CR), Cash Ratio (CRA) and Inventory Turnover Ratio (ITR).
The significance level of T-Statistics is 2. If the T-Statistics is greater than 2, it means that it actually
shows relationship. In the above table, dependent variable Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) has positive
relationship with Current Ratio and negative relation with Cash Conversion Cycle. Debt Ratio show
affirmative relationship with Cash Conversion Cycle and pessimistic relationship with Current Ratio. The last
dependent variable Debt Equity Ratio show positive relationship with Cash Conversion Cycle and negative
relationship with Current Ratio and the remaining independent variables are not showing any relationship
because their T-Statistics is less than 2. R-Square of Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) is 0.58051 which is
favorable and it means that 58% samples describe Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR). The remaining 42% variation
in Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) is unexplained by the independent variable. F-Statistics of Interest Coverage
Ratio (ICR) is 12.1778 which shows the fitness of the model, and that is significant.
R-Square of Debt Ratio (DR) is 0.46377 which is also favorable and it means that 46% samples describe
Debt Ratio (DR). The remaining 54% variation in Debt Ratio (DR) is unexplained by the independent variable.
F-Statistics of Debt Ratio (DR) is 7.6108 which is also favorable.
R-Square of Debt Equity Ratio (DER) is 0.361298 which is significant and it means 36% sample describe Debt
230


Equity Ratio (DER). The remaining 64% variation in Debt Equity Ratio (DER) is unexplained by the
independent variable. F- Statistics of Debt Equity Ratio (DER) is 4.9779 which also demonstrate that it is
favorable.
h) Conclusions And Recommendations
The main theme of this research or purpose of conducting the research is to evaluate the impact of liquidity
on capital structure. Researcher has taken 10 companies which are listed in Karachi Stock Exchange of textile
sector. The result shows that liquidity has impact on capital accumulation but it has not significant impact on
capital structure. Cash Conversion Cycle and Current Ratio has significant impact on capital structure variables
i.e. Interest Coverage Ratio, Debt Ratio and Debt Equity Ratio. The regression model reveals that the fitness of
overall model is very good.
So as the Cash Conversion Cycle will be lesser, it will show the positive result to
textile sector. On the other hand Current Ratio should lie between 2:1. If it exceeds that limit, it shows that
the company’s current assets are higher and they are not utilizing them properly and just they are adding in their
assets and are not getting profit from these assets. Cash Conversion Cycle should be lower as possible.
Account Receivable Turnover Ratio does not show significant relationship with the liquidity variables because
they are not recovering their receivables timely and it will also affect the payable turnover ratio.
On the other hand, the opposite scenario is that if as much as their Account Receivable Turnover Ratio is
lesser, it will be positive for the company and a positive point when investors evaluate the liquidity. Cash Ratio
also does not show positive relationship with the liquidity because the company has more cash in their hand and
banks and they are not utilizing them properly and are not using the cash in some other investments. The
company should have cash in hand and in banks as lower as possible and utilize them in some other source and
get profit to stabilize them. Inventory Turnover Ratio has negative relationship with the liquidity because the
company does not pay their debts properly or their cost of goods sold is higher.
The liquidity has least impact on capital structure of textile sector because the particular sector is not
performing well due to shortage of electricity, gas shortage, poor economic conditions, unemployment etc. The
Govt. impose additional restrictions, increase the tariffs and taxes on income and sales, it overall effect the
company performance. When the company needs additional capital for expanding their business or for
purchase of a plant which can enhance the productivity, the investor analyze the liquidity of that particular
company and also consider the sector to which they are providing investment. If the condition of a particular
sector is well and liquidity of the company is good, then the investors invest in that particular sector. On the
other hand, if the condition of the sector is not well and they have the problem of electricity shortage, gas
shortage etc. as the current situation, the liquidity will automatically be unfavorable and the investors will not
invest in that company. So liquidity has some impact on capital structure because investors focus on liquidity as
well as the condition of the sector and also consider the reputation of that company.
Recommendations
If the liquidity of the company is very good and favorable then it will get additional capital easily and
maintain their capital structure as they want. The liquidity of the organizations which are reflected in an
ongoing ability of meeting the financial obligations affect’s the firm capital structure. The companies should
keep in mind the importance and role of money in the liquidity. In order to maintain liquidity and thereby
influence on capital structure, the companies must be aware of importance of managing liquid assets.
Reference
1. Morellec, E. (2001). Asset liquidity, capital structure, and secured debt. Journal of
2. Financial Economics, 61, 173–206.
3. Mramor, D., & Valentincic, A. (2003). Forecasting the liquidity of very small private companies . Journal
231


of Business Venturing, 18, 745–771.
4. Ofumbia, S. U., & Uchenna, R, E. (2012). The Impact of Capital Structure and Liquidity on Corporate
Returns in Nigeria: Evidence from Manufacturing Firms.
International Journal of Academic Research in
Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences.2, ( 3),1-16.
5. Natasa, S., & Martina, H. (2012). The impact of liquidity on the capital structure: a case study of Croatian
firms. Business Systems Research, 3(1), 30-36.
6. Driffield, N., Vidya, M., & Sarmistha, P. (2007). How does ownership structure affect capital structure and
firm value? : Recent evidence from East Asia. Economics of Transition, 15(3), 535–573.
7. Sibilkov, V. (2009). Asset Liquidity and Capital Structure. Journal of financial and quantitative analysis ,
44( 5), 1173–1196.
8. Udomsirikula, P., umreornvongb, S ., & Jirapornb, P.(2011).Liquidity and capital structure: The case of
Thailand. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 21,106–117.
9. Shivdasani, A., & Stefanescu, I. (2010).How Do Pensions Affect Corporate Capital Structure Decisions?.
The Review of Financial Studies ,23( 3 ),1288-1333.
10. Lipson, L. M., & Mortal, S. (2012). The impact of liquidity on the capital structure: a Case study of
Croatian firms. Journal of Financial Markets, 12(4), 611-6
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics
ART

CCC

CR

CRA

DER

DR

ICR

ITR

Mean

12.39946

138.7188

1.0268

2.1596

2.1546

0.648

1.8442

6.1398

Median

9.940326

87.59223

0.99

1.68

1.905

0.655

1.47

4.85

Maximum

47.52604

924.5372

2.07

13.02

4.68

0.82

5.16

48.66

Minimum

0.460638

13.18103

0.61

0.19

0.72

0.42

0.47

1.73

Std. Dev.

9.415998

185.5326

0.280032

2.168065

1.038866

0.114268

1.042113

6.506264

Skewness

1.873221

3.365216

1.312616

2.739795

0.617724

-0.54532

1.365559

5.729604

Kurtosis

7.124387

13.45764

5.52717

13.69873

2.558717

2.487456

4.19663

38.02112

Probability

0

0

0.000001

0

0.166497

0.220314

0.000095

0

Sum

619.9729

6935.941

51.34

107.98

107.73

32.4

92.21

306.99

Sum Sq. Dev.

4344.39

1686695

3.842488

230.3248

52.88284

0.6398

53.21402

2074.242

Observations

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

Table 2 Correlation
ART

ART

CCC

1

CR

-

CRA

ITR

-

-

-0.45082

1

CR

-0.04479

0.463231

1

CRA

0.104536

-0.22181

-0.08603

ITR

0.21504

-0.26339

-0.04508

232

-

-

-

CCC

-

-

1
-0.06959

1


Table 3: Regression

233

Impact of liquidity

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Impact of liquidity

Similar to Impact of liquidity (20)

More from World-Academic Journal

More from World-Academic Journal (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Impact of liquidity