2. Kinship Relations Diagrams Shorthand for representing kin relations Ego- point of reference Mother = Mo Father = Fa Brother = Br Sister = Si Child = Ch Husband = Hu Wife = Wi Therefore, father’s, brother’s, son = FaBrSo In-laws: sister-in-law = BrWi

3. Traditional Family Form Most enduring relationship Family of orientation- family we are born into (enculturation) Nuclear Family- parents and their offspring Consanguineal relatives (consanguine)- Blood related this can become problematic in certain cultures like the Trobriand Islanders Family of procreation- the family in which you become or have the potential to become, a parent. Affinal relatives-relation by marriage This whole complex system is called a kinship system Extended Family- two or more nuclear families who are related By blood, living in the same household, village, or territory.

4. Kinship Diagram

5. Family Forms in Industrialized Cultures Family Patterns Expanded family- include person who are not kin Blended family- divorce and remarriage Matrifocal family- mother dominate with father present or absent Single-parent family Why? Increase in divorce rate possibly brought about by industrializing.

6. Goals of Kinship System Organize groups: family types residence groups descent groups Direct Behavior enculturation role - assigned behavior for a particular individual Example: mother-in-law avoidance taboos Persons status: ascribed achieved Group Security Example: Yanomamö

7. Marriage Rules Exogamy and Endogamy Exogamy- marriage outside of a designated group Some hypotheses: prevent incest Modern genetics extend territory Endogamy- marriage within a particular group work to maintain cultural identity

8. How do American parents try to ensure that their children marry the right person? We have informal means to encourage endogamy with regards to ethnic group origin, religion, and socioeconomic level, and these means are usually effective. What are they? Discuss and compare your ideas with your Classmates.

9. Levirate and Sororate Preferential marriage rules found in many cultures. Provide economic protection in the event of a spouse’s death. Also ensures that the children are raised by the lineage group. Levirate- if a woman’s husband dies, she should marry one of his brothers. Sororate- if a man’s wife dies, he should marry one of her sisters.

10. The Levirate

11. The Sororate

12. Marriage Form and Function Marriage is an event that marks an important transition for both parties. Cultural Universal: 1) Marriage includes an exclusive sexual relationship between the partners. 2) usually involves some degree in economic interdependency– including property and labor. 3) legitimizes the couple’s offspring in the eyes of the group. However, there are exceptions. Ex. Yanomamö

13. Monogamy- one women is married to one man Polygamy- more than one spouse Polygyny - man has more than one wife Functions: gain status and prestige; economic advantage. found in Horticultural and Pastoral societies Polyandry - woman has more than one husband very rare. In fact, only 3 out of 400 cultures practice this. Ex. Tibet

14. Marriage Finance and Arranged Marriage Bridewealth- gifts from the grooms family to the bride’s family Ex: Dowry- wealth brought with the bride when she marries. Ex: India

15. Residence Rules Neolocal residence- married couple sets up their own household away from both sets of parents (U.S.). Patrilocal residence- newly married couple goes to live with the groom’s father. Ex. Yanomamö , Muslim countries. 58% of cultures practice it. correlation with internal warfare Matrilocal residence- newly married couple goes to live with the bride’s mother. Ex. Native American Groups (Chumash)15% of societies correlation with external warfare Matrifocal residence- woman and children residing without coresidence of husband. Not a rule Avunculocal residence- newly married couple goes to live with the groom’s mother’s brother. Ex. 3%of cultures Bilocal residence- choice 7% of cultures All of the world’s cultures have customs dictating where one lives after marriage known as residence rules.

16. Patrilocal residence

17. Patrilocal Residence With Second Generation

20. Matrilocal Residence

21. Matrilocal Residence With Second Generation

22. Avunculocal Residence

23. Avunculocal Residence With Second Generation