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MUHAMMAD ALI BIN ABDUL RAZAK WAN AHMAD SYAZANI BIN MOHAMED NADIAH MOHD NASIR
NAME : SUFIAH MAAT REGISTRATION NUMBER : SB 00302319 D.O.B : 5 th   NOVEMBER 2009 GENDER  : GIRL AGE : 1YEAR 1 MONTH OLD ETHNIC GROUP : CAMBODIAN DATE AND TIME OF ADMISSION : 4 th  DISEMBER 2010 DATE OF DISCHARGE: - WARD OF ADMISSION : WARD 8C, HSB INFORMANT : FATHER RELIABILITY : GOOD ADDRESS : KG KUBU GAJAH, SG BULOH.
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
System Complaints General No loss of appetite,no weight loss Respiratory No shortness of breath Cardiovascular  No diaphoresis during feeding and no cyanosis. Gastrointestinal No constipation, no diarrheoa and no vomiting Hematologic No pallor, no bleeding, no bruises Genitourinary Decrease amount of urine,dark colour Ear, nose and throat No ear and nose discharge Central nervous  No loss of consciousness, no seizure and no abnormal movement. Musculoskeletal No muscle weakness. no gross deformity Skin No rash
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sister,4, stays with aunt, healthy Sufiah Maat, 1 year old with fever for 10 days and  generalize swelling 3 days prior to admission. Mother  25,  healthy Father  30, healthy
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diagram of Body: Back & Front Periorbital swelling and face puffiness Distended abdomen with positive shifting dullness and fluid thrills Bilateral pitting oedema up to mid shin
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Points to support Points to against Acute gromerulonephritis -Generalized  oedema -Dark urine -Oligouria -Fluid thrills -Positive shifting dullness -Toddler age Cardiac failure -Generalized oedema -Fluid thrills -Positive shifting dullness -Dark urine -Oligouria -Hypertension -Clubbing -Crepitations
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Result Normal range Remarks WBC 22.0 4.5-13.5 x 10*9/L Increase Hb 12.4 11.5-14.5 g/dL Normal Plt 880 150-4– x 10*3 uL Increase Haematocrit 37.2 37-45% Normal
[object Object],[object Object],Result Normal range Remarks Urea 3.6 1.7-6.4 mmol/L Normal Sodium 134 135-150 mmol/L Normal Potassium 4.6 3.5-5 mmol/L Normal Chloride 98 98.0-107.0 mmol/L Normal Creatinine 27.7 44-88 mmol/L Decrease
[object Object],[object Object],Result Normal range Remarks Total protein 45.0 6.3 - 7.9  g/dL Increased Albumin 8.0 3.5 - 5.0  g/dL Increased Globulin 37.0 9 - 48 U/L Normal Bilirubin 1.8 0.1 - 1.0 mg/dL Increased Alanine transaminase 19 7 - 55  U/L Normal Alanine transferase 217 45 - 115 U/L Increased
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification Nephrotic  syndrome Primary/ Idiopathic Secondary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Congenital ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Inflammatory reaction Derangement in capillary walls of glomeruli Increase permeability to plasma protein Proteinuria  Allows protein to escape from plasma into glomerular filtrate  Drop in plasma colloid osmotic pressure  Fluid escapes into tissues Edema   Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Nelson Essential Paediatrics Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Nelson Essential Paediatrics Paediatric Protocols INVESTIGATIONS
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MANAGEMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Initially -60 mg/m²/day for 4 weeks Prednisolone 40 mg/m²/alternate day for 4 weeks then taper at 25% monthly over 4 month 1. Response ,[object Object],[object Object],2. RELAPSE Reinduce (2), then taper & keep low dose alternate day prednisolone 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/dose for 6 month 3. Frequent  relapse Treat as (3) if not steroid toxic, consider cyclophosphamide if steroid toxic 4.  Relapse  while on prednisolone 2-3 mg/kg/day for 8-12 weeks (cumulative dose 168 mg/kg 5. Oral cyclophosphamide -not steroid toxic: treat as 2 & 3 - If steroid toxic   paeds nephro 6. Relapse post cyclophosphamide No response Renal biopsy
1. Infection-  bacteremia and peritonitis – patient  with relapse have high risk of infection with capsulated bacteria esp pneumococus / E.coli 2. Side effect of steroid 3. Hypovolemia –  result from use of diueresis or diarrhea 4. Hypercoagulable state with risk of tromboembolism –  d/t loss of protein -> urinary lose of antithombin, thrombocytosis (steroid therapy)  -> increase synthesis of clotting factor and increased blood viscosity ->predispose to thrombosis
[object Object]
MINIMAL CHANGES DISEASES. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CAUSES
NEPHRITIC SYNDROME ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Causes of Nephritic Syndrome ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CAUSES
Management ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nephrotic vs nephritic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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3. Nephrotic Syndrome

  • 1. MUHAMMAD ALI BIN ABDUL RAZAK WAN AHMAD SYAZANI BIN MOHAMED NADIAH MOHD NASIR
  • 2. NAME : SUFIAH MAAT REGISTRATION NUMBER : SB 00302319 D.O.B : 5 th NOVEMBER 2009 GENDER : GIRL AGE : 1YEAR 1 MONTH OLD ETHNIC GROUP : CAMBODIAN DATE AND TIME OF ADMISSION : 4 th DISEMBER 2010 DATE OF DISCHARGE: - WARD OF ADMISSION : WARD 8C, HSB INFORMANT : FATHER RELIABILITY : GOOD ADDRESS : KG KUBU GAJAH, SG BULOH.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. System Complaints General No loss of appetite,no weight loss Respiratory No shortness of breath Cardiovascular No diaphoresis during feeding and no cyanosis. Gastrointestinal No constipation, no diarrheoa and no vomiting Hematologic No pallor, no bleeding, no bruises Genitourinary Decrease amount of urine,dark colour Ear, nose and throat No ear and nose discharge Central nervous No loss of consciousness, no seizure and no abnormal movement. Musculoskeletal No muscle weakness. no gross deformity Skin No rash
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.  
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33. Diagram of Body: Back & Front Periorbital swelling and face puffiness Distended abdomen with positive shifting dullness and fluid thrills Bilateral pitting oedema up to mid shin
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.  
  • 44.
  • 45.  
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48. Inflammatory reaction Derangement in capillary walls of glomeruli Increase permeability to plasma protein Proteinuria Allows protein to escape from plasma into glomerular filtrate Drop in plasma colloid osmotic pressure Fluid escapes into tissues Edema Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55. 1. Infection- bacteremia and peritonitis – patient with relapse have high risk of infection with capsulated bacteria esp pneumococus / E.coli 2. Side effect of steroid 3. Hypovolemia – result from use of diueresis or diarrhea 4. Hypercoagulable state with risk of tromboembolism – d/t loss of protein -> urinary lose of antithombin, thrombocytosis (steroid therapy) -> increase synthesis of clotting factor and increased blood viscosity ->predispose to thrombosis
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.