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Medical Terminology for Blood and Lymphatic System
1.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Hematology and Immunology Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Blood and Lymphatic System Hematology is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat blood diseases. Immunology is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat lymphatic and immune response diseases.
2.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Learning Objectives 1. Identify the structures of the blood and the lymphatic system. 2. Describe the processes of blood clotting and the immune response. 3. Describe common blood, lymphatic, and immune diseases and conditions, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories. 4. Give the medical meaning of word parts related to the blood and immune system. 5. Build blood, lymph system, and immune response words from word parts and divide and define those words. 6. Spell and pronounce blood, lymph system, and immune response words. 7. Analyze the medical content and meaning of an immunology report
3.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy and Physiology • The Blood – Contains blood cells, blood cell fragments, water, and other substances (proteins, clotting factors, etc.) – Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products – Contains cells that also function as part of the immune system
4.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy and Physiology • The Lymphatic System – Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs – Forms a pathway throughout the body that is separate from that of the cardiovascular system that contains the blood – Defends the body against microorganisms and cancerous cells
5.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Plasma – Clear, straw-colored liquid (about 90% water) that makes up 55% of the blood. – The formed elements of the blood erythrocytes leukocytes platelets • All are suspended in the plasma
6.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Plasma – Contains amino acids, cholesterol, triglycerides, electrolytes, glucose, minerals, and vitamins from digested foods – Contains substances the body produces itself such as: albumin, bilirubin, hormones, complement proteins, and clotting factors. – Contains creatinine and urea, which are waste products of cellular metabolism.
7.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Hematopoiesis – Process by which all formed elements in plasma are produced – Occurs in the red marrow of long bones and flat bones – Very immature cells are stem cells http://www.curesearch.org/Hodgkins-Lymphoma-Just-Diagnosed-Information/
8.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Erythrocytes – Most numerous of the formed elements in the plasma – Red blood cell that is a round, somewhat flattened, red disk – Unique because, unlike other body cells, they have no cell nucleus when they are mature erythr/o -cytes
9.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Figure 6-4 Erythrocytes Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.
10.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Erythrocytes – Contain hemoglobin, a red, iron-containing molecule that binds to oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin. – Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body, and carries carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs. erythr/o -cytes
11.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Erythrocytes – Very immature cells are known as stem cells. – Erythrocyte stem cells mature to become erythroblasts and then normoblasts. – Reticulocytes are immature erythrocytes that are released into the blood. – Hormone erythropoietin from the kidneys increases erythrocyte production. erythr/o -cytes
12.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Erythrocytes – Do not have a nucleus, so they cannot divide or repair themselves. – Last 120 days before they begin to deteriorate. – Specialized cells (macrophages) break down erythrocytes’ hemoglobin into heme and globins. erythr/o -cytes
13.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Erythrocytes – Iron stripped from heme molecules is stored in the liver and the spleen; the remainder of heme molecules is converted to bilirubin. – Bilirubin plays an important role as an antioxidant, protecting body cells from damage by free radicals. erythr/o -cytes
14.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Leukocytes – White blood cells that include five types of cells neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes, and Monocytes Can be identified by the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of their nucleus
15.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Leukocytes – Leukocytes with large granules in their cytoplasm are categorized as granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. – Leukocytes with few or no granules in their cytoplasm are categorized as agranulocytes, which include lymphocytes and monocytes.
16.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Neutrophils – Most common leukocyte, making up 40% to 60% of leukocytes in blood – Categorized as granulocytes – Nucleus has many segments or lobes, so they are also known as polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMNs), polys, segs, or segmenters
17.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Neutrophils – Develop in the red marrow from stem cells that become myeloblasts, then myelocytes, then bands (also known as stabs), then mature neutrophils – Engulf and destroy bacteria (phagocytosis) – Live only a few days or even just a few hours if they are actively destroying bacteria
18.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Eosinophils – Make up just 1% to 4% of leukocytes – Categorized as granulocytes; also known as eos – Nucleus has two lobes – Develop in the red marrow – Engulf and destroy foreign cells (pollen, animal dander, etc.) – Release chemicals that kill parasites
19.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Basophils – Least common leukocyte, making up 0.5% to 1% of leukocytes – Categorized as granulocytes; also known as basos – Nucleus has more than one lobe – Develop in the red marrow – Release histamine at the site of tissue injury – Release heparin, an anticoagulant
20.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood (con't) • Lymphocytes – Make up 20% to 40% of leukocytes. – Categorized as agranulocytes and are the smallest leukocytes; they are also known as lymphs. – Nucleus is round and nearly fills the cell. – Some lymphocytes live for just a few days, while others live for many years.
21.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Lymphocytes – Begin development in red marrow; some become B cells or natural killer cells; others migrate to the thymus to become T cells – Present in the blood and lymph nodes; destroy viruses and produce antibodies
22.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Monocytes – Make up 2% to 4% of leukocytes – Categorized as agranulocytes and are the largest leukocytes; also known as monos – Have a large amount of cytoplasm, and nucleus is large and kidney bean shaped – Develop in the red marrow
23.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Monocytes – Are phagocytes that engulf and destroy microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead leukocytes, and cellular debris. – Monocytes in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver, pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, and skin are known as macrophages.
24.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Table 6-1 (continued) Leukocyte Types and Characteristics
25.
Copyright ©2011 All
rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Thrombocytes (also known as platelets) – Different from other blood cells because they are only cell fragments – Active in the blood-clotting process – Begin in the red marrow as stem cells that then become megakaryoblasts, and then mature into megakaryocytes, very large cells – Cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte breaks away at the edges to form cell fragments (thrombocytes) that are released into the blood
26.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Other Substances in the Plasma – Water – Amino acids – Cholesterol – Triglycerides – Electrolytes
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Blood Type – Most important blood types are the ABO and Rh blood groups – ABO blood group contains A, B, AB, and O antigens
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Blood • Blood Type – Rh blood group has 47 different antigens – Rh is positive when antigens are present on erythrocytes – Rh is negative when antigens are not present on erythrocytes
29.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Physiology of Blood Clotting • Platelet aggregation ―Thrombocytes form clumps to decrease blood loss • Coagulation ― Blood clot forms • Hemostasis ― Cessation of bleeding When clotting factors in the plasma are activated to form a blood clot, the fluid portion of plasma that remains is known as serum. Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Table 6-3 Blood Clotting Factors
31.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Lymphatic System • Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes – Lymphatic vessels are similar in structure to blood vessels, but with several important differences. – Begin as tiny lymphatic capillaries in the tissues.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Lymphatic System • Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes – End in ducts that empty into large veins in the neck. – Tissue fluid enters a lymphatic capillary and becomes lymph, the fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Lymphatic System • Lymphatic capillaries have large openings in their walls that allow microorganisms and cancerous cells to enter. • Lymphatic capillaries become larger lymphatic vessels that bring lymph to the lymph nodes. • Valves keep the lymph flowing in one direction.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Lymphatic System • Lymph nodes – Filter the lymph – Contain macrophages that destroy microorganisms or cancer cells – Grouped in chains in areas invaded by microorganisms or cancerous cells
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Lymphatic System • Lymphoid Tissues – Contain lymphocytes and macrophages that are active in the immune response Tonsils and adenoids in the oral cavity Appendix and Peyer’s patches in the small intestine
36.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Anatomy of the Lymphatic System • Lymphoid Organs – Thymus is located within the mediastinum and helps lymphoblasts mature into T lymphocytes – Spleen is located on left side of abdominal cavity and is the largest organ in the lymphatic system – Spleen removes old erythrocytes from the blood – Spleen also acts as storage area for whole blood, which is released into the circulatory system during times of danger or injury
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Physiology of the Immune Response Immune Response • Detects and destroys invading microorganisms (pathogens) and cancerous cells that arise internally: – Cytokines – Neutrophils – Eosinophils – Basophils – Monocytes – Lymphocytes – Antibodies – Complement proteins http://e-infopages.com/2012/protecting-your-immune-system/
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions • Blood – Blood dyscrasia – Hemorrhage – Pancytopenia – Septicemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/blooddisorders.html
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions • Erythrocytes – Abnormal red blood cell morphology – Anemia Aplastic anemia Folic acid deficiency anemia Iron deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia Sickle cell anemia Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Figure 6-15 Sickle cells in a capillary
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Figure 6-13 Microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes Joaquin Carillo Farga/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions • Erythrocytes – Anisocytosis – Poikilocytosis – Polycythemia vera – Thalassemia – Transfusion reaction
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions • Leukocytes – Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) – Leukemia – Mononucleosis – Multiple myeloma Human immunodeficiency virus Chris Bjornberg/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Figure 6-17 Acute lymphocytic leukemia Peres/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions • Thrombocytes – Coagulopathy – Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) – Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) – Hemophilia – Thrombocytopenia
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions • Lymphatic System – Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) – Lymphadenopathy – Lymphedema – Lymphoma Hodgkin’s lymphoma Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma – Splenomegaly – Thymoma Lymphadenopathy Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Figure 6-19 Lymphadenopathy Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions • Autoimmune Disorders – Diabetes mellitus, type 1 – Graves’ disease – Hashimoto’s thyroiditis – Inflammatory bowel disease – Multiple sclerosis
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus Type I – IDDM Type II - NIDDM http://www.allnaturopathy.com/pages/Diabetes.html
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Diseases and Conditions • Autoimmune Disorders – Myasthenia gravis – Psoriasis – Rheumatoid arthritis – Scleroderma – Systemic lupus erythematosus http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/000542.htm http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Health-Conditions/Arthritis---Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Osteoarthritis-and-Spinal-Arthritis.aspx
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Blood Cell Tests – Complete blood count (CBC) with differential – Blood type – Peripheral blood smear http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/000514.htm
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures CBC – Complete Blood Count
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Coagulation Tests – Activated clotting time (ACT) – Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) – Prothrombin time (PT)
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Other Blood Tests – Blood chemistries – Ferritin
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Figure 6-20 Blood chemistry analyzer Alvis Upitis/Jupiter Images – PictureArts Corporation/Brand X Pictures – Royalty Free
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Other Blood Tests – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests ELISA―First screening test done for HIV Western blot―Used to confirm a positive ELISA and make a diagnosis of HIV infection Viral RNA load test―Measures tiny amounts of HIV RNA and monitors progression of the disease and response to antiretroviral drugs
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Other Blood Tests – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests (con't) p24 antigen test―Detects the protein p24 in HIV CD4 count―Used to monitor the progression of the disease and response to antiretroviral drugs – Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Saliva Test – OraSure Quick screening test that is done in the doctor’s office or clinic. It uses the same technology as the ELISA blood test.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Serum Tests – Electrophoresis – Monospot
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Urine Tests – Bence Jones protein – Schilling test
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures • Radiologic Procedures – Color flow duplex ultrasonography – Lymphangiography
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Medical and Surgical Procedures • Medical Procedures – Bone marrow aspiration – Phlebotomy – Vaccination
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Figure 6-21 Phlebotomy Getty Images – Photodisc-Royalty Free
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Medical and Surgical Procedures • Blood Donation and Transfusion Procedures – Blood donation – Blood transfusion
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Medical and Surgical Procedures • Blood Donation and Transfusion Procedure – Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) – Plasmapheresis – Stem cell transplantation
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Figure 6-22 Stem cell Dr. Yorgos Nikas/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Medical and Surgical Procedures • Surgical Procedures – Lymph node biopsy – Lymph node dissection – Splenectomy – Thymectomy
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Drug Categories • Drugs used to treat blood and lymphatic diseases and conditions: – Anticoagulant drugs – Corticosteroid drugs – Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs – Erythropoietin – Immunosuppressant drugs – Platelet aggregation inhibitor drugs
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Drug Categories • Drugs used to treat blood and lymphatic diseases and conditions: – Protease inhibitor drugs – Thrombolytic enzyme drugs – Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) drugs – Vitamin B12 drugs
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Abbreviations
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rights reserved.Florida State College of Jacksonville | Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS Abbreviations
Editor's Notes
Title should read Blood Clotting Factors.