2. 1)MEANS
A METHOD BY WHICH ONE ACTS
2)MOTIVE
A REASON FOR WHICH ONE ACTS
3)OPPORTUNITY
INTERACTION BETWEEN ACTORS
Laws of Action
3. THE TRILLIONS OF HOURS OF FREE TIME
EXPENDED BY THE TWO BILLION PEOPLE
WHO ARE CONNECTED BY THE INTERNET.
COGNITIVE SURPLUS
4. 200 BILLION HOURS/YEAR
100
MILLION HOURS/WEEKEND
WATCHING COMMERCIALS
AMERICAN TELEVISION SURPLUS
5. APACHE WEB SERVER
THE “ORIGINAL” NAPSTER
SOCIAL PRODUCION
6. MOST WIDELY USED WEBSERVER
WORLDWIDE
READILY AND PUBLICLY AVAILABLE CODE
COPYRIGHT BY THE APACHE LICENSE
◦ NO ONE CAN PREVENT THE CODE FROM
FREE CIRCULATION
◦ ENCOURAGES EXPERIMENTATION AND
PARTICIPATION
APACHE SERVER
7. GOVERNANCE OF THE COMMONS (OSTROM)
◦ REQUIRES GREAT COMMUNICATION AMONG
MEMBERS
◦ REPEATED INTERACTION
◦ MUTUALLY BINDING AGREEMENT
THE COMMUNITY AND THE AGREEMENT
ARE CRITICAL FOR SUCCESS
MECHANISMS OF FREE PROJECTS
8. MP3 FILE SHARING/MEMBER SOURCED
THEORIES OF SUCCESS
◦ 1) YOUNG PEOPLE ARE MORALLY BANKRUPT
◦ 2) YOUNG PEOPLE OVERCOME WITH COMMUNAL
TENDENCIES
NAPSTER WAS THE ANSWER TO “RIVAL
SHARING”
◦ MEANS, MOTIVE, & OPPORTUNITY
NAPSTER (1999-2002)
9. 3 KEYS TO SUCCESS
◦ DIGITAL DATA WAS INFINITELY AND
PERFECTLY COPYABLE AT $0 (MEANS)
◦ PEOPLE WILL SHARE IF SHARING IS SIMPLE
ENOUGH (MOTIVE)
◦ SHAWN FANNING DESIGNED A SYSTEM TO
LINK (1) TO (2) VIA THE RIGHT INCENTIVES
(OPPORTUNITY)
NAPSTER (1999-2002)
10. MEANS+MOTIVE+OPPORTUNITY =
ACTION
FREE TIME x PARTICIPATION =
COGNITIVE SURPLUS
COMMUNITY+AGREEMENT =
GOVERNANCE OF THE COMMONS
WHAT DID WE LEARN?