2. The role of expectation
Believe that reinforcement and punishers
create expectations that in turn influence
behavior.
People respond to their expectation
means they are aware of which behavior
will be reinforced or punished.
As teacher, we must clearly specify the
behavior you will reinforce and provide
students with clear feedback so they
know what behavior have been
reinforced.
3. Reciprocal causation
Behavior, the environment, and
personal factors, such as
expectations, are interdependent.
Each influences the other two.
4. Modeling
Behavior, cognitive, and affective
changes deriving from observing one
or more models.
Teachers play a very important role in
demonstrating skills and displaying
courtesy and respect for others,
tolerance for dissenting opinions,
motivation to learn, and other attitudes
and values.
5. Andy’s case study
Ms Wong does not demonstrate the
right skills: critical thinking skills, study
strategies.
Ms Wong does not display respect to
Andy and does not motivate him to
study.
6. Cognitive Modeling
The process of incorporating
demonstrations together with
verbalization of model’s thoughts and
reasons for performing the given
actions.
Learners benefit from the thinking of
experts.
7. Andy’s case study
Ms Wong does not put her thinking
into words and does not encourage
students to share their thoughts.
No specific, concrete examples of how
to think about and solve problems.
No demonstration in thought process,
students cannot think critically when
sitting for tests and exams. Only have
factual knowledge.
8. Vicarious learning
The process of people observing the
consequences of other’s actions and
adjusting their own behavior
accordingly.
9. Nonoccurrence of expected
consequences
Bee Chu was not reprimanded for
laughing at Andy. This act as a
reinforcement to Bee Chu, and she
will continue to laugh at Andy.
Andy studied for the science test, but
his effort was not recognized. In fact
Ms Wong scolded him for not doing
well. nonoccurrence of reinforcement
act as punisher. Andy is less likely to
work hard in the future.
10. Function of modeling
Learning new behaviors
Facilitating existing behaviors
Changing inhibitions
Arousing emotions
11. Processes involved in learning
from models
Attention: a learner’s attention is
drawn to the critical aspects of the
modeled behavior.
Retention: the modeled behaviors are
transferred to memory by mentally
verbalizing or visually representing
them.
12. Processes involved in learning
from models
Reproduction: learners reproduce the
behaviors that have been stored in
memory.
Motivation: learners are motivated by
the expectation of reinforcement for
reproducing the modeled behaviors.
13. Self-regulation
The process of accepting
responsibility for and taking control of
one’s own learning.
Includes: setting goals, monitoring
progress, self-assessment and self-
reinforcement.
14. Andy’s case study
Andy can set achievable goals that
focus in helping him to increase in
skills and abilities.
Monitor his progress
Self-assess
Self-reinforcement: reward himself
when he achieve his goals.
15. 4 Processes involved in learning
from models
Attention: observe critical aspects of
model’s behavior
Retention: transfer information to
memory
Reproduction: imitate model’s
behavior
Motivation: learners are motivated by
the expectation of reinforcement for
producing the modeled behaviours.
